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GeoCities

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Yahoo! GeoCities
2009–present logo.
Type of site
Web hosting
OwnerYahoo!
Created byDavid Bohnett and John Rezner
URLwww.geocities.co.jp
CommercialYes
RegistrationYes

Yahoo! GeoCities (also known as GeoCities) is a web hosting service, currently available only in Japan. It was founded in November 1994[2] by David Bohnett and John Rezner, and was called Beverly Hills Internet (BHI) for a very short time.[3] On January 28, 1999, GeoCities was acquired by Yahoo!;[4] at that time it was the third-most visited website on the World Wide Web. In its original form, site users selected a "city" in which to place their web pages. The "cities" were named after real cities or regions according to their content—for example, computer-related sites were placed in "SiliconValley" and those dealing with entertainment were assigned to "Hollywood"—hence the name of the site. Shortly after its acquisition by Yahoo!, this practice was abandoned in favor of using the Yahoo! member names in the URLs.

In April 2009, approximately ten years after Yahoo! bought GeoCities,[5] the company announced that it would shut down the United States GeoCities service on October 26, 2009.[6][7][8] There were at least 38 million user-built pages on GeoCities before it was shut down.[9] The GeoCities Japan version of the service is still available.[10]

Neighborhoods

In 1996, GeoCities had 29 "neighborhoods," which had groupings of content created by the "homesteaders" (GeoCities users).[11] By 1999, GeoCities had additional neighborhoods and refocused existing neighborhoods.[12]

GeoCities Marketplace

In 1999, GeoCities had an online commercial presence with GeoCities Marketplace. It included the GeoStore, which sold GeoCities-branded merchandise. Users cashed in GeoPoints in the store.[13]

GeoCities Japan

Prior to the takeover by Yahoo!, GeoCities had a Japanese subsidiary, GeoCities Japan. GeoCities Japan was headquartered in the Nihonbashi Hakozaki Building in the Nihonbashi area of Chūō, Tokyo.[14]

As of February 10, 2016, GeoCities Japan is still online, with no signs of upcoming closure. Its member sites are still accessible, and it is still accepting new account registrations, but now all services are only available in Japanese.[10]

Japan neighborhoods

GeoCities Japan has the following neighborhoods:[15]

  • WallStreet (ウォール街, Wōrugai): Finance and business
  • Epicurean Table (エピキュリアンテーブル, Epikyurian Tēburu): Dining
  • Colosseum (コロシアム, Koroshiamu): Outdoor sports and health
  • SiliconValley (シリコンバレー, Shirikon Barē): Computers and the internet
  • SilkRoad (シルクロード, Shiruku Rōdo): Travel
  • Technopolis (テクノポリス, Tekunoporisu): Science and high technology
  • Berkeley (バークレイ, Bākurei): Education and student life
  • Heartland (ハートランド, Hātorando): Family and pets
  • Hollywood (ハリウッド, Hariuddo): Films and performing arts
  • Playtown (プレイタウン, Pureitaun): Video games
  • Broadway (ブロードウェイ, Burōdowei): Pop, rock music, and concerts
  • Milano (ミラノ, Mirano): Fashion, design, and shopping
  • Milkyway (ミルキーウェイ, Mirukīwei): Dating
  • MotorCity (モーターシティ, Mōtā Shiti): Automobiles and motorcycles

History

The first GeoCities logo (1995–1998)

GeoCities began in mid-1995 as BHI, which stood for Beverly Hills Internet, a small Web hosting and development company in Southern California.[16]

The company created its own Web directory, organized thematically in six "neighborhoods". The neighborhoods included "Colosseum," "Hollywood," "RodeoDrive," "SunsetStrip," "WallStreet," and "WestHollywood". In mid-1995, the company decided to offer users (thereafter known as "Homesteaders") the ability to develop free home pages within those neighborhoods. During the sign-up process, new members chose to which neighborhood they wanted to belong. This neighborhood became part of the member's Web address along with a sequentially assigned "street address" number to make the URL unique (for example, "www.geocities.com/RodeoDrive/number"). Chat, bulletin boards, and other elements of "community" were added soon after, helping foster rapid growth. On July 5, 1995 GeoCities added additional cities, including "CapitolHill," "Paris," "SiliconValley," and "Tokyo."[16] By December 1995, the company, which now had a total of 14 neighborhoods, was signing up thousands of Homesteaders a day and getting over six million monthly page views. GeoCities never enforced neighborhood specific content; for example, a "Hollywood" homesteader could be nothing but a college student's home page, which would be more appropriate for another neighborhood. The company decided to focus on building membership and community, and on December 15, 1995, BHI became known as GeoCities after having also been called Geopages.[17] At that point GeoCities was headquartered at 9401 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills.[17] By December 1996 it was headquartered on the third floor of 1918 Main Street in Santa Monica, with an office on the 8th floor of 125 Park Avenue in New York City.[18]

