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Victorian Railways Z type carriage

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Z type carriage
Exterior of a ACZ type carriage
Interior of a first class ACZ carriage
In service1957–2006 (As Z sets), now used with N sets to provide additional capacity.
ManufacturerVictorian Railways
Built atNewport Workshops
Constructed1957–1966
Refurbished1995 to present, refurbished to BZN/BTN carriages.
FormationAdditional cars for N sets
OperatorsV/Line, various heritage operators
Specifications
DoorsManual swing, 2 per side
Articulated sectionsRubber corridor connectors
Maximum speed115 km/h (71 mph)
Power supplyHead end power
Track gauge5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm),
has operated on 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

The Z type carriages are an air conditioned steel passenger carriage used on the railways of Victoria, Australia. The carriages were constructed by the Victorian Railways from 1957 for use on intrastate services.

Two major types of carriage were constructed - thirteen AZ first class cars with a closely spaced but small windows, and twelve BZ second class cars with wider spaced but larger windows (the thirteenth BZ entered service on standard gauge). Carriages were provided with a saloon layout, with 2+2 reversible seating provided, with each row lining up with the windows. First class was provided with more legroom than second. An internal partition existed between the two ends of the saloon, but was removed in later years. A single twinette sleeping car was also built in a Z type body shell, entering service in 1963; it had 20 berths.

A number of carriages were placed onto standard gauge bogies from 1962 for use on interstate trains such as the Spirit of Progress. With the end of these trains in the 1980s they were placed back onto the broad gauge. During this time a number of AZ type carriages were provided with conductor compartments and recoded to ACZ.

The cars were made redundant by the early 1990s with the introduction of the Sprinter railcars, and a number were sold to West Coast Railway. After the demise of WCR some cars were acquired by V/Line, with the remainder passed to preservation groups such as R707 Operations.

The cars still with V/Line were refurbished from 1995, being provided with 2+3 seating in the N type carriage style, with some carriages also receiving wider doors and toilets with wheelchair access. Today only a handful of Z type carriages remain in unaltered form.

The remaining Z type carriages were temporarily removed from service in January 2013 due to cracking occurring in the bogies.[1]

History

Services

Design

The new carriages essentially a saloon version of the earlier S car design, using the most modern amendments to that plan and adjusted for a saloon interior rather than compartments. Each carriage has a body length of 71ft6in, with diaphragms either end extending to 75 ft when loose, compressing by 2in per end when coupled. The shell is 13 ft 2 11/16" from rail height when loaded, and 9ft9in wide plus external handrails. Couplers are 2ft11in above rail height on flat track, and the bogies are spaced at 53 ft centres, and 9'3" from the ends of the body. Axles are spaced 8 ft apart within the bogies, and the wheel are 3 ft 0 1/4in diameter.[2][3][4]

Unlike the original S and O/J type carriages the diaphragms for inter-carriage connections are exposed rubber, rather than being fitted with flexible steel plates to give the impression of a single-unit train. The walkway through the diaphragms is 2ft4in wide. Externally the only difference between the first and second class carriages, other than markings indicating as such, was the number and size of windows. Both types had two small windows, one either end per side, for the washroom and toilet. Between those, first class cars had a set of five then a set of seven short windows, while second class cars have three then five longer windows; the gap between window 3 and window 4 is hardly noticeable compared to the gap between 5 and 6 on the first class carriages.

Plumbing

The earlier cars in each set had a single tank for 140 gallons of cold water, and small air-intake panels either side of the end-of-carriage diaphragms. Later cars had two, much larger air intakes on one side only of each diaphragm, and tanks for 280 gallons of cold water; and in some cases an additional tank for 20 gallons of hot water.

