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Joseph Oscar Irwin (17 December 1898 – 27 July 1982) was a British statistician who advanced the use of statistical methods in biological assay and other fields of laboratory medicine. Irwin's grasp of modern mathematical statistics distinguished him not only from older medical statisticians like Major Greenwood but contemporaries like Austin Bradford Hill.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Biography

Irwin was born in London. He attended the City of London School where he specialised in classics and then at a late date in mathematics. In December 1917 he won a scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge to read mathematics. A serious illness disqualified him from war service but he spent a year computing anti-aircraft trajectories for Karl Pearson. When Irwin graduated from Cambridge in 1921 he joined Pearson's department of applied statistics which had returned to its normal activities. Irwin published his first work there, including his 1927 paper on the distribution of means.^[4]

In 1928, Irwin moved to Rothamsted Experimental Station and he stayed there until 1931. His old boss Pearson and his new boss Ronald Fisher were bitter enemies^{[citation needed]} but Irwin's conciliatory nature allowed him to remain on good terms with both men. At Rothamsted he continued to work on mathematical statistics and he became one of the first people to master Fisher's innovations. Fisher made few concessions to his readers: see George Alfred Barnard's well-known "you are a mathematician, work it out" story.^{[citation needed]}

Irwin made an important contribution to the dissemination of Fisher's ideas by writing expository pieces. In his appreciation Greenberg recalls the mathematical statisticians R. C. Bose and S. N. Roy telling him how by reading Irwin they been able to understand Fisher. Another valuable educational project was the series of papers "Recent Advances in Mathematical Statistics" which Irwin inaugurated in 1931.^{[citation needed]}

From 1931 until his retirement in 1965, Irwin worked for the Medical Research Council at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Besides doing his own research he was a consultant on technical statistical matters. There was a break in the Second World War when Irwin was responsible for the teaching of statistics at Cambridge. For many mathematicians, including Dennis Lindley, Peter Armitage, and Oscar Kempthorne, Irwin's course was the first step to becoming statisticians.^[1]

At the MRC, Irwin wrote a series of important papers on bioassay. An important theoretical contribution was his 1935 paper on "Fisher's exact test". Irwin had done the work in 1933, apparently preceding the better known work of Fisher and Yates. After the war Irwin embarked on a number of long-term collaborative studies, often for official committees. These were applied studies but he continued to work on more mathematical problems, e.g. he produced a series of papers on the generalized Waring distribution.^{[citation needed]}

Irwin received many honours and served as president of the Royal Statistical Society in 1962–64; he had played an important part in the affairs of the society for many years.^[1]

Greenberg has described the man^[5]

J. O. Irwin was a soft spoken kind soul who took a tremendous interest in his students and their achievements.... He was a lovable absent-minded kind of professor who smoked more matches than he did tobacco in his ever-present pipe while he was deeply involved in thinking about other important matters.

Selected publications

According to Armitage, Irwin published about 120 papers.^{[citation needed]}

J. O. Irwin (1927) On the Frequency Distribution of the Means of Samples from a Population Having any Law of Frequency with Finite Moments, with Special Reference to Pearson's Type II, Biometrika Vol. 19, pp. 225–239.
J. O. Irwin (1931) Recent Advances in Mathematical Statistics, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 94, pp. 568–578
J. O. Irwin (1935) Tests of Significance for Differences between Percentages Based on Small Numbers, Metron, Vol. 12, pp. 83–94.
J. O. Irwin (1963) Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, 1890–1962, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, Vol. 126, pp. 159–162.
J. O. Irwin (1975) The Generalized Waring Distribution. Part I, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), Vol. 138, pp. 18–31.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Armitage, Peter (1982). "Joseph Oscar Irwin, 1898-1982". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). 145 (4): 526–528. ISSN 0035-9238.
^ "Irwin, Joseph Oscar - Encyclopedia of Mathematics". encyclopediaofmath.org. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
^ Armitage, Peter (2001), Heyde, C. C.; Seneta, E.; Crépel, P.; Fienberg, S. E. (eds.), "Joseph Oscar Irwin", Statisticians of the Centuries, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 472–474, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0179-0_101, ISBN 978-0-387-95283-3, retrieved 3 January 2024
^ Irwin, J. O. (1927). "On the Frequency Distribution of the Means of Samples from a Population Having any Law of Frequency with Finite Moments, with Special Reference to Pearson's Type II". Biometrika. 19 (3/4): 225–239. doi:10.2307/2331960. ISSN 0006-3444.
^ Greenberg, Bernard G. (1983). "Joseph Oscar Irwin 1898-1982". Biometrics. 39 (2): 527–528. ISSN 0006-341X.

