Haplogroup D-M174: Difference between revisions

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m RebekahThorn moved page Haplogroup D (Y-DNA) to Haplogroup D-M174 (Y-DNA): Changing to modern and more stable nomenclature.
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==Subclades==
==Subclades==
===Tree===
===Tree===
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D-M174 subclades is based on the ISOGG 2010 tree.<ref name="ISOGG">[http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpD.html Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2010]</ref>
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D-M174 subclades is based on the ISOGG 2010 tree.<ref name="ISOGG">{{cite web |URL=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpD.html |title=Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2010}}</ref>


*'''[[Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)|DE]]'''
*'''[[Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)|DE]]'''
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===Distribution===
===Distribution===
====D-M174 (Without Positive Tested Subclades)====
====D-M174 (Without Positive Tested Subclades)====
This [[paragroup]] is found with high frequency among [[Andamanese|Andaman Islanders]] and 0%-65% in [[Northeast India]] in [[adivasi]] [[tribe]]s.<ref name = "SuBing2000">Bing Su, Chunjie Xiao, Ranjan Deka ''et al.'', "[http://dahuang.dhxy.info/genetics/Migration_Himalayas00.pdf Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas]" ''Human Genetics'' (2000) 107 : 582–590. {{doi|10.1007/s004390000406}} PMID 11153912</ref><ref name = "Cordaux2004">Richard Cordaux, Gunter Weiss, Nilmani Saha, and Mark Stoneking, "The Northeast Indian Passageway: A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?," ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' 21(8):1525–1533. (2004)</ref><ref name=Chandrasekar>Chandrasekar et al. (2007), [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17786594 YAP insertion signature in South Asia], Ann Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct;34(5):582-6.</ref><ref name = "Reddy2007">{{cite journal | author = Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy ANS ''et al.'' | year = 2007 | title = Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 2 | issue = 11| page = e1141 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001141 }}</ref> D-M174(xD1-M15, D-P37, D-P47) has been found in approximately 5% of [[Altay people|Altayans]].<ref name = "Hammer2006">{{cite journal | author = Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H ''et al.'' | year = 2006 | title = Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes | url = | journal = J. Hum. Genet | volume = 51 | issue = 1| pages = 47–58 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 | pmid = 16328082 }}</ref> Kharkov ''et al.'' have found haplogroup D-M174(xD1-M15) in 6.3% (6/96) of a pool of samples of Southern Altaians from three different localities, particularly in Kulada (5/46 = 10.9%) and Kosh-Agach (1/7 = 14%), though they have not tested for any marker of the subclade D-M5 or D-P99. Kharkov ''et al.'' also have reported finding haplogroup DE-M1(xD-M174) Y-DNA in one Southern Altaian individual from Beshpeltir (1/43 = 2.3%).<ref name = "Kharkov2007">V. N. Kharkov, V. A. Stepanov, O. F. Medvedeva ''et al.'', "Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups," ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2007, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 551–562.</ref>
This [[paragroup]] is found with high frequency among [[Andamanese|Andaman Islanders]] and 0%-65% in [[Northeast India]] in [[adivasi]] [[tribe]]s.<ref name = "SuBing2000">{{cite Journal | doi=10.1007/s004390000406}}</ref><ref name=Cordaux2004>{{cite Journal | doi=10.1093/molbev/msh151}})</ref><ref name=Chandrasekar>{{cite Journal | doi=10.1080/03014460701556262}}</ref><ref name = "Reddy2007">{{cite journal | author = Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy ANS ''et al.'' | year = 2007 | title = Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 2 | issue = 11| page = e1141 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001141 }}</ref> D-M174(xD1-M15, D-P37, D-P47) has been found in approximately 5% of [[Altay people|Altayans]].<ref name = "Hammer2006">{{cite journal | author = Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H ''et al.'' | year = 2006 | title = Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes | url = | journal = J. Hum. Genet | volume = 51 | issue = 1| pages = 47–58 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 | pmid = 16328082 }}</ref> Kharkov ''et al.'' have found haplogroup D-M174(xD1-M15) in 6.3% (6/96) of a pool of samples of Southern Altaians from three different localities, particularly in Kulada (5/46 = 10.9%) and Kosh-Agach (1/7 = 14%), though they have not tested for any marker of the subclade D-M5 or D-P99. Kharkov ''et al.'' also have reported finding haplogroup DE-M1(xD-M174) Y-DNA in one Southern Altaian individual from Beshpeltir (1/43 = 2.3%).<ref name = "Kharkov2007">{{cite Journal | doi=10.1134/S1022795407050110}}</ref>


