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===Taxonomic paradigm===
The two species of the Cannabis genus that are most commonly grown are ''[[Cannabis indica]]'' and ''[[Cannabis sativa]]''.<ref name="small1976a">{{cite journal | last1 = Small | first1 = E. | last2 = Cronquist | first2 = A. | year = 1976 | title = A practical and natural taxonomy for ''Cannabis'' | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 405–435 | doi=10.2307/1220524}}</ref> A third species, ''[[Cannabis ruderalis]]'' is very short and produces only trace amounts of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), and thus is not commonly grown for industrial, recreational or medicinal use. However, because ''Cannabis ruderalis'' flowers independently of the [[photoperiod]] and according to age, it has been used to breed [[Autoflowering cannabis|autoflowering]] strains.<ref name="Greg Green">{{cite book | last =Greg Green | title = The Cannabis Grow Bible | edition = 4th | year =2001|page = 47 }}</ref>
The two species of the Cannabis genus that are most commonly grown are ''[[Cannabis indica]]'' and ''[[Cannabis sativa]]''.<ref name="small1976a">{{cite journal | last1 = Small | first1 = E. | last2 = Cronquist | first2 = A. | year = 1976 | title = A practical and natural taxonomy for ''Cannabis'' | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 405–435 | doi=10.2307/1220524}}</ref> A third species, ''[[Cannabis ruderalis]]'' is very short and produces only trace amounts of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), and thus is not commonly grown for industrial, recreational or medicinal use. However, because ''Cannabis ruderalis'' flowers independently of the [[photoperiod]] and according to age, it has been used to breed [[Autoflowering cannabis|autoflowering]] strains.<ref name="Greg Green">{{cite book | last =Greg Green | title = The Cannabis Grow Bible | edition = 4th | year =2001|page = 47 }}</ref>


Pure ''sativas'' are relatively tall (reaching as high as 4.5 meters), with long [[Internode (botany)|internodes]] and branches, and large, narrow-bladed leaves. Pure ''indica'' varieties are shorter and bushier, have wider leaflets. They are often favored by indoor growers for their size. ''Sativas'' bloom later than ''indicas'', often taking a month or two longer to mature. The subjective effects of ''sativas'' and ''indicas'' are said to differ, but the ratio of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) to [[cannabidiol|cannabidiol (CBD)]] in most named drug varieties of both types is similar (averaging about 200:1). Unlike most commercially developed strains, ''indica'' landraces exhibit plants with varying THC/CBD ratios.<ref name="hillig2004a">{{cite journal | last1 = Hillig | first1 = Karl W. | last2 = Mahlberg | first2 = Paul G. | year = 2004 | title = A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in ''Cannabis'' (Cannabaceae) | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/6/966 | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 6| pages = 966–975 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.6.966 | pmid=21653452}}</ref> Avidekel, a medical marijuana strain developed in Israel, has a very low content of THC but a high content of CBD, limiting its recreational value but maximizing medical effect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/tech/biotechnology/medical-marijuana-thc-120706.htm |title=Marijuana That Doesn't Get You Stoned |last=Halverson |first=Nic |date=July 6, 2012 |website=Discovery Channel |publisher=Discovery Communications, LLC |accessdate=January 23, 2014}}</ref>
Pure ''sativas'' are relatively tall (reaching as high as 4.5 meters), with long [[Internode (botany)|internodes]] and branches, and large, narrow-bladed leaves. Pure ''indica'' varieties are shorter and bushier, have wider leaflets. They are often favored by indoor growers for their size. ''Sativas'' bloom later than ''indicas'', often taking a month or two longer to mature. The subjective effects of ''sativas'' and ''indicas'' are said to differ, but the ratio of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) to [[cannabidiol|cannabidiol (CBD)]] in most named drug varieties of both types is similar (averaging about 200:1). Unlike most commercially developed strains, ''indica'' landraces exhibit plants with varying THC/CBD ratios.<ref name="hillig2004a">{{cite journal | last1 = Hillig | first1 = Karl W. | last2 = Mahlberg | first2 = Paul G. | year = 2004 | title = A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in ''Cannabis'' (Cannabaceae) | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/6/966 | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 6| pages = 966–975 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.6.966 | pmid=21653452}}</ref> Avidekel, a medical marijuana strain developed in Israel, has a very low content of THC but a high content of CBD, limiting its recreational value but maximizing medical effect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/tech/biotechnology/medical-marijuana-thc-120706.htm |title=Marijuana That Doesn't Get You Stoned |last=Halverson |first=Nic |date=July 6, 2012 |website=Discovery Channel |publisher=Discovery Communications, LLC |accessdate=January 23, 2014}}</ref>


