User talk:Nepaheshgar/Designation of the term Iran from Sassanids till the establishment of the Safavid dynasty

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In the era after the Sassanid downfall, the name Iran/Iranshahr was still widely used. Some have tried to make a false claim that the name Iran was just used by Ferdowsi as a mythical land and then revived by the Safavids as a political entity. The best way to prove them wrong is to show that the name Iran is used by multitude of writers, poets and historians in the Saffarid, Samanid, Ghaznavid, Seljuqid, Mongol and Turkomen/Timurid eras. Of course it is well known that the Safavids used it for their land, so we will not go in detail into the Safavid era.

But the name was also used profusely before the Safavids by multitude of writers, poets, statesmen and historians. We can see that for example in the 10th century A.D., Hakim Meysari writes in Persian, because he says his country is Iran and most people know Persian rather than Arabic. A very strong statement showing self awareness of both his land (Iran) and people. We also have a reference for example from Qutb al-Din Shirazi calling Safi al-Din Urmawi as the sage of Iran, both man being from Iran. Finally, the name Iran is used by both poets and also historians (Tarikh Sistan, Hamza Isfahani and etc.). All these examples show a clear continuity of the usage of the name of Iran from the Sassanid era. We also note that the name Iran is used both before and after Ferdowsi, so the theory of some people who say the name "Iran" was first reused by Ferdowsi is not correct. For example Rudaki, Hamza Isfahani, Abu Rayhan Biruni (quoted by Yaqut) and the Shahnameh of Abu Mansuri are all before Ferdowsi. We also note that the name Iran was used by both Eastern (Khorasanian) Persian poets as well as Western (Azerbaijan, Iraq) poets for their land. The Persian poet Qatran for example when describing the earthquake of Tabriz, or his trip over the Aras river, or praising his lods, has used this term. Same with other Persian poets like Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani who also used the designation of Iran for their land. Nizami's direct address to the lord of Maraqeh (located in NW Iran) who commissioned the Persian story Haft Paykar is one of the favorites of Iranians[1]:

Overall, the term Iran (as well as Fars/Persia in many Arabic writings) was used to denote geographical region (borders varying) encompassing modern Iran, parts of Central Asia, Caucus and Iraq. It denoted a geographical and cultural entity and many Iranians were aware of the name of their land and country as shown.

Irans usage throughout history[edit]

Avesta, Parthian and Sassanid times[edit]

The Avesta, Parthian and Sassanid times have been treated extensively and we will just limit ourselves to a few quotes.

In the Avesta, according to the Encyclopedia of Iranica[2]:

In the 1st century BCE, Strabo (c. 64 BCE – 24 CE) would note a relationship between the various Iranian peoples and their languages: "[From] beyond the Indus [...] Ariana is extended so as to include some part of Persia, Media, and the north of Bactria and Sogdiana; for these nations speak nearly the same language(Geographica (Strabo)|Geography]], 15.2.1-15.2.8)[3][4]):


This is one of the earliest references to the name of Iran and is significant from a historical perspective. Because it shows that the name of Iran (in its form Ariana) was used at least 2000 years ago.


The use of the term Iran and Iranshahr in the Sassanid era and later Pahlavi manuscripts is described sufficiently in the Encyclopedia Iranica article by the eminent linguist David Mackenzie[5].

Shapur I's inscription in Naqsh-e-Rostam also lists provinces of Sassanid Iran and Iranshahr is the collective name used by the Sassanids [6]:

.

Saffarid, Samanid, Ghaznavid and Seljuqid Era[edit]

Al-Masudi[edit]

Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Al-Masudi (896-956), the Arab historian mentions one Kingdom encompassing Persian lands:


Hamza Isfahani[edit]

Hamza Isfahani (894-970) in his book "history of the Prophets and Saints" mentions[8]:

.

