Jump to content

Huey P. Newton: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 526797163 by UseTheCommandLine (talk) No. The S.F. Chronicle is the Bay Area's newspaper of record; as a Berkeley journalist, Coleman's pieces appear regularly.
Line 54: Line 54:
Newton and the Panthers started a number of social programs in Oakland, including founding the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. Other Panther programs included the [[Free Breakfast for Children|Free Breakfast for Children Program]] and others that offered dances for teenagers and training in [[martial arts]]. According to Oakland County Supervisor John George: "Huey could take street-gang types and give them a social consciousness".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946144-2,00.html#ixzz1DzApoBoV | work=Time | title=Nation: The Odyssey of Huey Newton | date=November 13, 1978}}</ref>
Newton and the Panthers started a number of social programs in Oakland, including founding the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. Other Panther programs included the [[Free Breakfast for Children|Free Breakfast for Children Program]] and others that offered dances for teenagers and training in [[martial arts]]. According to Oakland County Supervisor John George: "Huey could take street-gang types and give them a social consciousness".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946144-2,00.html#ixzz1DzApoBoV | work=Time | title=Nation: The Odyssey of Huey Newton | date=November 13, 1978}}</ref>


Despite some involvement in social programs, the Black Panthers in Oakland, California, as well as other U.S. cities, never transcended their reputation for violence and criminality.<ref name="Salon">{{cite web | url=http://www.salon.com/2012/06/09/true_hollywood_story_the_producer_and_the_black_panther | title=True Hollywood Story: The Producer and the Black Panther | author=Kate Coleman | date=June 9, 2012 | accessdate=September 23, 2012 | publisher=Salon.com | work=editor's picks }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Hugh |title=In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America |year=1994 |publisher=Perseus Books |isbn=978-0-201-48341-3}}</ref>
Despite some involvement in social programs, the Black Panthers in Oakland, California, as well as other U.S. cities, never transcended their reputation for violence and criminality.<ref name="Salon">{{cite web | url=http://www.salon.com/2012/06/09/true_hollywood_story_the_producer_and_the_black_panther | title=True Hollywood Story: The Producer and the Black Panther | author=Kate Coleman | date=June 9, 2012 | accessdate=September 23, 2012 | publisher=Salon.com | work=editor's picks }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Hugh |title=In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America |year=1994 |publisher=Perseus Books |isbn=978-0-201-48341-3}}</ref><ref>http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/REVISIONISM-Guess-Who-s-Mything-Them-Now-The-2609696.php</ref>
In 1982, Newton was accused of [[embezzlement|embezzling]] $600,000 of state funds from the Panther-founded Oakland Community School, which shut the school down. Just before the end of his life, the charges were reduced to a single count of cashing a $15,000 check for personal use, and Newton was sentenced to six months in [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin Prison]] and 18 months probation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-22/news/mn-1089_1_newton-oakland-panthers|title=Huey Newton Found Shot to Death on Oakland Street: Black Panthers Founder Killed in High Drug Area|first1=Mark A.|last1=Stein|first2=Valarie|last2=Basheda|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 22, 1989|accessdate=August 24, 2011}}</ref>
In 1982, Newton was accused of [[embezzlement|embezzling]] $600,000 of state funds from the Panther-founded Oakland Community School, which shut the school down. Just before the end of his life, the charges were reduced to a single count of cashing a $15,000 check for personal use, and Newton was sentenced to six months in [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin Prison]] and 18 months probation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-22/news/mn-1089_1_newton-oakland-panthers|title=Huey Newton Found Shot to Death on Oakland Street: Black Panthers Founder Killed in High Drug Area|first1=Mark A.|last1=Stein|first2=Valarie|last2=Basheda|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 22, 1989|accessdate=August 24, 2011}}</ref>