===Alternative classifications===
⚫
There has been a recent movement {{source needed|date=December 2017}} to characterize strains based on their reported subjective effects. For example, WoahStork has used machine learning algorithms to classify strains into six Distinct Activity groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.woahstork.com/strains |title=WoahStork's Strain Activity Groups |last=Reggente |first=Nicco |date=February 15, 2016 |website=WoahStork |publisher=WoahStork |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref>
There is an increasing discussion whether the existing paradigm of the difference between species adequately represents the variability found within the ''Cannabis'' genus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piomelli|first=Daniele|last2=Russo|first2=Ethan B.|date=2016-01-14|title=The Cannabis sativa Versus Cannabis indica Debate: An Interview with Ethan Russo, MD|url=http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/can.2015.29003.ebr|journal=Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research|volume=1|issue=1|pages=44–46|doi=10.1089/can.2015.29003.ebr|pmid=28861479}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aizpurua-ppOlaizola|first=Oier|last2=Omar|first2=Jone|last3=Navarro|first3=Patricia|last4=Olivares|first4=Maitane|last5=Etxebarria|first5=Nestor|last6=Usobiaga|first6=Aresatz|date=2014-10-23|title=Identification and quantification of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. plants by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-014-8177-x|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|language=en|volume=406|issue=29|pages=7549–7560|doi=10.1007/s00216-014-8177-x|issn=1618-2642}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hazekamp|first=A.|last2=Fischedick|first2=J. T.|date=2012-07-01|title=Cannabis - from cultivar to chemovar|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.407/abstract|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|language=en|volume=4|issue=7–8|pages=660–667|doi=10.1002/dta.407|issn=1942-7611}}</ref>
There are five chemotaxonomic types of ''Cannabis'': one with high levels of THC, one which is more fibrous and has higher levels of CBD, one that is an intermediate between the two, another one with high levels of [[cannabigerol]] (CBG), and the last one almost without cannabinoids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mandolino|first=Giuseppe|last2=Bagatta|first2=Manuela|last3=Carboni|first3=Andrea|last4=Ranalli|first4=Paolo|last5=Meijer|first5=Etienne de|date=2003-03-01|title=Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of the Inheritance of Chemical Phenotype in Cannabis|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J237v08n02_04|journal=Journal of Industrial Hemp|volume=8|issue=2|pages=51–72|doi=10.1300/J237v08n02_04|issn=1537-7881}}</ref>


⚫
There has also been a recent movement {{source needed|date=December 2017}} to characterize strains based on their reported subjective effects. For example, WoahStork has used machine learning algorithms to classify strains into six Distinct Activity groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.woahstork.com/strains |title=WoahStork's Strain Activity Groups |last=Reggente |first=Nicco |date=February 15, 2016 |website=WoahStork |publisher=WoahStork |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref>


⚫
It is impossible for a hermaphrodite to create any male only plants. A hermaphrodite may create female only seeds and hermaphrodite seeds. Also the female only seeds may carry the hermaphrodite trait.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kindgreenbuds.com/cannabis-grow-bible/selfing/ |title=Selfing - Cannabis Grow Bible |publisher=Kindgreenbuds.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>