External links

There is a photograph at

Joseph Oscar Irwin on the Portraits of Statisticians page.

For Irwin's correspondence with Fisher see

[arm-1] Armitage, Peter (1982). "Joseph Oscar Irwin, 1898-1982". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). 145 (4): 526–528. ISSN 0035-9238.

[2] "Irwin, Joseph Oscar - Encyclopedia of Mathematics". encyclopediaofmath.org. Retrieved 3 January 2024.

[3] Armitage, Peter (2001), Heyde, C. C.; Seneta, E.; Crépel, P.; Fienberg, S. E. (eds.), "Joseph Oscar Irwin", Statisticians of the Centuries, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 472–474, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0179-0_101, ISBN 978-0-387-95283-3, retrieved 3 January 2024

[4] Irwin, J. O. (1927). "On the Frequency Distribution of the Means of Samples from a Population Having any Law of Frequency with Finite Moments, with Special Reference to Pearson's Type II". Biometrika. 19 (3/4): 225–239. doi:10.2307/2331960. ISSN 0006-3444.

[5] Greenberg, Bernard G. (1983). "Joseph Oscar Irwin 1898-1982". Biometrics. 39 (2): 527–528. ISSN 0006-341X.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
 {{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
-'''Joseph Oscar Irwin''' (17 December 1898&nbsp;– 27 July 1982) was a British statistician who advanced the use of statistical methods in biological assay and other fields of [[laboratory medicine]]. Irwin's grasp of modern mathematical statistics distinguished him not only from older [[medical statistician]]s like [[Major Greenwood]] but contemporaries like [[Austin Bradford Hill]].
+'''Joseph Oscar Irwin''' (17 December 1898&nbsp;– 27 July 1982) was a British statistician who advanced the use of statistical methods in biological assay and other fields of [[laboratory medicine]]. Irwin's grasp of modern mathematical statistics distinguished him not only from older [[medical statistician]]s like [[Major Greenwood]] but contemporaries like [[Austin Bradford Hill]].<ref name=arm>{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Armitage (statistician) |date=1982 |title=Joseph Oscar Irwin, 1898-1982 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2982124 |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=526–528 |issn=0035-9238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Irwin, Joseph Oscar - Encyclopedia of Mathematics |url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Irwin,_Joseph_Oscar |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Armitage |first=Peter |title=Joseph Oscar Irwin |date=2001 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4613-0179-0_101 |work=Statisticians of the Centuries |pages=472–474 |editor-last=Heyde |editor-first=C. C. |access-date=2024-01-03 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer New York |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-0179-0_101 |isbn=978-0-387-95283-3 |editor2-last=Seneta |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Crépel |editor3-first=P. |editor4-last=Fienberg |editor4-first=S. E.}}</ref>
 ==Biography==
-Irwin was born in London. He attended the [[City of London School]] where he specialised in [[classics]] and then at a late date in mathematics. In December 1917 he won a scholarship to [[Christ's College, Cambridge]] to read mathematics. A serious illness disqualified him from war service but he spent a year computing anti-aircraft trajectories for [[Karl Pearson]]. When Irwin graduated from Cambridge in 1921 he joined Pearson's department of applied statistics which had returned to its normal activities. Irwin published his first work there, including his 1927 paper on the distribution of means.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
+Irwin was born in London. He attended the [[City of London School]] where he specialised in [[classics]] and then at a late date in mathematics. In December 1917 he won a scholarship to [[Christ's College, Cambridge]] to read mathematics. A serious illness disqualified him from war service but he spent a year computing anti-aircraft trajectories for [[Karl Pearson]]. When Irwin graduated from Cambridge in 1921 he joined Pearson's department of applied statistics which had returned to its normal activities. Irwin published his first work there, including his 1927 paper on the distribution of means.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irwin |first=J. O. |date=1927 |title=On the Frequency Distribution of the Means of Samples from a Population Having any Law of Frequency with Finite Moments, with Special Reference to Pearson's Type II |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2331960 |journal=Biometrika |volume=19 |issue=3/4 |pages=225–239 |doi=10.2307/2331960 |issn=0006-3444}}</ref>