File:Geocitiesoriginallogo.png
The second and last GeoCities logo of 1998–1999

Over time, many companies, including Yahoo!, invested extensively in GeoCities and, with the introduction of paid premium services, the site continued to grow. In May 1997, GeoCities introduced advertisements on its pages. Despite negative reaction from users, GeoCities continued to grow. By June 1997, GeoCities was the fifth most popular site on the Web, and by October of that year the company had signed up its millionth Homesteader.[citation needed]

In June 1998, in an effort to increase brand awareness, GeoCities introduced a watermark to user Web pages. The watermark, much like an onscreen graphic on some television channels, was a transparent floating GIF which used JavaScript to stay on the bottom right side of the browser screen. Many users felt the watermark interfered with the design of their Web site and threatened to move their Web pages elsewhere. The implementation of the watermark preceded the widespread adoption of CSS and standardized DOM and had cross-browser issues. However, GeoCities said in a press release that feedback regarding the watermark had been overwhelmingly positive.[19]

The company went public in August 1998, listing on the NASDAQ exchange with the code GCTY. The IPO price was $17, rising rapidly after launch to a peak of over $100. By 1999 GeoCities was the third-most visited Web site on the World Wide Web, behind AOL and Yahoo!.[20] The headquarters had moved to 4499 Glencoe Avenue in Los Angeles, near the Marina del Rey area of Los Angeles County.[21]

Acquisition by Yahoo!

The first Yahoo! GeoCities logo (1999-2009).

In January 1999, near the peak of the dot-com bubble, GeoCities was purchased by Yahoo! for $3.57 billion in stock, with Yahoo! taking control on May 28.[5][22][23] The acquisition proved extremely unpopular; users began to leave en masse in protest at the new terms of service put out by Yahoo! for GeoCities.[24] The terms stated that the company owned all rights and content, including media such as pictures. Yahoo! quickly reversed its decision.[24] In July 1999, Yahoo! switched from neighborhoods and street address URLs for homesteaders to "vanity" URLs through members' sign-up names to Yahoo! ("www.geocities.com/membername"). This service was previously offered only as a premium.

In 2001, amidst speculation by analysts that GeoCities was not yet profitable (it having declared an $8 million loss for the final quarter of 1998), Yahoo! introduced a for-fee premium hosting service at GeoCities[25] and reduced the accessibility of free and low-price hosting accounts by limiting their data transfer rate for Web page visitors; since that time the data transfer limit for free accounts was said to be limited to 3 GB per month, but was enforced as a limit of about 4.2 MB per hour.[26] The paid accounts were later unified in the Yahoo! Web Hosting service, with higher data transfer limits.[27] During 2001, a rumor began that GeoCities was to close; the chain e-mail making that claim cited a The New York Times article that stated the opposite.[28]

Closure

On April 23, 2009, Yahoo! announced that it would be closing its United States branch of GeoCities, and stopped accepting new registrations, though the existing GeoCities accounts remained active.[7] In late June 2009, Yahoo! updated the GeoCities home page to indicate: "GeoCities is closing on October 26, 2009."[6][29] GeoCities joined a long list of other services discontinued by Yahoo, such as Farechase, LAUNCHcast, My Web, Audio Search, Pets, Live, Kickstart, Briefcase, Webmessenger, and Teachers.[30]

With the closure of GeoCities in the U.S., Yahoo! no longer offers free Web page hosting except in Japan.[31] Yahoo! encouraged users to upgrade their accounts to the fee-based Yahoo! Web Hosting service.[32][33]

Rupert Goodwins, the editor of ZDNet, perceived the closure of GeoCities as an end of an era; he described GeoCities as "the first proof that you could have something really popular and still not make any money on the internet."[31] Vijay Mukhi, an internet and cyber security expert quoted in the Business Standard, criticized Yahoo's handling of GeoCities; Mukhi described GeoCities as "a lost opportunity for Yahoo! They could have made it a Facebook if they wanted." Rich Skrenta, the CEO of Blekko, posted on Twitter an offer to take over GeoCities from Yahoo! in exchange for 50% future revenue share.[34]

