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The Ineos 1:59 Challenge was a successful 2019 attempt by Kenyan athlete Eliud Kipchoge to break the two-hour mark for running the marathon distance. The event was specifically created for Kipchoge and held in Vienna, Austria, on 12 October 2019.

Due to rotating pacemakers, delivery of hydration by bicycle, and the lack of open competition, the achievement was not eligible to be ratified as a marathon world record, and is not recognized as such by World Athletics.

Background

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Eliud Kipchoge

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Main article: Eliud Kipchoge

Eliud Kipchoge (born 1984) is a Kenyan long-distance runner. He ran to school as a child but only began training seriously after he had graduated from high school.[1] In 2003, at the age of 18, he won the 5000 metres event at the 2003 World Championships.[2] Kipchoge moved to road running in 2013, when he finished second in the 2013 Berlin Marathon,[3] later winning the 2014 Chicago Marathon,[4] the London Marathon in 2015,[5] 2016,[6] 2018,[7] and 2019,[8] and the Berlin Marathon in 2015,[9] 2017,[10] and 2018, where he set a new world record.[11] Kipchoge has also competed in the Olympic Games, where he has won a gold medal in the marathon in 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and bronze and silver medals at the 5000-metre events at the 2004 and 2008 games.[12]

The marathon world record had decreased by 16 minutes from the early 1950s to 2011, at which time the record was 2:03:59. A projection, by three researchers in 2011, based on an average of a roughly 20-second annual reduction in the record from 1960 to 2011, placed the 2-hour mark being broken in around 2021.[13]

Kipchoge had previously attempted to run a sub-2 hour marathon at the Nike-organised Breaking2 project on 6 May 2017. The project involved two other runners, Lelisa Desisa and Zersenay Tadese, who attempted the feat, and 30 pacemakers. The attempt was held at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, a Formula One track in Monza, Italy. The world record at the time was 2:02:57. During the attempt, Desisa began to fall behind the group of pacemakers around 11 miles (18 km), and, not long after, Tadese also began to fall away, leaving Kipchoge to be the only runner going through halfway in under 60 minutes. However, with about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) left to go, Kipchoge began to drop of the pace and the pace car, driving precisely at a 1:59:59 pace, began to pull away. He managed to finish in a time of 2:00:25, thus meaning the attempt was unsuccessful, but still beating the world record by over two minutes.[1] However, the record was not official; the pacemaking system was not compliant with standards set by World Athletics,[14] which do not allow pacemakers to switch in-and-out of the race.[15][16]

The attempt was criticised as publicity stunt and a disservice to the sport.[1]

Summary

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Kipchoge at the 2018 London Marathon

There were several changes from the 2017 previous attempt to break two hours. Instead of three participants, there was now only one participant, Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya, the world record holder in the men's marathon and the current defending Olympic marathon champion.[17] Kipchoge set the marathon world record of 2:01:39 at the Berlin Marathon on 16 September 2018.[18]

For the Ineos challenge, Kipchoge was joined by forty-one pacemakers,[19] who rotated twice each lap and ran in a V-formation, rather than the diamond formation chosen for the previous attempt. Kipchoge was placed at the bottom of the formation with two pacemakers running behind him.[20] Each lap of the course featured two 4.3-kilometre (2.7-mile) out-and-back stretches of Hauptallee with the turning points coming at the Lusthaus and Praterstern roundabouts at either end of the avenue, in the Prater park. The entire route inclines only 2.4 metres (7.9 feet). Spectators were present for the attempt.[21]

The organizers planned to run the event on Saturday, 12 October 2019, but they had a reserve window of eight days in case of poor weather conditions.[22] The attempt was run on 12 October starting at 08:15 CET. Organizers allowed a start time between 05:00 and 09:00, but chose 08:15 to maximize viewership. The weather conditions were expected to be dry with a temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) at the start, rising to 12 °C (54 °F) at the finish.[23]

Results

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Ineos 1:59 Challenge[24][25]
5 km splits Split Time
5 km 14:10 0:14:10
10 km 14:10 0:28:20
15 km 14:14 0:42:34
20 km 14:13 0:56:47
25 km 14:12 1:10:59
30 km 14:12 1:25:11
35 km 14:12 1:39:23
40 km 14:13 1:53:36
42.195 km 6:04 1:59:40
Average 5 km 14:10.8

Kipchoge completed the challenge with an official time of 1:59:40.2, an average speed of 5.88 metres per second (21.2 km/h; 13.2 mph).[26]

The achievement was recognised by Guinness World Records with the titles "Fastest marathon distance (male)" and "First marathon distance under two hours".[27][28] Note that this recognition does not equate to a marathon competition record.