Revision as of 06:03, 7 December 2012

Huey P. Newton
File:Huey P. Newton.jpg
Born
Huey Percy Newton

(1942-02-17)February 17, 1942
Monroe, Louisiana, USA
DiedAugust 22, 1989(1989-08-22) (aged 47)
Oakland, California, USA
CitizenshipUnited States
EducationUniversity of California, Santa Cruz (Bachelor's Degree) (PhD)
Alma materUniversity of California, Santa Cruz, (1980)
OccupationActivist
Years active1966-87
Known forCo-founder of the Black Panther Party
Notable workRevolutionary Suicide
Political partyBlack Panther Party
Spouse(s)Gwen Fontaine (1974–1983)
Fredrika Newton (1984–1989)

Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was an African-American political and urban activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense in 1966. Newton had a long series of confrontations with law enforcement, including several convictions, even while he participated in political activism and pursued an education, eventually earning a Ph.D. in social science.[2][3][4]

Early life

Newton as a senior in high school, 1959.

Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana, the youngest of seven children to Armelia Johnson and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist lay preacher. His parents named him after former Governor of Louisiana Huey Long. In 1945, the family settled in Oakland, California.[5] The Newton family was quite poor and often relocated throughout the San Francisco Bay Area during Newton's childhood. Despite this, he contended that his family was close-knit and that he never went without food and shelter as a child. Growing up in Oakland, Newton stated that "[he] was made to feel ashamed of being black".[5] In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, he wrote, "During those long years in Oakland public schools, I did not have one teacher who taught me anything relevant to my own life or experience. Not one instructor ever awoke in me a desire to learn more or to question or to explore the worlds of literature, science, and history. All they did was try to rob me of the sense of my own uniqueness and worth, and in the process nearly killed my urge to inquire."

Although he graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1959, Newton was illiterate. However, he went on to teach himself to read. He struggled to read The Republic by Plato at first, finally reading it five times to better understand it, and it was this success that inspired him to become a political leader.[6]

As a teenager, he was arrested several times for minor offenses including an arrest for gun possession and vandalism at age 14.[7] Newton supported himself in college by burglarizing homes in the Oakland and Berkeley Hills areas, and by committing other petty crimes. Newton once wrote that he began his law studies to become a better criminal, although he said that he had been a "big-time fool" for having such narrow ambitions.[8][9]

Founding of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense

As a student at Merritt College in Oakland, Newton became involved in politics in the Bay Area. He joined the Afro-American Association, became a prominent member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity, Beta Tau chapter, and played a role in getting the first African-American history course adopted as part of the college's curriculum. He read the works of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, Mao Zedong, and Che Guevara. It was during his time at Merritt College[5] that Newton and Bobby Seale organized the Black Panther Party for Self Defense in October 1966. Based on a casual conversation, Seale became Chairman and Newton became Minister of Defense.[10]

The Black Panther Party was an African-American left-wing organization working for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States. The Party achieved national and international impact and renown through their deep involvement in the Black Power movement and in politics of the 1960s and 1970s. The group's "provocative rhetoric, militant posture, and cultural and political flourishes permanently altered the contours of American Identity".[11]

Newton adopted what he termed "revolutionary humanism".[12] Although he had earlier visited Nation of Islam mosques, he wrote that "I have had enough of religion and could not bring myself to adopt another one. I needed a more concrete understanding of social conditions. References to God or Allah did not satisfy my stubborn thirst for answers."[13] Later, however, he stated that "As far as I am concerned, when all of the questions are not answered, when the extraordinary is not explained, when the unknown is not known, then there is room for God because the unexplained and the unknown is God."[14] But Newton did later decide to join the Church after the party disbanded during his marriage to Fredrika. [15]

Newton and the Panthers started a number of social programs in Oakland, including founding the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. Other Panther programs included the Free Breakfast for Children Program and others that offered dances for teenagers and training in martial arts. According to Oakland County Supervisor John George: "Huey could take street-gang types and give them a social consciousness".[16]