====D-M15====
====D-M15====
Found frequently among [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] populations of [[Southwestern China]] (including approximately 23% of [[Qiang people|Qiang]],<ref name=Shi2008/><ref name = "Xue2006">Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao ''et al.'', "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," ''Genetics'' 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006)</ref> approximately 12.5% of [[Tibetans]],<ref name=Shi2008 /> and approximately 9% of [[Yi people|Yi]]<ref name=Shi2008/><ref name =WenBo2004>{{cite journal | author = Wen Bo, Xie Xuanhua, Gao Song ''et al.'' | year = | title = Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans | url = | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 856–865| page = 2004 }}</ref>) and [[Hmong–Mien]] speakers in [[Guangxi]]-[[Guizhou]] boundary regions<ref>[http://comonca.org.cn/PDF/2007/COMonCA02-011.pdf Distribution of Y chromosome Haplogroup D in East Asia and its Anthropological Implications]</ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2010}} with a moderate distribution throughout [[Central Asia]], [[East Asia]], and [[Southeast Asia]] ([[Vietnam]]).<ref name=Shi2008 />
Found frequently among [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] populations of [[Southwestern China]] (including approximately 23% of [[Qiang people|Qiang]],<ref name=Shi2008/><ref name =Xue2006>{{cite Journal |doi=10.1534/genetics.105.054270}}</ref> approximately 12.5% of [[Tibetans]],<ref name=Shi2008 /> and approximately 9% of [[Yi people|Yi]]<ref name=Shi2008/><ref name =WenBo2004>{{cite journal | author = Wen Bo, Xie Xuanhua, Gao Song ''et al.'' | year = | title = Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans | url = | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 856–865| page = 2004 }}</ref>) and [[Hmong–Mien]] speakers in [[Guangxi]]-[[Guizhou]] boundary regions<ref>{{cite Journal |doi=10.4236/coca.2008.21011}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2010}} with a moderate distribution throughout [[Central Asia]], [[East Asia]], and [[Southeast Asia]] ([[Vietnam]]).<ref name=Shi2008 />


====D-M55====
====D-M55====

Revision as of 19:47, 3 December 2012

Haplogroup D-M174
Possible time of origin50,000[1] - 60,000[2] years BP
Possible place of originAsia[3]
AncestorDE
DescendantsD1, D-M55, D-P99
Defining mutationsM174, IMS-JST021355, PAGES00003

In human genetics, Haplogroup D-M174 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D-M174 and E lineages also exhibit the single-nucleotide polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B, as well as the YAP unique-event polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup DE.

Origins

Haplogroup D-M174 is believed to have originated in Asia some 60,000 years before present.[2][3] While haplogroup D-M174 along with haplogroup E contains the distinctive YAP polymorphism (which indicates their common ancestry), no haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes have been found anywhere outside of Asia.[3]

Overview

Like haplogroup C, D-M174 is believed to represent the Great Coastal Migration along southern Asia, from Arabia to Southeast Asia and thence northward to populate East Asia. It is found today at high frequency among populations in Tibet, the Japanese Archipelago, and the Andaman Islands, though curiously not in India. The Ainu of Japan and the Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands are notable for possessing almost exclusively Haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes, although Haplogroup C3 chromosomes also have been found in 15% (3/20) of sampled Ainu males. Haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes are also found at low to moderate frequencies among populations of Central Asia and northern East Asia as well as the Han and Miao–Yao peoples of China and among several minority populations of Sichuan and Yunnan that speak Tibeto-Burman languages and reside in close proximity to the Tibetans.

Unlike haplogroup C, Haplogroup D-M174 is not found in the New World; it is not present in any modern Native American (North, Central or South) populations. While it is possible that it traveled to the New World like Haplogroup C, those lineages apparently became extinct.