Directly after finishing the run, Kipchoge stated: "I am feeling good. After Roger Bannister in 1954 it took another 63 years, I tried and I did not get it - 65 years, I am the first man - I want to inspire many people, that no human is limited."[29]

Accessories and optimization strategies

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The organizers of the attempt added many techniques during the run which cumulatively assisted Kipchoge and the pacemakers:

  • Pacing lasers guided the pacemakers and the main runner, thus allowing them to run at a precise pace and meaning energy was not lost in unwanted acceleration.
  • The route was carefully chosen to ensure that no effort would be wasted on battling the wind or on directional or incline changes. This was achieved by the fact that most of the course was lined with tall trees reducing wind, and the course was very flat.
  • The location of the race was chosen because its time zone was close to that of Kaptagat, Kenya, where Kipchoge trains. This meant Kipchoge would not be affected by jet lag or have his sleeping and eating patterns disrupted.
  • The route was picked to be at low altitude, to increase oxygen in the air and thus help performance.
  • Kipchoge wore an improved version of Nike's previously unreleased Vaporfly Next% running shoes, claimed to improve running economy by 4 percent.[30] The shoes were not banned by the IAAF, and the top 10 men in the Chicago Marathon (held the next day) wore Vaporflys. It was reported that Kipchoge and Brigid Kosgei, who broke the women's world record in Chicago, wore bespoke versions of the shoe, with the model called AlphaFLY. The Nike Vaporfly that they wore has a carbon-fibre plate fitted in its chunky foam sole which supposedly helps propel the wearer forward. A group of athletes complained to the IAAF about the shoes, leading the governing body to create a working party to look at the issue. However, Kipchoge had set his world record wearing them a year earlier, as did Abraham Kiptum when he set the half-marathon record. In addition, the five fastest times over the distance were all set by runners wearing these shoes.[31][32][33]
  • A V-shaped formation of pacemakers shielded the runner from wind resistance. An earlier attempt used a differently shaped diamond formation. Kipchoge was placed at the bottom of the formation with two pacemakers running behind him.[20]
  • Hydration was provided by a team coordinator on bicycle, and not in the usual water station method, in order to save time.

The Breaking2 attempt had been held behind closed doors at Monza with just a few press and Nike employees present. Kipchoge missed the presence of a crowd there and requested that the public be allowed to attend the Ineos 1:59 Challenge.[34]

Pacemakers

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A team of forty-one runners served as Kipchoge's pacemakers in the challenge.[35]