In response to the closure, rival Web hosting services began to compete for the Web sites leaving GeoCities. For instance, German Web host Jimdo started the "Lifeboat for GeoCities" service to encourage GeoCities users to put their Web sites on Jimdo.[20][35] Geocities-closing.com, started by GeoCities competitor uCoz, is a similar project launched to save GeoCities Web sites.[36]

Many of the pages formerly hosted by GeoCities remained accessible, but could not be updated, until 2014. Attempts to access any page using the original GeoCities URL now forward to a site announcing "Geocities closed in 2009" and advertising Yahoo! Small Business.[37]

Archiving GeoCities Web sites

Shortly after the GeoCities closing announcement, the Internet Archive announced a project to archive GeoCities pages, stating "GeoCities has been an important outlet for personal expression on the Web for almost 15 years." Internet Archive made it their task to ensure the thoroughness and completeness of their archive of GeoCities sites.[38] The website InternetArchaeology.org also archived and is showcasing artifacts from GeoCities.[39] The operators of the Web site Reocities downloaded as much of the content hosted on GeoCities as they could before it shut down in the intent to create a mirror of GeoCities, albeit an incomplete one.[40]

Another site which is attempting to build an archive of defunct GeoCities Web sites is GeoCities.ws.[41] There was no formal relationship between GeoCities and geocities.ws as it was a completely different company. Many sites were automatically duplicated from GeoCities to geocities.ws many months after the closure of GeoCities. Geocities.ws promised to be advertisement free hosting and for 5 years this has been the case, till past 3 December 2014. (The main reason GeoCities closed down was because the advertising was location specific and many people felt this was a privacy issue.) Other sites with this purpose are Geociti.es,[42] now closed, and WebCite.

Oocities.com is a still further website attempting to archive the GeoCities pages.

On the first anniversary of GeoCities closing, Archive Team released a torrent file archive of 641 GB (prior to 7z compression, it was approximately 900 GB of data).[43] On April 16, 2011, Archive Team released a patch for the first GeoCities torrent (originally released on October 29, 2010)[44] Olia Lialina and Dragan Espenschied are researching and exploring the torrent archive as part of their project One Terabyte of Kilobyte Age.

Selected traffic statistics

The domain geocities.com attracted at least 177 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.[45]

ComScore stated that the GeoCities had 18.9 million unique visitors from the U.S. in March 2006. In March 2008 GeoCities had 15.1 million unique U.S. visitors. In March 2009 GeoCities had 11.5 million unique visitors, a 24% decline from March 2008.[7]

Litigation

In 1999, a complaint was instituted against GeoCities stating that the corporation violated the provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act under 15 U.S.C. § 45, which states in relevant part, "Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are hereby declared unlawful." The FTC found that GeoCities was engaged in deceptive acts and practices in contravention to their stated privacy act. Subsequently, a consent order was entered into which prohibits GeoCities from misrepresenting the purpose for which it collects and/or uses personal identifying information from consumers. A copy of the complaint and order can be found at 127 F.T.C. 94 (page 94).[46]

The litigation came about in this way: GeoCities provided free home pages and e-mail address to children and adults who provided personally identifying and demographic information when they registered for the Web site. At the time of the complaint, GeoCities had more than 1.8 million members who were "homesteaders." GeoCities illegally permitted third-party advertisers to promote products targeted to GeoCities' 1.8 million users, by using personally identifiable information obtained in the registration process. These acts and practices affected "commerce" as defined in Section 4 of the Federal Trade Commission.[46]

The problem GeoCities faced was that it placed a privacy statement on its New Member Application Form and on its Web site promising that it would never give personally identifying information to anyone without the user's permission. GeoCities sold personal information to third parties who used the information for purposes other than those for which members gave permission.[46]

It was ordered that GeoCities would not make any misrepresentation, in any manner about its collection or use of personal identifying information, including what information will be disclosed to third parties. GeoCities was not allowed to collect personal identifying information from any child if GeoCities had actual knowledge that the child did not have his parents' permission to provide the information.[46]

