Agriculture in Turkey: Difference between revisions
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Although there are over 2 million people on the Agriculture Ministry's Farmer Registration System,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Çiftçi sayısı en fazla il: Ordu |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/ciftci-sayisi-en-fazla-il-ordu-680105.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.trthaber.com |language=tr}}</ref> only half a million are known to the [[Social Security Institution]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Türkiye’de çiftçi sayısı son 5 yılda yüzde 28 azaldı |url=https://tr.euronews.com/2021/12/09/turkiye-de-ciftci-say-s-son-5-y-lda-yuzde-26-10-y-lda-yuzde-53-azald |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=euronews |language=tr}}</ref> It has been claimed that with the influx of [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey|Syrian refugees]] seasonal agricultural work became more precarious, especially for women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bloomsbury.com |title=Syrian Refugees and Agriculture in Turkey |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/syrian-refugees-and-agriculture-in-turkey-9780755634491/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Bloomsbury |language=en}}</ref> |
Although there are over 2 million people on the Agriculture Ministry's Farmer Registration System,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Çiftçi sayısı en fazla il: Ordu |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/ciftci-sayisi-en-fazla-il-ordu-680105.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.trthaber.com |language=tr}}</ref> only half a million are known to the [[Social Security Institution]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Türkiye’de çiftçi sayısı son 5 yılda yüzde 28 azaldı |url=https://tr.euronews.com/2021/12/09/turkiye-de-ciftci-say-s-son-5-y-lda-yuzde-26-10-y-lda-yuzde-53-azald |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=euronews |language=tr}}</ref> It has been claimed that with the influx of [[Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey|Syrian refugees]] seasonal agricultural work became more precarious, especially for women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bloomsbury.com |title=Syrian Refugees and Agriculture in Turkey |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/syrian-refugees-and-agriculture-in-turkey-9780755634491/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Bloomsbury |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Research == |
== Research and environment == |
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Seeds and bulbs are stored long term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital database established for endemic plant species |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/digital-database-established-for-endemic-plant-species-178587}}</ref> The World Bank has a project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey Climate Smart and Competitive Agricultural Growth Project |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P175011}}</ref> |
Seeds and bulbs are stored long term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital database established for endemic plant species |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/digital-database-established-for-endemic-plant-species-178587}}</ref> The World Bank has a project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey Climate Smart and Competitive Agricultural Growth Project |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P175011}}</ref> In the first 2 decades of the 21st century farming is thought not to have been [[Sustainable agriculture|sustainable]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeni |first=Onur |last2=Teoman |first2=Özgür |date=April 2022 |title=The Agriculture–Environment Relationship and Environment-based Agricultural Support Instruments in Turkey |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review/article/abs/agricultureenvironment-relationship-and-environmentbased-agricultural-support-instruments-in-turkey/675DC4D9B164DE78E6D1FC29F25758AC |journal=European Review |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=194–218 |doi=10.1017/S1062798720001015 |issn=1062-7987}}</ref> |
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== Trade and economics == |
== Trade and economics == |
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Revision as of 17:57, 26 December 2022
| Economy of Turkey |
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 Turkey portal |
Agriculture in Turkey is an important part of the economy, and is the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Half of the land is agricultural,[3] employing 18% of the workforce, and providing 10% of exports, and 7% of GDP in 2020.[4] There are half a million[5][6] farmers. Turkey is a major producer of wheat, sugar beets, milk, poultry, cotton, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables.[3]
As of 2021[update], Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnuts and apricots.[3] In 2021, Turkey received 65 percent of all imported wheat from Russia and more than 13 percent from Ukraine.[7]
Turkish agriculture emits greenhouse gases. According to the World Bank the sector should adapt more to climate change in Turkey and make technical improvements.[5] 14% of food was lost during agricultural processing in 2016, and 23% was trashed by consumers before eating and 5% as leftovers.[8]
The livestock industry, compared to the initial years of the Republic, showed little improvement in productivity, and the later years of the decade saw stagnation. However, livestock products, including meat, milk, wool, and eggs, contributed to more than 1⁄3 of the value of agricultural output.[9] Almost all the seeds used in Turkey are produced domestically.[10]
Turkey is the EU's fourth largest non-EU vegetable supplier and the seventh largest fruit supplier. The European Commission had already started the formal process for extending the Customs Union Agreement to agricultural products,[11][12] before European Union–Turkey relations deteriorated and efforts to extend and modernize the Customs Union Agreement came to a halt in 2018.[13][14][15]
History
Historically, Turkey's farmers have been fairly fragmented.[16] The government initiated many projects, such as the Southeastern Anatolia Project.[17]
Crops
Cereals
In 2021 the country was almost self-sufficient in cereals.[18]
Fruit and veg
Greenhouses have a competitive advantage over EU ones due to lower costs, and tropical fruit can be grown.[19]
Avocado cultivation in Turkey has shown significant improvement in recent years.[20] In addition, banana cultivation in the Mediterranean region of Turkey has an important potential.[21]
Grapes
Turkey is the world's fourth largest producer of grapes for wine production, with over 8,120 square kilometres (2,010,000 acres) of vineyards. Turkey's total grape production was 4,264,720 tonnes in 2009, 4,255,000 tonnes in 2010, 4,296,351 tonnes in 2011, and 4,275,659 tonnes in 2012, ranking sixth in the world in all four years, according to FAO data.[22][page needed]
Olives
There are almost 200 million trees[23] and Turkey is the world's third largest producer of olive oil, with 193,500 tonnes of virgin olive oil produced in 2019, according to the International Olive Council.[24][needs update] Turkey is the world's fourth largest producer of olives, with 1,730,000 tonnes of olives produced in 2016, and 846,000 hectares of cultivated olive groves in the same year, yielding 2.0460 tonnes per hectare, according to FAO data.[22][page needed]
Edremit (Ayvalık) is the main variety in northern Turkey and Memecik in the south. Gemlik is a black table olive and many other varieties are grown.[25]
Livestock
The main forage crops are alfalfa, silage corn, oats, vetch, and sainfoin.[26] Native cattle breeds such as Anatolian Black cattle are low yielding but hardy.[27]
Fish farms
There are some in the Black Sea.