Electrical Systems

All the broad gauge cars except AZ2, BZ1 and BZ2 were powered via Hypoid motor-generator sets, with a gear ratio of 3.47:1 generating 17 kW. The remaining three cars used an alternative system with a 2:57 gear ratio, driving a separate generator set to provide the same 17 kW. The standard gauge cars were only powered by an external supply of 3-phase 415vAC at 50 Hz.[5] When AZ3 and BZ3 operated on standard gauge they could be powered by their Hypoid systems, or if that was disconnected they could also use the head-end power of the train consist. Some cars were fitted with batteries for emergency power supply - 1VBK and 2VBK had 120V batteries each, and 1VAM had a bank of batteries providing 48V.[6]

Air conditioning was built in to the roof of the cars, with fresh air ducts either end of the cars and the distribution ducting formed by the ceiling design. Each car was also fitted with a heating system; between the air and in-floor heaters the total load was between 9000 to 10,500W depending on the car.

Sitting cars AZ & BZ, VBK & VFK

When entering the carriage from a platform, passengers first walk through the vestibule area with swing doors to adjacent carriages through diaphragms. On the opposite side there are three doors; facing the centre of the carriage, the left is for the washroom, the centre to the saloon area and the right to the toilet. The men's washroom includes a power outlet supplying 230vAC. The main saloon compartment was originally divided into two sections, with a partition between. The end adjacent to the mens toilets was for smoking passengers and called the No.1 End, while the end adjacent to the ladies' toilet was for non-smoking passengers and called the No.2 End. All seat pairs were 3ft8in over armrests and could rotate and recline with footrests provided; and reading lights were provided at least on the first class standard gauge cars. The centre aisle is around 1 ft 7 1/2in wide, and illuminated with fluorescent lights. A public address system is fitted for announcements.

First class carriages were fitted with one pair of seats per window, to give 20 seats in the No.1/smoking end and 28 in the No.2/non-smoking end; spacing was a little over 4 ft.

Second class carriages were similar, but with six rows of four seats in the No.1/smoking end behind three windows, and ten rows of four seats in the No.2/non-smoking end behind five windows. Total capacity was 64.

The first two cars of each class were fitted with timber veneer panels internally. Cars AZ3 and BZ3 were modified to allow quick conversion to standard gauge if needed, and to match most of the stock on the Sydney run they were fitted with laminex interiors in lieu. Later cars repeated this alteration.

From the mid 1960's the cars on broad gauge had their layouts modified; the first class carriage seats were respaced drastically to give 56 seats - 24 in the No.1/smoking end and 32 in the No.2/non-smoking end, with spacing reduced to about 3ft10in. The changes to the second class cars were far more minor, as the change from 64 to 68 seats only required one additional row of seats in line with the smoking/non-smoking partition, which was modified to suit. When these modifications were completed, the tare weight of the cars increased to 48t 14c 1Q 0L. The change occurred later on the standard gauge carriages, some not gaining the extra seats until the mid 90's when they were returned to broad gauge.

Composite Sleeping Car

The composite sitting/sleeping car, VAM1, was built with 10 evenly-spaced windows per side, plus a closer window and a door at the No.2 end. Access to the car was via the doors at the No.2 end, or via coupled carriages and the diaphragms linking them to VAM1. The ten windows each represented a single compartment. The first and second compartments at the No.1 end were fitted with bench seats for four people each, while the other eight compartments were fitted with three-person seats divisible with retractable armrests. All seats could fold down to form a bed, and above that was a second bed, giving capacity for up to 20 sleeping passengers or up to 24 first-class and 8 second-class passengers. Generally speaking only the first four compartments at the No.1 end were used for sitting passengers, and the remaining six were used exclusively for sleeping passengers. Partially because of this, the public address system was only wired to the four compartments at the No.1 end, and not the other six. Each compartment also had its own cupboard, shower, toilet, card table and wardrobe. The interior was sheathed with laminex panels.[7]

At the No.2 end a small curtained-off area was reserved for the carriage conductor, with a seat to work at. Weight of the car was 51 tons 13 cwt. Water capacity was 280 gallons of cold water, plus 75 gallons of hot water for the showers. The car was fitted with marker lights, backup lamp brackets and tail discs at both ends, allowing it to trail any train. Notably, even though the car would only normally trail trains in New South Wales, the end-of-train marker was a Victorian Railways disc rather than a New South Wales Railways triangle.