Despite some involvement in social programs, the Black Panthers in Oakland, California, as well as other U.S. cities, never transcended their reputation for violence and criminality.[3][4][17] In 1982, Newton was accused of embezzling $600,000 of state funds from the Panther-founded Oakland Community School, which shut the school down. Just before the end of his life, the charges were reduced to a single count of cashing a $15,000 check for personal use, and Newton was sentenced to six months in San Quentin Prison and 18 months probation.[18]

Fatal shooting of John Frey

Newton had been convicted of assault with a deadly weapon for repeatedly stabbing another man, Odell Lee, with a steak knife during the summer of 1964. He served 6 months in prison, and by 27–28 October 1967 he was out celebrating release from his probationary period. Just before dawn on 28 October, Newton and a friend were pulled over by Oakland Police Department officer John Frey. Realizing that he had stopped Black Panther leader Huey Newton, Frey called for backup. After fellow officer Herbert Heanes arrived, shots were fired, and all three were wounded.[19] Heanes testified that the shooting began after Newton was under arrest, and one witness testified that Newton shot Frey with Frey's own gun as they wrestled.[20][21] No gun on either Frey or Newton was found.[21] Newton stated that Frey shot him first, which made him lose consciousness during the incident.[22] Frey was shot four times and died within the hour, while Heanes was left in serious condition with three bullet wounds. With a bullet wound to the abdomen. Black Panther David Hilliard took Newton to Kaiser Hospital in Oakland. He was admitted, but was soon handcuffed to his bed and arrested for Frey's killing.[9] Newton was convicted in September 1968 of voluntary manslaughter for the killing of Frey and was sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. In May 1970, the California Appellate Court reversed the conviction and ordered a new trial. After two subsequent mistrials, the Alameda County Superior Court dismissed the charges after the district attorney said he would not pursue a fourth trial.[23] In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, Newton wrote that Heanes and Frey were opposite each other and shooting in each other's direction during the shootout.

According to journalist Hugh Pearson, Newton boasted to close friend and sociobiologist Robert Trivers that he deliberately killed John Frey and never regretted it. Pearson also says Newton made the same claim to another friend, Willie Payne, just before Newton was murdered. Pearson states:

"He admitted killing Officer John Frey. He said that before he killed Frey, the police and the power structure could just come down to the black community and do anything they wanted. But after he shot Frey, much of that changed." [24]

Murder of Kathleen Smith, assault of Preston Callins, attempted murder of Crystal Gray

On August 6, 1974, Kathleen Smith, a 17-year-old Oakland prostitute, was shot; she died three months later. According to the prosecutor handling the case[25] and other sources, Newton shot Smith after a casual exchange on the street during which she referred to him as "Baby", a childhood nickname he hated. He was arrested on murder charges, then released for lack of evidence.

Similarly, Newton assaulted his tailor, Preston Callins, after Callins called him "Baby". Newton posted bond after being arrested for pistol-whipping Callins. Then Newton was arrested a second time for the murder of Smith, but he was able to post an additional $80,000 bond, thus securing his release until trial.

Rather than go to trial, Newton and girlfriend Gwen Fountaine fled to Havana, Cuba, to avoid prosecution on the two charges, living there until 1977.[26] Elaine Brown took over as chairperson of the Black Panther Party in his absence.[27] Newton returned to the United States in 1977 to stand trial for the murder of Smith and the assault on Callins.

In October 1977 three Black Panthers attempted to assassinate Crystal Gray, one of the prostitutes present the day of Kathleen Smith’s murder and a key prosecution witness in Newton's upcoming trial. Unbeknownst to the assailants, they attacked the wrong house and the occupant returned fire. During the shootout one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, was killed and the other two assailants escaped.[28] One of the two surviving assassins, Flores Forbes, fled to Las Vegas, Nevada, with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy. Fearing that Malloy would discover the truth behind the botched assassination attempt, Newton allegedly ordered a “house cleaning”, and Malloy was shot and buried alive in the desert. Although permanently paralyzed from the waist down, Malloy recovered from the assault and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder.[29] Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said the events “might have been the result of overzealous party members”.[25]