 In 1928, Irwin moved to [[Rothamsted Experimental Station]] and he stayed there until 1931. His old boss Pearson and his new boss [[Ronald Fisher]] were bitter enemies{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} but Irwin's conciliatory nature allowed him to remain on good terms with both men. At Rothamsted he continued to work on mathematical statistics and he became one of the first people to master Fisher's innovations. Fisher made few concessions to his readers: see [[George Alfred Barnard]]'s well-known "you are a mathematician, work it out" story.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Irwin made an important contribution to the dissemination of Fisher's ideas by writing expository pieces. In his appreciation Greenberg recalls the mathematical statisticians [[Raj Chandra Bose|R. C. Bose]] and [[S. N. Roy]] telling him how by reading Irwin they been able to understand Fisher. Another valuable educational project was the series of papers "Recent Advances in Mathematical Statistics" which Irwin inaugurated in 1931.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
-From 1931 until his retirement in 1965, Irwin worked for the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] at the [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]. Besides doing his own research he was a consultant on technical statistical matters. There was a break in the Second World War when Irwin was responsible for the teaching of statistics at Cambridge. For many mathematicians, including [[Dennis Lindley|Lindley]], [[Peter Armitage (statistician)|Armitage]], and [[Oscar Kempthorne|Kempthorne<!-- Folks 1995 page 322 -->]], Irwin's course was the first step to becoming statisticians.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
+From 1931 until his retirement in 1965, Irwin worked for the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] at the [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]. Besides doing his own research he was a consultant on technical statistical matters. There was a break in the Second World War when Irwin was responsible for the teaching of statistics at Cambridge. For many mathematicians, including [[Dennis Lindley]], [[Peter Armitage (statistician)|Peter Armitage]], and [[Oscar Kempthorne]], Irwin's course was the first step to becoming statisticians.<ref name=arm></ref>
-At the MRC, Irwin wrote a series of important papers on bioassay. An important theoretical contribution was his 1935 paper on "Fisher's exact test". Irwin had done the work in 1933, apparently preceding the better known work of Fisher and Yates. After the war Irwin embarked on a number of long-term collaborative studies, often for official committees. These were applied studies but he continued to work on more mathematical problems, e.g. he produced a series of papers on the Generalized Waring Distribution.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
+At the MRC, Irwin wrote a series of important papers on bioassay. An important theoretical contribution was his 1935 paper on "Fisher's exact test". Irwin had done the work in 1933, apparently preceding the better known work of Fisher and Yates. After the war Irwin embarked on a number of long-term collaborative studies, often for official committees. These were applied studies but he continued to work on more mathematical problems, e.g. he produced a series of papers on the generalized [[Waring distribution]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
-Oscar Irwin received many honours and served as president of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] in 1962–64; he had played an important part in the affairs of the society for many years.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
+Irwin received many honours and served as president of the [[Royal Statistical Society]] in 1962–64; he had played an important part in the affairs of the society for many years.<ref name=arm></ref>
+Greenberg has described the man<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenberg |first=Bernard G. |date=1983 |title=Joseph Oscar Irwin 1898-1982 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2531025 |journal=Biometrics |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=527–528 |issn=0006-341X}}</ref>
-Greenberg has described the man
 <blockquote>
 J. O. Irwin was a soft spoken kind soul who took a tremendous interest in his students and their achievements.... He was a lovable absent-minded kind of professor who smoked more matches than he did tobacco in his ever-present pipe while he was deeply involved in thinking about other important matters.
-</blockquote>{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
+</blockquote>
 ==Selected publications==
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 *J. O. Irwin (1975) The Generalized Waring Distribution. Part I, ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)'', Vol. 138, pp.&nbsp;18–31.
-==Life==
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
-*[[Peter Armitage (statistician)|Peter Armitage]] (1982) Joseph Oscar Irwin (1898–1982), ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A'', 145, 526–528.
-*Bernard G. Greenberg (1983) Joseph Oscar Irwin, 1898–1982, An Obituary Appreciation, ''Biometrics'', 39, 527–528.
-*Peter Armitage (2001) Joseph Oscar Irwin, ''Statisticians of the Centuries'' (ed. C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta) pp.&nbsp;472–474. New York: Springer.
 ==See also==