Samanid Gathering and Rudaki[edit]

In gathering (approximately 940 C.E.) of the Samanid rule for a remembrance of Abu Ja'far Banuwiyah, Rudaki Samarqandi one of the first Persian poets praises this Saffarid ruler. Abu Ja'far is praised as the king of Iran, ruler of Azadegan (another term for Iranians) and descendant of Sassanids[9]:


Istakhri[edit]

Al-Istakhari, a medieval Muslim geographer in his work al-Masalik wa Mamalik writes[10]:

.

The Abu Mansuri Shahnameh[edit]

The introduction of the Shahnameyeh Abu-Mansuri (not to be confused with the more famous Shahnameh of Ferdowsi) divides the region of the world into seven lands and the seventh land is called Iranshahr[11]:

The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi[edit]

In the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the word Iran occurs around 720 times[12]. It occurs many times in the form: "Bozorgan-e-Iran"(Great ones of Iran), "Barr o Bum-i-Iran"(land and expanse of Iran), "Iran o Turan" (Iran and Turan), "Iran o Rum" (Iran and Rome/Greece), "Iran Zamin" (land of Iran), "Iran o Niran" (Iran and Aniran). The words Tork/Torkan occur 390 times, Chin (China, Western China) occurs 350 times, Chini (Chinese/Western people of China) occurs 190 times, Rum (Rome/Greece) occurs 195 times, Rumi occurs 250 times, Hend (India) occurs about 70 times, Hindustan (India) occurs about 50 times, Hindu (Indian) occurs about 40 times, Taazi (Arab) occurs about 80 times, Misr (Egypt) occurs about 19 times and Misri (Egyptian) occurs about 5 times. Thus as can be seen, the Shahnameh talks about distinct people and countries. One of these countries is Iran and its inhabitants are the Iranians[13].

Farrukhi Sistani[edit]

Farrukhi Sistani, a Persian poet of the Ghaznavid courts has bestowed praise upon Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. In his Diwan the word Iran comes up 29 times, Iranshahr (twice) and 'Ajam (Persian) 20 times[14]:


Hakim Meysari[edit]

Hakim Meysari born in 935 A.D. has a written an important Persian treaty on medicine in verse. In the beginning of the book he write[15]:

The poet Unsuri[edit]

Unsuri, another Persian poet at the court of Sultan Mahmud Ghanzawi praises Mahmud as the Shah of Iran (twice), Khusraw of Iran (three times),the land that Mahmud rules over as Iran (three times) and Iranshahr (twice).

A sample of Unsuri's praise for Mahmud[16]:


Also in another praise of Mahmud and the Prophet Muhammad, Unsuri writes:

The poet Iskafi[edit]

Abu Hanifa Iskafi, another Persian poet in the praise of Sultan Masud (the son of Mahmud Ghaznawi)[17]:

Fakhr ad-din Gurgani[edit]

Fakhr al-Din Gurgani (circa 1040 A.D.), the poet known most well for his famous romantic epic "Vis o Ramin" has used the term Iran 25 times in his work[18] in his famous masterpiece.

Here are some example of the usage of Iran in the book[19]:

Anvari[edit]

Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (Persian: انوری اوحد الدین علی ابن محمد) was one of the greatest Persian poets. He served at the court of Sultan Sanjar of the Seljuqids. When the Ghuzz tribesman devastated Khurasan and captured Sultan Sanjar, Anvari writes a letter to the Khaqan of Samarqand, asking him to liberate Iran from the Ghuzz tribesman[20]:

The history book: Tarikh-i Sistan[edit]

The Tarikh of Sistan is a history book that deals with the history of Sistan. The first of the book was written around 1062 A.D. while the second part of the book was written around the 14th century[21]. In this book, the term Iran/Iranshahr is used 8 times and the term Moluk 'Ajam (Persian lands) are used 20 times.


In the Tarikh of Sistan, Yaqub Layth praises the commander Muhammad Wasil, and seeks his friendship and calls him the greatest person in Iranshahr and Khorasan"[22].