Name Notes Ref(s)
Joel Ayeko Two-time World Mountain Running Championship silver medalist. [36]
Thomas Ayeko Junior silver medalist at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships [37]
Selemon Barega 2018 Diamond League champion over 5000 m [38]
Emmanuel Bett Fastest time over 10,000 metres in the 2012 season [39]
Hillary Bor Gold medalist, 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2019 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships [40]
Matthew Centrowitz 2016 Olympic and World Indoor Champion over 1500 m [41]
Paul Chelimo Olympic and World medalist over 5000 m [42]
Augustine Choge 2006 Commonwealth Games Champion over 5000 m. Part of Eliud Kipchoge’s training group [43]
Victor Chumo Part of Eliud Kipchoge’s training group [44]
Filip Ingebrigtsen Reigning European Cross-Country champion and 2016 European 1500m Champion [45]
Henrik Ingebrigtsen 2012 European 1500m Champion [46]
Jakob Ingebrigtsen European Indoor and outdoor champion. Youngest pacemaker. [47]
Philemon Kacheran Part of Eliud Kipchoge’s training group [48]
Stanley Kebenei [49]
Justus Kimutai [50]
Shadrack Kipchirchir Silver medalist at the 2014 NCAA Outdoor Championships in the 10,000 metres [51]
Noah Kipkemboi [52]
Gideon Kipketer Part of Eliud Kipchoge’s training group [53]
Jacob Kiplimo Silver medalist, IAAF World Cross Country Championships [54]
Marius Kipserem [55]
Eric Kiptanui [56]
Moses Koech [57]
Shadrack Koech [58]
Micah Kogo Former World Record holder for 10k road run. [59]
Alex Korio [60]
Jonathan Korir [61]
Ronald Kwemoi Gold medalist, 2014 Kenyan National Championship in the 1500 metres [62]
Bernard Lagat Oldest pacemaker. Was part of the Breaking2 challenge. Beat Kipchoge to the 5000 m World title in 2007. [63]
Lopez Lomong Part of the Breaking2 attempt in 2017. [64]
Abdallah Mande [65]
Stewart McSweyn [66]
Kota Murayama [67]
Ronald Musagala [68]
Kaan Kigen Özbilen [69]
Jack Rayner [70]
Chala Regasa [71]
Brett Robinson [72]
Nicholas Rotich Part of Eliud Kipchoge’s training group [73]
Patrick Tiernan [74]
Timothy Toroitich [75]
Julien Wanders Former World Record holder for 5k road run.[76] Current European record holder for the half marathon[77] and the European record holder for the 10K run. [78]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Caesar, Ed (29 June 2017). "The Epic Untold Story of Nike's (Almost) Perfect Marathon". Wired. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  2. ^ Dennehy, Cathal (19 April 2016). "The Simple Life of One of the World's Best Marathoners". Runners World. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  3. ^ "Berlin marathon: Wilson Kipsang sets new world record". BBC Sport. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  4. ^ Strout, Erin (12 October 2014). "Eliud Kipchoge Wins Chicago Marathon with Late-Race Surge". Runners World. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  5. ^ "London Marathon 2015: Eliud Kipchoge and Tigist Tufa win". BBC Sport. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  6. ^ Mills, Steven (24 April 2016). "Kipchoge runs 2:03:05 to win the London Marathon, second fastest time ever". World Athletics. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  7. ^ "London Marathon 2018: Mo Farah finishes third as Eliud Kipchoge wins". BBC Sport. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  8. ^ Falkingham, Katie (28 April 2019). "London Marathon 2019: Eliud Kipchoge wins, Mo Farah fifth". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  9. ^ Dennehy, Cathal (27 September 2015). "Despite Insoles Coming Loose, Eliud Kipchoge Wins Berlin Marathon". Runners World. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  10. ^ Mulkeen, Jon (24 September 2017). "Kipchoge holds off surprise package Adola to regain Berlin Marathon title". World Athletics. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  11. ^ "Kipchoge breaks marathon world record in Berlin with stunning 2:01:39". World Athletics. 16 September 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  12. ^ "Rio Olympics 2016: Kenya's Eliud Kipchoge wins men's marathon". BBC Sport. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  13. ^ Joyner, M. J.; Ruiz, J. R.; Lucia, A. (1 January 2011). "The two-hour marathon: who and when?". Journal of Applied Physiology. 110 (1): 275–277. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00563.2010. PMID 20689089. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  14. ^ "Rule 6.3.4 of the Technical Rules". World Athletics. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  15. ^ Bendeich, Mark (6 May 2017). "Kipchoge runs fastest marathon, fails to break two hours". Reuters. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  16. ^ Conway, Richard (5 May 2017). "Two-hour marathon attempt: Sporting excellence or marketing stunt?". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  17. ^ "Rio Olympics 2016: Kenya's Eliud Kipchoge wins men's marathon". 21 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  18. ^ "Kipchoge breaks marathon world record in Berlin with stunning 2:01:39| News | iaaf.org". www.iaaf.org. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  19. ^ "Introducing Eliud Kipchoge's 41-person team of INEOS 1:59 pacers". Canadian Running Magazine. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  20. ^ a b Burgess, Matt (14 October 2019). "The incredible science behind Eliud Kipchoge's 1:59 marathon". Wired. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  21. ^ "Ineos 1:59 Challenge: Eliud Kipchoge confident of breaking two-hour marathon barrier". 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  22. ^ "The INEOS-159 challenge: Venue set for Kipchoge sub two-hour marathon attempt". Get Sweat Go. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  23. ^ "Kipchoge's team announce 0815 start for sub-two hour marathon attempt". Reuters. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  24. ^ "The incredible numbers behind Kipchoge's sub two-hour marathon". The Independent. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  25. ^ "INEOS 1:59 Challenge Live", YouTube, retrieved 12 October 2019