Farmers
Although there are over 2 million people on the Agriculture Ministry's Farmer Registration System,[28] only half a million are known to the Social Security Institution.[29] It has been claimed that with the influx of Syrian refugees seasonal agricultural work became more precarious, especially for women and children.[30]
Research and environment
Seeds and bulbs are stored long term.[31] The World Bank has a project.[32] In the first 2 decades of the 21st century farming is thought not to have been sustainable.[33]
Trade and economics
In 2020 the country receiving the most exports was Iraq[34] and that sending the most food to Turkey was Russia.[35] The EU intends to support rural development with €430 million during 2021-2027.[36] Total Factor Productivity is estimated to have decreased by 2% annually on average from 2005 to 2016.[37]
References
- ^ "Turkey world's largest hazelnut, cherry, fig, apricot, quince, poppy producer". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ "Top countries for Hazelnuts Production - Source FAO". NationMaster. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ a b c "Turkey - Country Commercial Guide". International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2021-12-07.
- ^ "World Bank Provides $341 Million Boost to Advance Green and Competitive Growth of Turkey's Agricultural Sector". World Bank. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
- ^ a b "Turkey's farmers battle with soaring costs and mounting debt". Financial Times. 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
- ^ "Number of farmers in Turkey plummets below half a million". Duvar (in Turkish). 2022-04-21. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
- ^ Gostev, Aleksandr; Liklikadze, Koba (30 April 2022). "Analysis: Erdogan Hoping Russian Invasion Of Ukraine Can Bolster Turkish Regional Power". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ^ "One-fourth of wasted food could feed 870M people: expert".
- ^ Fisheries and Aquaculture 2005 statistics.
- ^ Gazete, Banka (21 November 2021). "Bakan Pakdemirli: 'Ülkemizde kullanılan tohumlukların yüzde 96'sı yurt içinde üretilmektedir'". Gazetebanka.com. p. https://gazetebanka.com/. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ "EU imported 21% more fruit and veg from Turkey". www.freshplaza.com.
- ^ "The fruit and vegetable sector in the EU - a statistical overview/ - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
- ^ "EU Council issues strong message about Turkey's obligations". Cyprus Mail. 26 June 2018.
- ^ "EU will Zollunion mit der Türkei nicht ausbauen". Die Zeit (in German). 27 June 2018.
- ^ "ENLARGEMENT AND STABILISATION AND ASSOCIATION PROCESS Council conclusions" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 26 June 2018.
- ^ Ray, I., Gul, S. (2000). More from less: policy options and farmer choice under and Drainage Systems Archived 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine 13:363-383.
- ^ "Southeastern Anatolia Project: What is G.A.P.?". gap.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ "Amid high bread prices, TurkStat says Turkey self-sufficient in agriculture, wheat production". Bianet.
- ^ "Troubles in Europe offer opportunities for Turkish agriculture sector". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- ^ Gazete, Banka (15 November 2021). "Korona virüs avokado üretimini arttırdı, üretici talebe yetişemiyor". Gazetebanka Haber. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ Gazete, Banka (15 November 2021). "Muzda 6 çeşit tescillenecek". Gazetebanka. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ a b "FAOSTAT".
- ^ "A Predicted Record Harvest Would Make Turkey the World's Second-Largest Olive Oil Producer". Olive Oil Times. 2022-11-10. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
- ^ ""World Olive Oil Figures"".
- ^ "The Turkish olive oil sector". www.olioofficina.net. (2016)- Retrieved 2018-07-11
- ^ Tan, Mustafa; Yolcu, Halil (2021-06-04). "Current Status of Forage Crops Cultivation and Strategies for the Future in Turkey: A Review". Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 27 (2): 114–121. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.903732.
- ^ "Genetic diversity and population structure of four cattle breeds raised in Turkey using microsatellite markers". Archived from the original on 9 February 2020.
- ^ "Çiftçi sayısı en fazla il: Ordu". www.trthaber.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-09-10.
- ^ "Türkiye'de çiftçi sayısı son 5 yılda yüzde 28 azaldı". euronews (in Turkish). 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
- ^ bloomsbury.com. "Syrian Refugees and Agriculture in Turkey". Bloomsbury. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "Digital database established for endemic plant species".
- ^ "Turkey Climate Smart and Competitive Agricultural Growth Project".
- ^ Yeni, Onur; Teoman, Özgür (April 2022). "The Agriculture–Environment Relationship and Environment-based Agricultural Support Instruments in Turkey". European Review. 30 (2): 194–218. doi:10.1017/S1062798720001015. ISSN 1062-7987.
- ^ "Turkey Food Products Exports by country & region 2020 | WITS Data". wits.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
- ^ "Turkey Food Products Imports by country 2020 | WITS Data". wits.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
- ^ "EU and Türkiye hold first high-level dialogue on agriculture". EU Delegation to Türkiye. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Şişman, Zeynep; Tekiner-Mogulkoc, Hatice (2022-10-09). "Using malmquist TFP index for evaluating agricultural productivity: Agriculture of Türkiye NUTS2 regions". Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 40 (3): 513–528. ISSN 1304-7191.
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