Haplogroup D-M174 is also remarkable for its rather extreme geographic differentiation, with a distinct subset of Haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes being found exclusively in each of the populations that contains a large percentage of individuals whose Y-chromosomes belong to Haplogroup D: Haplogroup D1 among the Tibetans (as well as among the mainland East Asian populations that display very low frequencies of Haplogroup D-M174 Y-chromosomes), Haplogroup D-M55 among the various populations of the Japanese Archipelago, Haplogroup D-P99 among the inhabitants of Tibet, Tajikistan and other parts of mountainous southern Central Asia, and paragroup D-M174 without tested positive subclades (probably another monophyletic branch of Haplogroup D) among the Andaman Islanders. Another type (or types) of paragroup D-M174 without tested positive subclades is found at a very low frequency among the Turkic and Mongolic populations of Central Asia, amounting to no more than 1% in total. This apparently ancient diversification of Haplogroup D-M174 suggests that it may perhaps be better characterized as a "super-haplogroup" or "macro-haplogroup." In one study, the frequency of Haplogroup D-M174 without tested positive subclades found among Thais was 10%.

The Haplogroup D-M174 Y-chromosomes that are found among populations of the Japanese Archipelago are particularly distinctive, bearing a complex of at least five individual mutations along an internal branch of the Haplogroup D-M174 phylogeny, thus distinguishing them clearly from the Haplogroup D-M174 chromosomes that are found among the Tibetans and Andaman Islanders and providing evidence that Y-chromosome Haplogroup D-M5 was the modal haplogroup in the ancestral population that developed the prehistoric Jōmon culture in the Japanese islands.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D-M174 subclades is based on the ISOGG 2010 tree.[1]

  • DE
    • D (M174, IMS-JST021355, Page3)
      • D1 (M15)
        • D1a (N1)
          • D1a1 (N2)
      • D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P37.1, P41.1, P190, 12f2b)
        • D2a (M116.1)
          • D2a1 (M125)
            • D2a1a (P42)
              • D2a1a1 (P12)
            • D2a1b (IMS-JST022457)
              • D2a1b1 (P53.2)
          • D2a2 (M151)
          • D2a3 (P120)
      • D3 (P99)
        • D3a (P47)

Distribution

D-M174 (Without Positive Tested Subclades)

This paragroup is found with high frequency among Andaman Islanders and 0%-65% in Northeast India in adivasi tribes.[4][5][6][7] D-M174(xD1-M15, D-P37, D-P47) has been found in approximately 5% of Altayans.[8] Kharkov et al. have found haplogroup D-M174(xD1-M15) in 6.3% (6/96) of a pool of samples of Southern Altaians from three different localities, particularly in Kulada (5/46 = 10.9%) and Kosh-Agach (1/7 = 14%), though they have not tested for any marker of the subclade D-M5 or D-P99. Kharkov et al. also have reported finding haplogroup DE-M1(xD-M174) Y-DNA in one Southern Altaian individual from Beshpeltir (1/43 = 2.3%).[9]

D-M15

Found frequently among Tibeto-Burman populations of Southwestern China (including approximately 23% of Qiang,[2][10] approximately 12.5% of Tibetans,[2] and approximately 9% of Yi[2][11]) and Hmong–Mien speakers in Guangxi-Guizhou boundary regions[12][dead link] with a moderate distribution throughout Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia (Vietnam).[2]

D-M55

Found with high frequency among Ainu, Japanese, and Ryukyuans.

D-P47

Found with high frequency among Pumi,[2] Naxi,[2] and Tibetans,[2] with a moderate distribution in Central Asia.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2010".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shi H, Zhong H, Peng Y; et al. (2008). "Y chromosome evidence of earliest modern human settlement in East Asia and multiple origins of Tibetan and Japanese populations". BMC Biol. 6: 45. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-45. PMC 2605740. PMID 18959782. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ a b c Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ . doi:10.1007/s004390000406. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ . doi:10.1093/molbev/msh151. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help))
  6. ^ . doi:10.1080/03014460701556262. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy ANS; et al. (2007). "Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia". PLoS ONE. 2 (11): e1141. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H; et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ . doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ . doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ Wen Bo, Xie Xuanhua, Gao Song; et al. "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (856–865): 2004. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ . doi:10.4236/coca.2008.21011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

See also

References

External links

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