Similarly in the Tarikh of Sistan, it says about a certain Ahmad Sultan[23]:


Naser Khusraw[edit]

Naser Khusraw(1004 - 1088 CE) was a Ismaili poet who was ideologically against the Seljuqid Sunni dynasty. In a criticism of the Seljuq Sultan, he states[24]:

Qatran Tabrizi[edit]

Qatran Tabrizi(1009-1072), one of the first Persian poets from NW Iran has several poems praising his patrons as the ruler of Iran. In one of his poems Qatran adds[25]:

.

While visiting Arran, Qatran states[26].:


Sanai[edit]

Sanai, an important Persian while praising Iranshah (an important minister in the court of Sultan Masud III Ghaznawi) states[27]:

Hakim Iranshah[edit]

Bahman-Nama and Kush-Nama are two important works of Persian poetry written by Hakim Iranshah ibn Abi al-Akhayr (11th century A.D.).

In the epic Kush-Nama, the name Iran is used 91 times and some of the provices of Iran are mentioned including: Zabol, Sepahan, Mukran, AzarAbaayegaan (Iranian Azerbaijan), Amol, Bukhara, Bistun, Khurasan, Kadarhar, Kufa and Nimruz. On the boundary of Iran, in the KushNama he says[28][29]:


In his other work, Bahman Nama, the name Iran is mentioned about 100 times. For example, Hakim Iranshah mentions[30][31]:

Yaqut[edit]

Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229), a Syrian born geographer is famous for his geography bible Mu'jam Al-Buldan. He quotes the famous Iranian Muslim scientist Biruni:

Nezami Ganjavi[edit]

Another Persian poet, Nezami Ganjavi uses the term Iran 34 times in his Panj-Ganj (five jewels). He uses the word both in his stories as well as when praising his rulers. For example, Ala' ad-din Korp Arsalan, the ruler of Maragha commissioned Nizami Ganjavi to write a work of his choice and Nezami Ganjavi voluntarily chose the Persian-Sassanid folklore Haft Paykar. In praise of Ala ad-in, he states[32]:

In praise of Shams ad-Din Abu Ja'far Muhammad, who commisioned Nezami Ganjavi to write a work and Nezami Ganjavi voluntarily chose the Persian-Sassanid story "Khusraw o Shirin". Nizami uses the term "Molk-e-Ajam" which is a popular term used for Persia in Islamic times[33]:

.

In praise of his patron the Shirvanshah who commissioned Nizami Ganjavi to versify the story of Lili o Majnoon[34]:

Khaqani[edit]

The Persian poet Khaqani(1126-1198) has used "Iran" thirty times in his Diwan. For example, in the praise of the Shirvanshah Akhsatan, he states[35][36]:

One famous music theoretician to another[edit]

Safi al-Din al-Urmawi, a famous Iranian musician is referred to by Qutb al-Din Shirazi ((1236 – 1311)) as the wise sage of Iran. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam on Safi al-Din al-Urmawi[37]:

.

This is a significant usage of the term, since it shows clearly that Iran was called Iran by intellectual Iranians.

Mongol, Timurid and Turkmen Era[edit]

Hamdullah Mostowfi[edit]

In the work Nuzhat al-Qolub (نزهه القلوب), the medieval geographer Hamdollah Mostowfi writes (Ilkhanid era)[38]:


چند شهر است اندر ایران مرتفع تر از همه
Some cities of Iran are better than the rest,
بهتر و سازنده تر از خوشی آب و هوا
these have pleasant and compromising weather,
گنجه پر گنج در اران صفاهان در عراق
The wealthy Ganjeh of Arran, and Isfahan as well,
در خراسان مرو و طوس در روم باشد اقسرا
Merv and Tus in Khorasan, and Konya (Aqsara) too.