During Newton's trial for assaulting Preston Callins, Callins changed his testimony several times and eventually told the jury that he did not know who assaulted him. Newton was acquitted of the assault in September 1978, but was convicted on two counts of illegal firearms possession. After two trials and two deadlocked juries, the prosecution decided not to retry Newton for Smith’s murder.[30]

During later years, in discussion with friend and sociobiologist Robert Trivers, Newton referred to the killing of Kathleen Smith as "my first non-political murder", and admitted he felt some guilt about killing her.[31]

People’s Temple

In January 1977, Peoples Temple leader Jim Jones visited Newton in Havana.[32] After Jones fled to Jonestown, Guyana, Newton spoke to Temple members in Jonestown via telephone patch supporting Jones during one of the Temple's earliest "White Nights".[33] Newton's cousin, Stanley Clayton, was one of the few residents of Jonestown to escape the 1978 tragedy, during which more than 900 Temple members were ordered by Jones to commit suicide.[33]

Writing and Scholarship

Newton received a bachelor's degree from UC Santa Cruz in 1974. He was enrolled as a graduate student in History of Consciousness at UC Santa Cruz in 1978, when he arranged to take a reading course from famed evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers, while in prison. He and Trivers became close friends. Trivers and Newton published an analysis of the role of flight crew self-deception in the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[34]

Newton was awarded a Ph.D. in history of consciousness at the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1980.[35] His doctoral dissertation was entitled War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America.[36] Later, Newton's widow, Frederika Newton, would discuss her husband's often-ignored academic leanings on C-SPAN's "American Perspectives" program on February 18, 2006.

Death

Relations between Newton and factions within the Black Guerilla Family (BGF) had been strained for nearly two decades. Former Black Panther members who became BGF members in prison had become disenchanted with Newton for his perceived abandonment of imprisoned Black Panther members and allegations of Newton's fratricide within the party.[37]

On August 22, 1989, Newton was fatally shot on the 1400 block of 9th street in West Oakland by 24-year-old BGF member and drug dealer Tyrone Robinson shortly after Newton left a crack house.[35][38] Robinson was convicted of the murder in 1991 and sentenced to 32 years in prison for the crime.[39]

Robinson said that Newton pulled a gun when the two met at a street corner in the neighborhood, but the police found no evidence that Newton was armed. The murder occurred in a neighborhood where Newton, as minister of defense for the Black Panthers, once organized social programs that helped destitute African Americans, such as feeding poor, young children in the community before they headed off to school.

Newton's last words, as he stood facing his killer, were, "You can kill my body, but you can't kill my soul. My soul will live forever!" He was then shot two times in the face by Robinson.[27]

He was interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland.[40]

In popular culture

There are many references to Huey Newton in popular music, including in the songs "Changes" by Tupac Shakur,[41] "Welcome To The Terrordome" by Public Enemy, "Queens Get The Money" by Nas, "Sunny Kim" by Andre Nickatina, "Just A Celebrity" by The Jacka, "Same Thing" by Flobots, "Dreams" and "911 Is A Joke(Cop Killa)" by The Game, "You Can't Murder Me" by Papoose, "Police State" by Dead Prez, "Propaganda" by Dead Prez "We Want Freedom" by Dead Prez, "Malcolm, Garvey, Huey" by Dead Prez, "SLR" by Lupe Fiasco, "Bill Gates Freestyle" by Fabolous feat. Paul Cain, "Wake Up" by Black the Ripper, "The Martyr" by Immortal Technique, "Lick Shots" by Immortal Technique, "Huey Newton" by Wiz Khalifa & Currensy,"HiiiPoWeR" by Kendrick Lamar, "My Favorite Mutiny" by The Coup, "National Anthem" by Sir Mix-a-Lot, "Bobby Seale" by Lil Tweezii, "Dream Team" by Spearhead, From Here To Utopia [Ramshackle Glory], "Free Huey" by The Boo Radleys, "Free Lance" by HD of Bearfaced, "When Will They Shoot?" by Ice Cube, and "Pacific Heights" by Pep Love.