Construction

Details

  • AZ: First class sitter
    • ACZ: First class sitter with conductors area
    • BCZ: ACZ signed for economy class
  • BZ: Economy class sitter
    • BZS: BZ with internal partition remaining
  • SZ: sleeping car

Conversions:

  • BTN: Economy class
  • BZN: Economy class with disabled access and toilet; four toilet compartments removed, one large added.

Standard gauge:

  • VBK: First class sitter (1-5 converted from AZ 8-13)
  • VFK: Second class sitter (1-4 converted from BZ 8-12, 13 built new)
  • VAM: Composite sleeper and sitter (built new, only 1 of)

In Service

Individual cars

Sitting cars

Initially, AZ and BZ cars were allocated to long-distance passenger trains in Victoria. Cars would be attached to the Vinelander for Mildura, The Gippslander to Bairnsdale, the Great Northern to Swan Hill and also to Albury. If additional cars were available after that, they would be allocated to Horsham and/or Dimboola runs, which may have displaced an S type carriage or E type carriage for the runs to Warrnambool and Yarram.

Standard Gauge cars

When the standard gauge line to Albury was opened for passenger traffic, the Victorian Railways planned to convert five each of the AZ and BZ class carriages to standard gauge, to provide extra sitting capacity. This was in conjunction with a handful of S type carriages. The five AZ carriages, 9AZ to 13AZ, were converted in the last quarter of 1961, recoded and stored until required for the opening of the new line. They were followed by conversions of BZ cars 9-12, which were similarly stored. At this time the thirteenth BZ-type shell was still under construction and it caught fire on the production line, so 8BZ was quickly modified and was made available for standard gauge service in February 1962. The ten cars were allocated standard gauge codes of VBK 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 and VFK 2, 3, 4, 1 and 6. When 13BZ was completed it was immediately placed on standard gauge as VFK5.

The codes followed NSW carriage code convention, with V indicating Victorian stock, B and F indicating first and second class respectively, and K being a spare third letter to indicate the type. (Incidentally, the class "K" was later used for the Australian National Railways 500/600/700 series passenger carriages leased by V/Line.)

Cars 3AZ and 3BZ were fitted with extra equipment allowing a fast conversion to standard gauge if additional seating capacity was required on the Sydney run, and the extra capacity could be freed from the broad gauge system.

Sleeping car

VAM1, a Z-type sleeping and sitting car, entered service on the standard gauge in 1963. This car attached to the rear of the Spirit of Progress and was detached at Goulburn, then taken by a separate train to Canberra. When the car was returned to broad gauge, it was classed SZ287.

Carriage sets

Operation of fixed carriage sets was not introduced until 1981, with the New Deal reforms of passenger rail operations and the introduction of the N type carriages. Most of the Z cars was placed into sets made up of an ACZ carriage, BRS snack car carriage, and between one and three other BS and BZ carriages.

In 1984-5 the eight AZ cars were had conductor compartments added, and reclassed as ACZ 251-258, followed in 1986-1990 by the five VBK cars which became ACZ 262, 260, 261, 259 and 263 on the broad gauge.

Other cars were simply recoded, with VAM1 moving to broad gauge and being reclassed SZ287, while the seven broad gauge and six standard gauge economy carriages were renumbered 264-276 ex 1BZ-7BZ, VFK1-VFK6.

In the early 1990s the six VFK cars were returned to broad gauge and refitted internally with a better type of seating, being coded BZS to differentiate them from the existing BZ class. This was around the time the Riverina XPT was extended to Melbourne.