According to the Encyclopedia Iranica[39]:

Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani[edit]

Rashid ad-Din Fadlullah Hamadani (1247 - 1318), the Persian minister of the Ilkhanids in his encyclopedic history, the Jami al-Tawarikh ("Compendium of Chronicles") which was commissioned by Mahmud Ghazan also uses Iran for the land of Iran. For example when describing the letter of Al-Musta'sim to Helagu the Mongol conquerer[40]:

Mir Khvand[edit]

Mir Khvand(1433-1498), the Timurid era historian mentions:[41]:

Aref Ardebili[edit]

Arif Ardabili, a 14th century Persian poet from Ardabil laments the destruction of Iran (presumably at the hand of the Mongols) in the epic Farhad Nama[42]:

.


Sa'ad al-din Haravi[edit]

The poet Sa'ad al-Din Haravi, originally from Herat visited Isfahan and several other cities within modern Iran and composed the following lines in their praise[43]:

Ottoman letters to Ak Kayunlu[edit]

In letters from the Ottomon Sultans, when addressing the the kings of Ak koyunlu, such titles as Malak al-Molook al-Iraniyyah (King of Kings of Iran), Sultan Salatin Iraniyyah(Sultan of Sultans of Iran), Shahanshah Iran Khadiv ajam (King of Kings of Iran and the Ruler of Persia), Jamshid Shawkat wa Fereydoon Raayat wa daaraa deraayat (Powerful like Jamshid, Flag of Fereydoon and Wise like Darius) have been used[44].

Uzun Hassan and Safavids[edit]

Ismail I the founder of Safavids followed upon his maternal grandfather when choosing the title "Padishah-i-Iran" (King-ruler of Iran). According to the Cambridge History of Iran[45]:

Safavid Era[edit]

The name Iran continued to the Safavid era and the Safavid like the previous empires and people inhabiting the land Iran, used the same geographical designation. By now though, there was a government which had unified Iran into a powerful state.

For example the Safavid book, 'Alem Araayeh Abbasi has used the name Iran/Iranians 73 times for the land and the people of Iran[46].

For example a sample letter of Shah Abbas to Jalal al-Din Akbar[47]:

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Nizami Ganjavi, Haft Paykar (translated from the Persian by Julia Meysami), Oxford 1995
  2. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "Eran, Eranshahr", D.N. Mackenzie [1]
  3. ^ Geographica (Strabo)|Geography]], 15.2.1-15.2.8
  4. ^ Hamilton, H. C. & W. Falconer (1903). The Geography of Strabo. Literally translated, with notes. Vol. 3. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 125. (Geography 15.2)
  5. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "Eran, Eranshahr", D.N. Mackenzie [2]
  6. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 May 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32148>
  7. ^ (Al Mas'udi, Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf, De Goeje, M.J. (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 1894, pp. 77-8). Original Arabic from www.alwaraq.net: فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغيرها وآذربيجان إلى ما يلي بلاد أرمينية وأران والبيلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والري وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان وابرشهر، وهي نيسابور، وهراة ومرو وغير ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز، وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم في هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة واحدة ملكها ملك واحد ولسانها واحد، إلا أنهم كانوا يتباينون في شيء يسير من اللغات وذلك أن اللغة إنما تكون واحدة بأن تكون حروفها التي تكتب واحدة وتأليف حروفها تأليف واحد، وإن اختلفت بعد ذلك في سائر الأشياء الأخر كالفهلوية والدرية والآذرية وغيرها من لغات الفرس.
  8. ^ Hamza Isfahani, Tarikh Payaambaraan o Shaahaan, translated by Jaf'ar Shu'ar,Tehran: Intishaaraat Amir Kabir, 1988.
  9. ^ Tarikh Sistan, commentary and critical edition by Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Tehran, 1314(1935/1936). pp 316-324
  10. ^ Al-Istakhri, Masalik wa Mamalik, Persian translation, critical edition of Iraj Afshar Sistani, Tehran, pg 5
  11. ^ Bist Maqaleyeh Qazvini, "The introduction of the Shahnameh of Abu Mansuri", Abbas Iqbal, volume 2, second edition, 1954(1332)
  12. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268.
  13. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [Iranshenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268.
  14. ^ Diwan Farrukhi Sistani, critical edition of Muhammad Dabir Sayyaghi, Tehran, 1342(1968), page 268, 260-262, 253, 257
  15. ^ Maysarī, Ḥakīm, b. 935. ,Dānishnāmah dar ʻilm-i pizishkī : kuhantarīn majmūʻah-ʾi ṭibbī bih shiʻr-i Fārsī / az Ḥakīm Maysarī ; bi-ihtimām-i Barāt Zanjānī, Tihrān : Muʾassasah-ʾi Muṭālaʻāt-i Islāmī-i Dānishgāh-i Makʹgīl bā hamkārī-i Dānishgāh-i Tihrān, 1987.
  16. ^ Diwan of Unsuri, with commentary from Dr. Mahmud Dabir Sayyaghi, Tehran, 1342(1962), volume 1, pg 157
  17. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [Iranshenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268.
  18. ^ Fakhr al-Dīn Gurgānī,"Vīs u Rāmīn : bā muqadamah-i mabsūt va ḥavāshī va taʻlīqāt va farhang-i vāzhahʹhā va fihristhā-yi sih gānah" / bih ihtimām-i Muḥammad Jaʻfar Maḥjūb, Tehrān : Ibn-i Sīnā, 1337 [1959]
  19. ^ Fakhr al-Dīn Gurgānī,"Vīs u Rāmīn : bā muqadamah-i mabsūt va ḥavāshī va taʻlīqāt va farhang-i vāzhahʹhā va fihristhā-yi sih gānah" / bih ihtimām-i Muḥammad Jaʻfar Maḥjūb, Tehrān : Ibn-i Sīnā, 1337 [1959]
  20. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [Iranshenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268
  21. ^ History of Civilization of Central Asia. Volume 4, part II. Motilal Banarsidass (1999), edited by C.E. Bosworth and M.S. Asimov, pg 146.
  22. ^ Tarikh Sistan, commentary and critical edition by Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Tehran, 1314(1935/1936). pp 227. Actual Persian: ...پس یعقوب رسول را بنواخت و نیکویی گفت و ...تا محمد واصل یقین شود که من از بهر دوستی جستن و موافقت او کردم..تا دل من با یکی کند که او بزرگترین کسی ست به ایرانشهر و خراسان...