In the comic strip and cartoon show The Boondocks, the main character Huey Freeman, a ten-year-old African-American revolutionary, is named after Newton; another reference comes when Freeman starts an independent newspaper, dubbing it the Free Huey World Report.[42] In 1996, A Huey P. Newton Story was performed on stage by veteran actor Roger Guenveur Smith. The one-man play later was made into an award-winning 2001 film directed by Spike Lee.[43]

Bibliography

  • Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power. (Anchor Books: 1993) ISBN 0-385-47107-6.
  • Foner, Philip S. (editor) The Black Panthers Speak - The Manifesto of the Party: The First Complete Documentary Record of the Panther's Program (Dial, 1970)
  • "People of the state of California, plaintiff & respondent, vs. Huey P. Newton, defendant and appellant: Appellant's opening brief" (ERIC reports)
  • Hilliard, David and Keith and Kent Zimmerman. Huey: Spirit of the Panther (Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006)
  • Jeffries, Judson L. Huey P. Newton, The Radical Theorist (University of Mississippi Press, 2002)
  • Pearson, Hugh. Shadow of the Panther: Huey P. Newton and the Price of Black Power in America (Addison Wesley, 1994)
  • Seale, Bobby. Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton (Random House, 1970)
  • Obituary in the New York Times by Dennis Hevesi, (August 23, 1989). "Huey Newton Symbolized the Rising Black Anger of a Generation"