From 1993 some of the Z sets were broken up as the Sprinter railcars arrived, with only two five-car sets remaining: VZ1 and VZ2. The loose cars were utilised as additional cars in the N type sets, with the last Z set being broken up in 2006. A number of loose ACZ / BCZ carriages remain, that can be attached to N type sets.

When West Coast Railway started operating their own trains around 1995, they purchased a handful of carriages from V/Line. Those included ACZ252, 255 and 257, and BZ 267, 269 and 270. ACZ260 was another intended purchase but it had been damaged while on lease to West Coast Railway, before the purchase could occur, so V/Line substituted one of the other three ACZ coaches.

From the early 2000s the Z cars, both ACZ and BZ/BZS, were fitted with upgraded seating to match the N type interiors. Cars rebuilt like this were coded BZN or BTN, depending on whether they were intended to be used as fourth or fifth carriages as attached to an N set.

In December 2008, a N carriage (ACN21) was withdrawn from service to be converted to SG to run on the upgraded Albury-Wodonga line. Before withdrawal this carriage was in N set SN7, along with the BS cars. Because of ACN21's withdrawal, a Z carriage was introduced into the set permanently. The 5 BS cars and the Z car (BCZ257) were joined into a set coded Z57, as a replacement for SN7.

In late 2014, BCZ257 was noted as being semi-permanently coupled to N set VN17 as the fourth carriage. It tends to run on Swan Hill and Bairnsdale services.

Z cars have gradually been returning to service as more bogies are reconditioned. On Thursday 22 September 2016 a test train ran from Melbourne to Geelong and back, with two locomotives, set N11 at the west end and BZN cars 271, 267, 274 and 252.[8]

Set history

As part of the 1983 New Deal, the steel country passenger rollingstock was organised into sets. The Z sets were numbered 51 to 63, after the ACZ carriages providing the conductor accommodation. However, the sets contained a mixture of S and Z type carriages.

When West Coast Railway purchased cars from V/Line to operate their Warrnambool service, they acquired ACZ255, ACZ255, ACZ257, BZ267, BZ269 and BZ270. Initially the V/Line logos were covered with white "W" decals, and after the sale was completed on 9 April 1995, the cars were repainted into that company's blue scheme.

Note: Colours are representative only, and do not directly correlate to liveries worn in the era.

After the car identities, "T" indicates through-cabled for head end power; H indicates that the car requires head end power for lighting and air conditioning but is fitted with batteries, and H indicates same without batteries.

Code Set No. From To Car F Car E Car D Car C Car B Car A (East end) Capacity Weight Length Changes to achieve Notes
Z 52 C. June 1986[9] C. June 1986[10] n/a BG1 BS204 BS211 BRS222 ACZ252 290 214t 114m
Z 53 C. June 1986[11] C. June 1986[12] n/a n/a BS210 BS208 BRS221 ACZ253 228 171t 91m
Z 54 C. June 1986[13] C. June 1986[14] n/a n/a BZ268 BZ269 BRS225 ACZ254 236 179t 91m
Z 55 C. June 1986[15] C. June 1986[16] n/a n/a BS205 BS202 BRS224 ACZ255 228 171t 91m
Z 55 C. June 1986[17] C. June 1986[18] n/a n/a BE31 BS205 BRS224 ACZ255 236 171t 91m BS202 faulty; BS205 shifted to Car C and BE31 pulled from E set; then BES50 ex loose replaced BE31 in its set.[19]
Z 56 C. June 1986[20] C. June 1986[21] n/a n/a BS203 BS206 BRS227 ACZ256 228 171t 91m
Z 57 C. June 1986[22] C. June 1986[23] n/a n/a BZ270 BZ266 BRS226 ACZ257 236 179t 91m
Z 58 C. June 1986[24] C. June 1986[25] n/a BS212 BS201 BS209 BRS230 ACZ258 292 211t 114m
Z 62 C. June 1986[26] C. June 1986[27] n/a n/a BZ267 BZ265 BRS228 ACZ262 236 179t 91m