Modern Cultural Appearances

In 2016 the USA television show Mr. Robot re-created a GeoCities website: http://www.conficturaindustries.com/. The retro theme predominates the show and the creation of the site is an Easter Egg.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Geocities.co.jp Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  2. ^ "Yahoo to Buy GeoCities for $3.9 Billion in Stock - latimes". LA Times. 1999-01-29. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
  3. ^ McCullough, Brian. "DAVID BOHNETT, FOUNDER OF GEOCITIES" (interview podcast). Internet History Podcast. May 11, 2015.
  4. ^ "Yahoo! Inc. - Company Timeline". Wayback Machine. 2008-07-13. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  5. ^ a b "Yahoo! buys GeoCities". CNN.com. 1999-01-28.
  6. ^ a b Fox, Geoff (2009-07-10). "Yahoo Sets the Date of GeoCities' Death". PCMag.com. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  7. ^ a b c Rao, Leena (2009-04-23). "Yahoo Quietly Pulls The Plug On GeoCities". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
  8. ^ Millian, Mark (2009-10-26). "GeoCities' time has expired, Yahoo closing the site today". LA Times (blog).
  9. ^ Shechmeister, Matthew (2009-11-03). "Ghost Pages: A Wired.com Farewell to GeoCities". Wired.com. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  10. ^ a b "Yahoo!ジオシティーズ". Geocities.yahoo.co.jp. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  11. ^ a b c "29 Neighborhoods." GeoCities. December 19, 1996. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  12. ^ Visit these neighborhoods." GeoCities. February 9, 1999. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  13. ^ "GeoCities Marketplace". GeoCities. February 9, 1999. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.
  14. ^ "スタッフ募集." GeoCities Japan. February 21, 1999. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  15. ^ "コミュニティ." GeoCities Japan. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  16. ^ a b "Beverly Hills Internet, builder of interactive cyber cities, launches 4 more virtual communities linked to real places; SiliconValley, CapitolHill, Paris and Tokyo offer free homesteads to residents of BHI's 'GeoCities'". Business Wire. July 5, 1995. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
  17. ^ a b "Beverly Hills Internet, Builder of Web Communities, Changes Name to GeoCities; Monthly Page." Business Wire. Thursday December 14, 1995. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.
  18. ^ "Advertising and Sponsorship Information." GeoCities. December 19, 1996. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  19. ^ Hu, Jim (1998-06-28). "GeoCitizens fume over watermark". CNet.
  20. ^ a b Marshall, Rosalie. "Yahoo closing Geocities web hosting service." vnunet. April 24, 2009. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  21. ^ "Contact GeoCities." GeoCities. Retrieved on February 22, 1999. April 30, 2009.
  22. ^ Nuttall, Chris (1999-01-29). "Yahoo! moves in on GeoCities". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  23. ^ Narasimhan, Balaji. "The death of GeoCities." MID-Day. April 27, 2009. Retrieved on May 3, 2009.
  24. ^ a b "Yahoo Angers GeoCities Members With Copyright Rules". nytimes.com. 1999-06-30. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  25. ^ Schiffman, Betsy (2001-08-28). "A Community That Stays Together, Pays Together". Forbes. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  26. ^ "Data Transfer". Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  27. ^ "GeoCities PLUS and WebHosting Starter". Archived from the original on 2005-11-23. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  28. ^ "GeoCities Closing." Snopes. April 25, 2009. Retrieved on May 3, 2009.
  29. ^ "What if I didn't save my files and images?" Yahoo! Geocities. Retrieved on August 7, 2011.
  30. ^ "Yahoo! abandoning GeoCities." Reuters at Calgary Herald. April 24, 2009. Retrieved on August 7, 2011.
  31. ^ a b "Yahoo pulls the plug on GeoCities." BBC. April 24, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
  32. ^ Yahoo!. "GeoCities will close later this year". Yahoo! Help. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009.
  33. ^ Yahoo! (October 2009). "GeoCities Closing". Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  34. ^ D'Monte, Leslie. "Yahoo! writes GeoCities' obituary." Business Standard. Retrieved on April 25, 2009. April 30, 2009.
  35. ^ "Jimdo's Lifeboat for GeoCities." Jimdo. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  36. ^ "GeoCities Shuts It Doors and Thousands of Sites Could be Lost,But There Are Other Options." Retrieved on October 8, 2009.
  37. ^ "Geocities has shut down". Yahoo! Small Business. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  38. ^ Internet Archive (2009). "Saving a Historical Record of GeoCities". Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  39. ^ Tech Crunch (2009). "Internet Archeology: In which the internet's sordid past is preserved and curated". Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  40. ^ "Welcome to ReoCities." Reocities. 2009. Retrieved on October 27, 2009.
  41. ^ GeoCities.ws. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  42. ^ "Geocities is Dead; An Archive Team Exhibit". Geociti.es. Archived from the original on 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
  43. ^ "GeoCities To Be Made Available As a 900GB Torrent". Tech.slashdot.org. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  44. ^ "GeoCities Patch". Archiveteam.org. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  45. ^ United States. "GeoCities attracts almost 180m visitors online yearly". Siteanalytics.compete.com. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  46. ^ a b c d FTC.gov
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