  23. ^ Tarikh Sistan, commentary and critical edition by Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Tehran, 1314(1935/1936). pp 405-406. Actual Persian: آمدن رسول احمد سلطان که از نسل چنگیزخان بود، و جلوس او به تخت ایران، و قوت دادن اسلام و مسلمان شدن او...
  24. ^ Divān-i ashʻār-i Ḥakīm Abu Muʻīn Ḥamīd al-Dīn Nāṣir ibn Khusraw Qubādīyānī, taṣḥīḥ-i Sayyid Naṣr Allāh Tagavī; bih intimām-i Rawshanāhʾīnāmah, Saʻādatnāmah, Risālah bih nas̲r ... , va muqaddamah dar sharḥ-i hāl va ʻaqāyid va kutub-i Hạkim, bih qalam-i Taqīzādah, bih kūshish va taṣḥiḥ-i Mahdī Suhaylī., Tihrān, Amir-Kabīr, 1335 [1956]
  25. ^ Dīvān Ḥakīm Qaṭaran Tabrīzī, bi-saʻy va ihtimām Muḥammad Nakhjavānī., Tabrīz, Chāpkhānih-i Shafaq, 1333 [1954 or 5]
  26. ^ Dīvān Ḥakīm Qaṭaran Tabrīzī, bi-saʻy va ihtimām Muḥammad Nakhjavānī., Tabrīz, Chāpkhānih-i Shafaq, 1333 [1954 or 5]
  27. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268
  28. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [Iranshenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268
  29. ^ Īrānshāh ibn Abī al-Khayr, Kūshnāmah / surūdah-ʾi Ḥakīm Īrānshān ibn Abī al-Khayr ; bih kūshish-i Jalāl Matīnī.,Tehrān : Intishārāt-i ʻIlmī, 1377 [1998- 1999]
  30. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [Iranshenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268
  31. ^ Bahmanʹnāmah / az Īrānshāh ibn Abī al-Khayr ; vīrāstah-ʾi Raḥīm ʻAqīqī,Īrānshāh ibn Abī al-Khayr,Tehran : Shirkat-i Intishārāt-i ʻIlmī va Farhangī, 1370 [1991]
  32. ^ Kolliyaat Nezami Ganjavi, Wahid Dastgerdi (Tehran, 1315 /1936
  33. ^ Kolliyaat Nezami Ganjavi, Wahid Dastgerdi (Tehran, 1315 /1936
  34. ^ Kolliyaat Nezami Ganjavi, Wahid Dastgerdi (Tehran, 1315 /1936
  35. ^ Khaqani's works in original Persian at RiRa—The Persian Digital Library
  36. ^ Khāqānī, Afzal al-Dīn Shirvānī, Divān-i Khāqānī-yi Shirvānī,[Iran] : Intisharat-i Aristu, 1362 [1983 or 1984]
  37. ^ Neubauer, E. "Safī al- Dīn al- Urmawī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. <http://www.encislam.brill.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-6447>
  38. ^ Mostawafi, Hamdallah. Nozhat al-Qolub. Edit by Muhammad Dabir Sayyaqi. Tahuri publishers, 1957.
  39. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "Eran, Eranshahr", D.N. Mackenzie [3]
  40. ^ Rashid ad-Din Fadlullah, "Jami' al-Tawarikh", taken from the book "Din o Dowlat dar Iran 'ahd Moghul", Tehran, 1367(1988-1989), pg 320
  41. ^ Mīr Khvānd, Muḥammad ibn Khāvandshāh, Tārīkh-i rawz̤at al-ṣafā. Taṣnīf Mīr Muḥammad ibn Sayyid Burhān al-Dīn Khāvand Shāh al-shahīr bi-Mīr Khvānd. Az rū-yi nusakh-i mutaʻaddadah-i muqābilah gardīdah va fihrist-i asāmī va aʻlām va qabāyil va kutub bā chāphā-yi digar mutamāyiz mībāshad.[Tehrān] Markazī-i Khayyām Pīrūz [1959-60]
  42. ^ ʻĀrif Ardabīlī,Farhād nāmah-ʾi ʻĀrif Ardabīlī : az ru-yi yigānāh nuskhah-ʾi maʻlūm va maḥfūẓ dar Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ayā Ṣūfīyah-ʾi Islāmbūl /taṣḥīḥ va muqaddamah va ḥāshīyah-i ʻAbd al-Rizā Āzar.,Tehrān : Bunyād-i Farhang-i Īrān, [2535 i.e. 1976 or 1977]
  43. ^ Hussein ibn Muhammad ibn ar-Reza Alawi, Mahasen Isfahan, Beh Kooshesh Abbass Iqbal, Tehran, 1328(1950)
  44. ^ Seyyed Ali Mua’yyad Sabeti, “Asnaad o Naameh-aayeh Tarikhi az Avael Dorrehaayeh Eslali taa Avakher ‘Ahd Shah Ismail Safavi”(historical sources and letters from the beginning of the Islamic era till the end of the era of Shah Ismail Safavi), Tehran , Ketabkhaayeh Tahoori, 1366. pages 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran , Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701-702 and 707
  45. ^ H.R. Roemer, The Safavid Period, in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339
  46. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268.
  47. ^ Matini, J. (1992). Iran dar gozasht-e ruzegaaran [Iran in the Passage of Times], Majalle-ye Iran-shenasi [A Journal of Iranian Studies] 4(2): 243-268.
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