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User:TX55/Middle Chinese consonants

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The following is a table of reconstructed consonants from Middle Chinese.


Classical Chinese Consonants
Place IPA Romanization 30 Consonants 30 Consonants
(Revised)
36 Consonants 38 Consonants Phonetic
Symbols
Type English
approximation
Bilabial p p Fully Clear spin
ph Lesser Clear pin
b b Fully Muddy bin
m m Lesser Muddy moon
Labiodental pf - Fully Clear
p̪ʰ pfh - Lesser Clear
bv - Fully Muddy
ɱ mv - Lesser Muddy symphony
Alveolar t t Fully Clear stop
th Lesser Clear top
d d Fully Muddy dam
n n Lesser Muddy noon
Alveolo-palatal
(Retroflex Alveolar)
ȶ tj - Fully Clear like steam, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
ʈ tr
ȶʰ tjh - Lesser Clear like team, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
ʈʰ trh
ȡ dj - Fully Muddy like deem, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
ɖ dr
ȵ nj - Lesser Muddy like niece, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
ɳ nr
Alveolo Sibilant t͡s ts Fully Clear bats
t͡sʰ tsh Lesser Clear tsunami (with t pronounced)
d͡z dz Fully Muddy pads
s s Fully Clear sap
z z Fully Muddy zap
Alveolo-palatal
Sibilant
t͡ɕ tsj Fully Clear like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
t͡ɕʰ tsjh 穿 穿 穿 Lesser Clear like cheap, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
ʑ (d͡ʑ) zj (dzj) 床 (牀) Fully Muddy like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
ɕ sj Fully Clear like sip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
d͡ʑ (ʑ) dzj (zj) Fully Muddy like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).
Retroflex Sibilant
(Palato-alveolar
Sibilant
)
ʈ͡ʂ tsr Fully Clear
t͡ʃ tsc
ʈ͡ʂʰ tsrh Lesser Clear like church, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
t͡ʃʰ tsch church
ɖ͡ʐ dzr - Fully Muddy like jump, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
d͡ʒ dzc jump
ʂ sr Fully Clear like show, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ʃ sc show
ʐ zr Fully Muddy like vision, with a flat tongue (retroflex).
ʒ zc vision
Velar k k Fully Clear skin
kh Lesser Clear kin
g g 群 (羣) 群 (羣) 群 (羣) 群 (羣) Fully Muddy gun
ŋ ng Lesser Muddy singer
Glottal stop,
Palatal approximant
and Velar Fricative
(Glottal Fricative)
ʔ 7 / ? - Fully Clear uh-oh
j j Lesser Muddy yes
x x / h Fully Clear Scottish English: loch
h h hat
ɣ y- / gh Fully Muddy Icelandic: saga
ɦ Australian: behind
ɦ y-
Lateral Approximant ʟ? l Lesser Muddy
l lake
Consonant cluster ȵʑ nzj -

Notes

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References

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See also

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  • "Kuang-yün". 韻典網 (Yün Tian Wang, "Rhime Scripture Web") (in Traditional Chinese).