Z 51 C. October 1989[28] C. October 1989[29] n/a BS210 BS202 BRS222 BS208 ACZ251 292 211t 114m
Z 53 C. October 1989[30] C. October 1989[31] n/a BE4 BS201 BRS230 BS213 ACZ253 300 211t 114m
Z 54 C. October 1989[32] C. October 1989[33] n/a BE34 BS205 BRS229 BS206 ACZ254 300 211t 114m
Z 55 C. October 1989[34] C. October 1989[35] n/a n/a BZ270 BRS224 BZ267 ACZ255 236 171t 91m
Z 57 C. October 1989[36] C. October 1989[37] n/a n/a n/a BZ266 BRS228 ACZ257 168 135t 69m
Z 58 C. October 1989[38] C. October 1989[39] n/a n/a BZ269 BRS221 BZ265 ACZ258 236 171t 91m
Z 60 C. October 1989[40] C. October 1989[41] n/a BE19 BS204 BS223 BS211 ACZ260 300 211t 114m
Z 62 C. October 1989[42] C. October 1989[43] n/a n/a n/a BS212 BRS225 ACZ262 164 131t 68m


Z 52 1999-08-xx 1999-08-xx n/a n/a BS212 BRS224 BZ270 ACZ252 t m
Z 62 1990-04-15 1990-04-15[44] n/a BS206 BS208 BRS221 BS211 ACZ262 292 211t 114m
Z 57 1990-12-16 1990-12-16 n/a n/a n/a BZ267 BRS228 ACZ257 236 171t 91m Was running with SJ282-SJ284 west end, D316-VMAP7-VMAP10 west end
FZ 56 1990-12-17 1990-12-17 n/a n/a BZ270 BRS227 BZ265 ACZ256 236 171t 91m
"Z" 59 1997-04-09[45] n/a BCZ258H BCZ251H BS216H BS217H ACZ259H t m


VZ 1 2005-11-26[46] n/a BTN251 BZN256 BTN253 ACZ259 D335 t m Ex-West Coast Railway.
VZ 2 2005-11-26[47] n/a n/a BZN261 BS216 BTN268 ACZ262 t m Ex-West Coast Railway.
FZ 3 2004-11-26[48] n/a BTN253 BS215 BZ267 ACZ257 PCO2 268 + 10 tonnes 262t 115m Ex-West Coast Railway. ACZ257 wheelchair accessible west end door.
Z 3 2004-11-26[49] Before 2005-11-28[50] n/a n/a BS215 BZ267 ACZ257 PCO2 Remove BTN253 ACZ257 wheelchair accessible west end door.
Z 57 2009-03-29[51] 2010-08-09[52] BS217 BS219 BS216 BS218 BS215 BCZ257 364 283.7t 137m Power doors fitted on entry to service. Sometimes referred to as SZ7 because all the remaining S type carriages were included in the consist. First run was #8231 1655 Spencer Street to Marshall. BS carriages taken from set SN7.

Unlike the H and N sets, the Z sets were usually labelled just as Z with the number, regardless of the number of cars in the set. FZ (four car) and VZ (five car) sets were only identified as such from about 2004, when the sets became more fixed.

As the Z sets were dissolved, their carriages were converted to BZN or BTN cars for inclusion in N sets. As at July 1997, there were seven FN type sets with a BZN included in their consist, plus two VN sets with a BZ and BCZ, and one Z set, Z59, as ACZ259-BZ-BS-BS-BCZ51H (The BS cars were BS216 and BS217). Additionally, one ACZ and three BCZ cars were spares, not allocated to active sets.[53]

Current Status

By current codes. 251-263 are ex-AZ/ACZ/VBK, 264-276 are ex-BZ/VFK, 287 is ex-SZ/VAM.