Books, articles, and oral histories by or with Huey P. Newton

  • Huey Newton Speaks oral history by Huey P. Newton (Paredon Records, 1970)
  • Huey!: Listen Whitey! protest songs/spoken word by Huey P. Newton; produced by American Documentary Films; released by Folkways Records (1972)
  • To Die for the People: The Writings of Huey P. Newton Toni Morrison (Editor) (Random House, 1972)
  • Revolutionary Suicide with J. Herman Blake (Random House, 1973; republished in 1995 with introduction by Blake)
  • Insights and Poems by Huey P. Newton, Ericka Huggins 1975)
  • War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America by Huey P. Newton (Harlem River Press, 1996: the published version of Newton's PhD thesis)
  • The Huey P. Newton Reader David Hilliard and Donald Weise (Editors) (Seven Stories Press, 2002)
  • Essays from the Minister of Defense by Huey P Newton, Black Panther Party, 1968, Oakland (Pamphlet)
  • The Genius of Huey P. Newton by Huey P. Newton, Awesome Records (June 1, 1993)
  • The original vision of the Black Panther Party by Huey P Newton, Black Panther Party (1973)
  • Huey Newton talks to the movement about the Black Panther Party, cultural nationalism, SNCC, liberals and white revolutionaries by Huey P Newton
  • Huey Spirit of the Panther by David Hillard with Keith and Kent Zimmerman (Thunder's Mouth Press)
  • To Die for the People by Huey Newton (City Lights Publishers, 2009)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Mumia Abu-Jamal (1 May 2008). We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party. South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-718-7. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  2. ^ Stein, Mark A.; Basheda, Valarie (August 22, 1989). "Huey Newton Found Shot to Death on Oakland Street: Black Panthers Founder Killed in High Drug Area". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Kate Coleman (June 9, 2012). "True Hollywood Story: The Producer and the Black Panther". editor's picks. Salon.com. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
  4. ^ a b Pearson, Hugh (1994). In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-201-48341-3.
  5. ^ a b c "Huey P. Newton biography". Africa Within. Biography Resource Center. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011.
  6. ^ Gates, Anita (February 13, 2002). "An American Panther, In His Own Words". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  7. ^ Jones, Jackie (February 17, 2009). "Black History Month Faces and Places: Huey P. Newton". BlackAmericaWeb.com.
  8. ^ Smith, Roger Guenveur. "A Huey P. Newton Story - Huey - Bio". Retrieved August 05, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ a b Hillard, David Huey: Spirit of the Panther Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006.
  10. ^ Seale (15 November 1996). Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. Black Classic Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-933121-30-0. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  11. ^ Curtis Stephen. Life of A Party. Crisis ; Sep/Oct 2006, Vol. 113 Issue 5, p30-37, 8p
  12. ^ Stephen C. Finley, Torin Alexander (2009). African American religious cultures. ISBN 978-1-57607-470-1.
  13. ^ Judson L. Jeffries (2006). Huey P. Newton: The Radical Theorist. ISBN 978-1-57806-877-7.
  14. ^ Huey P. Newton, David Hilliard, Donald Weise (2002). The Huey P. Newton reader. ISBN 978-1-58322-467-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Hillard, David (2006). Huey : Spirit of the Panther. New York, NY 10011: Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-56025-897-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  16. ^ "Nation: The Odyssey of Huey Newton". Time. November 13, 1978.
  17. ^ http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/REVISIONISM-Guess-Who-s-Mything-Them-Now-The-2609696.php
  18. ^ Stein, Mark A.; Basheda, Valarie (August 22, 1989). "Huey Newton Found Shot to Death on Oakland Street: Black Panthers Founder Killed in High Drug Area". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  19. ^ Pearson, pp 145-147
  20. ^ "Witness Says Newton Shot Policeman", New York Times, Aug 8, 1968
  21. ^ a b "State Opens Case of Black Panther", New York Times, Aug 6, 1968
  22. ^ The Huey P. Newton Reader by Huey P. Newton, chapters "crisis: October 28, 1967" and "trial"
  23. ^ December 15, 1971. "Case Against Newton Dropped". The Dispatch (Lexington, North Carolina) via UPI. Retrieved August 05, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Pearson, pp 7, 221
  25. ^ a b Time Magazine, The Odyssey of Huey Newton
  26. ^ Wilbur C. Rich (2007). African American perspectives on political science. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-109-9.
  27. ^ a b Pearson, Hugh, (1994) The Shadow of the Panther, p. 315
  28. ^ Gunmen Try To Kill Witness Against Black Panther Leader . The Leader-Post. Oct 25, 1977
  29. ^ Turner, Wallace (December 14, 1977). "Coast Inquiries Pick Panthers As Target; Murder, Attempted Murders and Financing of Poverty Programs Under Oakland Investigation". New York Times.
  30. ^ "Huey Newton Wins In Retrial". Milwaukee Journal via AP. September 28, 1979. Retrieved August 05, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  31. ^ Pearson, Hugh, (1994) The Shadow of the Panther, p. 268
  32. ^ Reiterman, Tim, Tom Reiterman, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Reverend Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 284.
  33. ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, Tom Reiterman, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Reverend Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 369.
  34. ^ Trivers, R. L. & Newton, H. P. Science Digest "The crash of flight 90: doomed by self-deception?" November 1982.
  35. ^ a b "Suspect Admits Shooting Newton, Police Say". Associated Press in New York Times. August 27, 1989. Retrieved 2008-05-12. The police said late Friday that an admitted drug dealer had acknowledged killing Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ Newton, Huey P. (June 1, 1980). "War Against The Panthers: A Study Of Repression In America". University of California, Santa Cruz. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ^ Pearson, p. 6
  38. ^ "Newton Death Suspect Linked to Drug World". Durant (OK) Daily Democrat. AP. August 27, 1989. p. 7. Retrieved February 1, 2011. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |pmd= (help)
  39. ^ "Newton's Killer Gets 32 Years to Life". Los Angeles Times. December 05, 1991. Retrieved August 05, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  40. ^ Pearson, Hugh. The shadow of the panther: Huey Newton and the price of Black power in America
  41. ^ Lazerow, Jama (2006). In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Duke University: Duke University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8223-3890-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Datcher, Michael (October 2003). "Free Huey: Aaron McGruder's Outer Child is Taking on America". Crisis. pp. 41–43.
  43. ^ "Awards for A Huey P. Newton Story". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2008-06-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Huey Newton.

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huey_P._Newton&oldid=526825763"