  26. ^ "Eliud Kipchoge breaks two-hour marathon mark by 20 seconds". 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  27. ^ "First marathon distance run under two hours". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  28. ^ "Fastest marathon distance (male)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  29. ^ Wilson, Andy (12 October 2019). "Eliud Kipchoge net worth: How much is marathon star worth as two-hour barrier is broken?". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  30. ^ Roe, Dan. "Everything We Know About Eliud Kipchoge's Barrier-Breaking Shoes". Runner's World. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  31. ^ Sutcliffe, Steve (17 October 2019). "'It feels like running on trampolines' - Kipchoge & Kosgei's marathon trainers".
  32. ^ "Why are the trainers Eliud Kipchoge wore when he broke the two-hour marathon record controversial". The Independent. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  33. ^ Bloom, Ben (11 October 2019). "Eliud Kipchoge's extraordinary and controversial two-hour marathon attempt - everything you need to know". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  34. ^ Bloom, Ben (6 May 2019). "Eliud Kipchoge plans to stage second attempt at breaking two-hour marathon barrier in London later this year". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  35. ^ "Team". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 14 October 2019.[permanent dead link]
  36. ^ "Joel Ayeko". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  37. ^ "Thomas Ayeko". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  38. ^ "Selemon Barega". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  39. ^ "Emmanuel Bett". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Hillary Bor". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  41. ^ "Matthew Centrowitz". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  42. ^ "Paul Chelimo". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  43. ^ "Augustine Choge". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  44. ^ "Victor Chumo". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  45. ^ "Filip Ingebrigtsen". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  46. ^ "Henrik Ingebrigtsen". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  47. ^ "Jakob Ingebrigtsen". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  48. ^ "Philemon Kacheran". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  49. ^ "Stanley Kebenei". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  50. ^ "Justus Kimutai". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  51. ^ "Shadrack Kipchirchir". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  52. ^ "Noah Kipkemboi". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  53. ^ "Gideon Kipketer". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  54. ^ "Jacob Kiplimo". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  55. ^ "Marius Kipserem". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  56. ^ "Eric Kiptanui". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  57. ^ "Moses Koech". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  58. ^ "Shadrack Koech". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  59. ^ "Micah Kogo". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  60. ^ "Alex Korio". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  61. ^ "Jonathan Korir". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  62. ^ "Ronald Kwemoi". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  63. ^ "Bernard Lagat". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  64. ^ "Lopez Lomong". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  65. ^ "Abdallah Mande". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  66. ^ "Stewart McSweyn". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  67. ^ "Kota Murayama". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  68. ^ "Ronald Musagala". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  69. ^ "Kaan Kigen Ozbilen". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  70. ^ "Jack Rayner". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  71. ^ "Chala Regasa". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  72. ^ "Brett Robinson". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  73. ^ "Nicholas Rotich". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  74. ^ "Patrick Tiernan". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  75. ^ "Timothy Toroitich". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  76. ^ "Joshua Cheptegei Shatters 5K World Record in Monaco". 16 February 2020.
  77. ^ Julien Wanders (59:13) Shatters European Record; Stephen Kiprop (58:42) and Senbere Teferi (65:45) Win 2019 RAK Half
  78. ^ "Julien Wanders". www.ineos159challenge.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
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