V/Line fleet

As at September 2015, 22 remained in service with V/Line. Of those, nine were out of service awaiting new bogie frames.[54]

  • In service or under repair, V/Line Passenger: BTN 251, 253, 254, 259, 263, 264, 268; BZN 252, 256, 258, 261, 262, 265-267, 271-276, BCZ 257

The allocation as at late 2016 is, or will be:

Original AZ carriages
  • BTN251 - Stored at Newport Workshops, awaiting new bogies.[55]
    • Previous allocations: Z59 (5-car) as BCZ251H at 1997-04-09[56]
  • BZN252 - Set FN10 from September 2016.[57]
    • Previous allocations: x
  • BTN253 - Set VN17[58]
    • Previous allocations: Was a loose car (BCZ253T) at 1997-04-09[59]
  • BTN254 - Stored at Newport Workshops, awaiting new bogies.[60]
  • BZN256 - Set FN3
    • Previous allocations: x
  • BCZ257 - Set FN9 from January 2016.
    • Previous allocations: Was coupled to FN6 for a time, but not officially part of the consist.
  • BZN258 - Stored at Newport Workshops, awaiting new bogies.[62]
    • Previous allocations: VN17 circa 2001-2015; Z59 (5-car) as BCZ258H at 1997-04-09[63]
  • BTN259 - Set VN12[64]
    • Previous allocations: Z59 (5-car) as ACZ259H at 1997-04-09[65]
  • ACZ260 - Out of service
    • Previous allocations: x
  • BZN261 - Set VN17 temporarily.[66]
    • Previous allocations: Set FN3,[67] N4 (5-car) as BCZ261H at 1997-04-09[68] West end was damaged in shunting side-swipe in morning of Wednesday 20 August 1997.[69]
  • BZN262 - Stored at Newport Workshops, awaiting new bogies.[70]
    • Previous allocations: FN3 from 2008, and FN5 circa 2010. Was a loose car (ACZ262H) at 1997-04-09[71]
  • BTN263 - Set FN14[72]
    • Previous allocations: FN12 as BCZ263H at 1997-04-09[73]
Original BZ carriages
  • BTN264 - ?
  • BZN265 - Set FN19[76]
    • Previous allocations: Was a loose car (BZN265H) at 1997-04-09[77]
  • BZN266 - Set FN5[78]
  • BZN267 - Set FN14[80]
    • Previous allocations: Set FN4 from 2009.[81]
  • BTN268 - Set FN13[82]
    • Previous allocations: Set FN10 temporarily in August 2016.[83]
  • BZN271H - Set FN11 from 2013.[84][85]
    • Previous allocations: FN1 at 1997-04-09[86]
  • BZN272H - Set VN12.[87]
  • BZN273H - ?
  • BZN274H - Set FN6[91][92]
    • Previous allocations: Was a loose car (BZN274H) at 1997-04-09[93]
  • BZN275H - Set FN18 from 2016.
    • Previous allocations: FN19 circa 1995 through 1997.[94]
  • BZN276H - Under repair at Newport Workshops.[95]
    • Previous allocations: Set VN17 2016,[96] FN10 circa 1995-1997, also in 2007 and 2016 (temporarily withdrawn during bogie issues).[97]

Sets SN1, SN15, SN16 and soon SN8 are on standard gauge, exclusively operating with N type carriages; and sets N2 and N7 were dissolved to provide carriages to form those.

Preserved

  • In service, 707 Operations, Newport West Block: ACZ255, BZ270
  • Under restoration, Seymour Rail Heritage Centre: SZ287
  • In service, Steamrail, Newport West Block: BZ269 "Hobsons Bay"

Model railways

Dogspike Models

In 2012, Dogspike Models produced a limited number of Z type carriages, including AZ and ACZ/BCZ types in various liveries. The cars are reasonably detailed externally, but with no interior detail. The run was intended to include AZ, BZ and ACZ cars, in VR Blue and Gold, VicRail "Teacup", V/Line, West Coast Railway orange and West Coast Railway blue. Intended prices were $160 for one, $275 for two or $360 for three cars.[98]