v t e Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society
19th century	1834–1836 The Marquess of Lansdowne 1836–1838 Sir Charles Lemon, Bt 1838–1840 The Earl FitzWilliam 1840–1842 Viscount Sandon 1842–1843 The Marquess of Lansdowne 1843–1845 Lord Ashley 1845–1847 The Lord Monteagle of Brandon 1847–1849 The Earl FitzWilliam 1849–1851 The Earl of Harrowby 1851–1853 The Lord Overstone 1853–1855 The Earl FitzWilliam 1855–1857 The Earl of Harrowby 1857–1859 Lord Stanley 1859–1861 Lord John Russell 1861–1863 Sir John Pakington, Bt 1863–1865 William Henry Sykes 1865–1867 The Lord Houghton 1867–1869 William Ewart Gladstone 1869–1871 William Newmarch 1871–1873 William Farr 1873–1875 William Guy 1875–1877 James Heywood 1877–1879 George Shaw-Lefevre 1879–1880 Thomas Brassey 1880–1882 James Caird 1882–1884 Robert Giffen 1884–1886 Rawson W. Rawson 1886–1888 George Goschen 1888–1890 Thomas Graham Balfour 1890–1892 Frederic J. Mouat 1892–1894 Charles Booth 1894–1896 The Lord Farrer 1896–1897 John Biddulph Martin 1897 Alfred Edmund Bateman 1897–1899 Leonard Courtney 1899–1900 Henry Fowler 1900–1902 The Lord Avebury
20th century	1902–1904 Patrick George Craigie 1904–1905 Sir Francis Powell, Bt 1905–1906 The Earl of Onslow 1906–1907 Richard Martin 1907–1909 Sir Charles Dilke, Bt 1909–1910 Jervoise Athelstane Baines 1910–1912 Lord George Hamilton 1912–1914 Francis Ysidro Edgeworth 1914–1915 The Lord Welby 1915–1916 Lord George Hamilton 1916–1918 Bernard Mallet, Registrar General 1918–1920 Herbert Samuel 1920–1922 R. Henry Rew 1922–1924 The Lord Emmott 1924–1926 Udny Yule 1926–1928 The Viscount D'Abernon 1928–1930 A. William Flux 1930–1932 Sir Josiah Stamp 1932–1934 The Lord Meston 1934–1936 Major Greenwood 1936–1938 The Lord Kennet 1938–1940 Arthur Lyon Bowley 1940–1941 Henry William Macrosty 1941 Hector Leak 1941–1943 William Beveridge 1943–1945 Ernest Charles Snow 1945–1947 The Lord Woolton 1947–1949 David Heron 1949–1950 Sir Geoffrey Heyworth 1950–1952 Austin Bradford Hill 1952–1954 Ronald Fisher 1954–1955 The Lord Piercy 1955–1957 Egon Pearson 1957–1959 Harry Campion 1959–1960 Hugh Beaver 1960–1962 Maurice Kendall 1962–1964 Joseph Oscar Irwin 1964–1965 Sir Paul Chambers 1965–1966 L. H. C. Tippett 1966–1967 M. S. Bartlett 1967–1968 Frank Yates 1968–1969 Arthur Cockfield 1969–1970 R. G. D. Allen 1970–1971 Bernard Benjamin 1971–1972 George Alfred Barnard 1972–1973 Harold Wilson 1973–1974 D. J. Finney 1974–1975 Henry Daniels 1975–1977 Stella Cunliffe 1977–1978 Henry Wynn 1978–1980 Sir Claus Moser 1980–1982 David Cox 1982–1984 Peter Armitage 1984–1985 Walter Bodmer 1985–1986 John Nelder 1986–1987 James Durbin 1987–1989 John Kingman 1989–1991 Peter G. Moore 1991–1993 T. M. F. Smith 1993–1995 D. J. Bartholomew 1995–1997 Adrian Smith 1997–1999 Robert Nicholas Curnow 1999–2001 Denise Lievesley
21st century	2001–2003 Peter Green 2003–2005 Andy Grieve 2005–2007 Tim Holt 2008–2009 David Hand 2010–2010 Bernard Silverman (resigned Feb 2010; replaced pro tem by David Hand) 2011–2012 Valerie Isham 2013–2014 John Pullinger 2014–2016 Peter Diggle 2017–2018 David Spiegelhalter 2019– Deborah Ashby
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