The company had to slow manufacturing when the bogie supply dried up.[99]

Powerline

Powerline has announced intentions to produce a run of plastic, ready-to-run Z-type carriages sometime after the current run of the S-type carriages is completed.[100]

Speciality Scale Models

In the 1990's, Speciality Scale Models released Z type carriage kits, with whitemetal and brass components. After a time the kits were found to not sell as well as was hoped, so DJH was commissioned to build the kits and sell them as ready-to-run products, singly or in sets. The range included blue/gold AZ, BZ, VFK and VBK; and V/Line ACZ and BZ. At least one of the four-car sets included BS212.

Trainbuilder

First run

The first run of models featured a full brass body preassembled and painted, with onboard lighting included. Three Z-type carriages were released as part of the 1960s-era Spirit of Progress series, with a VFK and a VBK included in the boxed set of ten (which retailed at $5,500.00), and a further two, 4VBK and 1VFK, included in an expansion pack at $1,100.00.[101]

Additional cars were available, as pairs 8AZ and 6BZ or 5AZ and 7BZ for $1,100.00; and in sets with other classes of carriages mixed in, 6AZ in VR blue or VicRail orange; 262ACZ in grey; or ACZ262 and BZ267 in V/Line orange. Individually, the West Coast Railway cars ACZ255 and BZ267, and the V/Line Passenger cars BZ254(sic) and ACZ259 for $550.00 each.

Second run

Delivered in mid-2015, Trainbuilder released a second run of the brass models, this time removing the internal lighting features in order to keep the price per carriage down to only $395.00 each.[102]

This second run included 4-8AZ and 4-8BZ (marked Economy) in Victorian Railways blue and gold, as well as 252-254ACZ, 251BCZ and 264-267BZ in V/Line Orange.

References

  1. ^ "V/Line to remove Z carriages for inspection" (Press release). V/Line. 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  2. ^ http://pjv101.net/fts/u01/as858.gif
  3. ^ http://pjv101.net/fts/u01/as860.gif
  4. ^ http://pjv101.net/fts/u01/as864.gif
  5. ^ http://pjv101.net/fts/u01/as865.gif
  6. ^ http://www.pjv101.net/fts/u01/as671.gif
  7. ^ http://www.pjv101.net/fts/u01/as481.gif
  8. ^ https://www.facebook.com/groups/VictorianRailwayEnthusiasts/permalink/1107865689249452/
  9. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  10. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  11. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  12. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  13. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  14. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  15. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  16. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  17. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  18. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  19. ^ http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  20. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  21. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  22. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  23. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  24. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  25. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  26. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  27. ^ Newsrail June 1986 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401899998781&set=p.10207401899998781
  28. ^ Newsrail October 1989 www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10207401895398666&set=p.10207401895398666
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  45. ^ Newsrail July 1997 p.225
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  47. ^ https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p394931.htm
  48. ^ https://railpage.com.au/f-t14063.htm
  49. ^ https://railpage.com.au/f-t14063.htm
  50. ^ https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p392419.htm#392419
  51. ^ http://vicsig.net/index.php?page=passenger&set=Z&number=57
  52. ^ http://railgallery.wongm.com/vline-melbourne/E105_6721.jpg.html
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  54. ^ "Vline's growing Vlocity fleet reflects rising patronage" Railway Digest September 2015 page 25
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  69. ^ Newsrail December 1997 p.387
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  98. ^ http://railpage.com.au:443/f-p1636332.htm#1636332
  99. ^ https://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1681688.htm
  100. ^ https://www.facebook.com/PowerlineModels/photos/a.247158658696060.58114.246203272124932/656929087719013/?type=1
  101. ^ http://trainbuilder.com/pdf/spirit-orderform.pdf
  102. ^ http://www.trainbuilder.com/pdf/spirit-orderform-2015.pdf

Further reading

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