==Breeding==
==Breeding==
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When a male plant of one strain pollinates a female of another strain, the seeds will be [[F1 hybrid]]s of the male and female. These offspring will not be identical to their parents. Instead, they will have characteristics of both parents. Repeated breeding results in certain characteristics appearing with greater regularity.
When a male plant of one strain pollinates a female of another strain, the seeds will be [[F1 hybrid]]s of the male and female. These offspring will not be identical to their parents. Instead, they will have characteristics of both parents. Repeated breeding results in certain characteristics appearing with greater regularity.

⚫
It is impossible for a hermaphrodite to create any male only plants. A hermaphrodite may create female only seeds and hermaphrodite seeds. Also the female only seeds may carry the hermaphrodite trait.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kindgreenbuds.com/cannabis-grow-bible/selfing/ |title=Selfing - Cannabis Grow Bible |publisher=Kindgreenbuds.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>


A common technique to stabilize a cannabis variety is called "cubing".{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} A breeder seeking specific traits in the hybrid offspring (for example, greater resin production or tighter node spacing) will breed hybrid plants most exemplifying these characteristics with a parent plant. The same traits are sought in the new inbred offspring, which are then again bred with the original parent plant. This process is called cubing because it usually repeated across three, or possibly more generations before the variety's genetics are acceptably stable.
A common technique to stabilize a cannabis variety is called "cubing".{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} A breeder seeking specific traits in the hybrid offspring (for example, greater resin production or tighter node spacing) will breed hybrid plants most exemplifying these characteristics with a parent plant. The same traits are sought in the new inbred offspring, which are then again bred with the original parent plant. This process is called cubing because it usually repeated across three, or possibly more generations before the variety's genetics are acceptably stable.

Revision as of 07:45, 23 February 2018

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Cannabis strains are either pure or hybrid varieties of the Cannabis genus of plants, that encompasses the species C. sativa, C. indica and C. ruderalis.

Varieties are developed to intensify specific characteristics of the plant, or to differentiate the strain for the purposes of marketing or to make it more effective as a drug. Variety names are typically chosen by their growers, and often reflect properties of the plant such as taste, color, smell, or the origin of the variety.[citation needed] Cannabis strains commonly refer to those varieties with recreational and medicinal use. These varieties have been cultivated to contain a high percentage of cannabinoids. Several varieties of Cannabis, known as hemp, have a very low cannabinoid content, and are instead grown for their fiber and seed.

Major variety types

Taxonomic paradigm

The two species of the Cannabis genus that are most commonly grown are Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa.[1] A third species, Cannabis ruderalis is very short and produces only trace amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and thus is not commonly grown for industrial, recreational or medicinal use. However, because Cannabis ruderalis flowers independently of the photoperiod and according to age, it has been used to breed autoflowering strains.[2]

Pure sativas are relatively tall (reaching as high as 4.5 meters), with long internodes and branches, and large, narrow-bladed leaves. Pure indica varieties are shorter and bushier, have wider leaflets. They are often favored by indoor growers for their size. Sativas bloom later than indicas, often taking a month or two longer to mature. The subjective effects of sativas and indicas are said to differ, but the ratio of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) in most named drug varieties of both types is similar (averaging about 200:1). Unlike most commercially developed strains, indica landraces exhibit plants with varying THC/CBD ratios.[3] Avidekel, a medical marijuana strain developed in Israel, has a very low content of THC but a high content of CBD, limiting its recreational value but maximizing medical effect.[4]

Alternative classifications

There is an increasing discussion whether the existing paradigm of the difference between species adequately represents the variability found within the Cannabis genus.[5][6][7] There are five chemotaxonomic types of Cannabis: one with high levels of THC, one which is more fibrous and has higher levels of CBD, one that is an intermediate between the two, another one with high levels of cannabigerol (CBG), and the last one almost without cannabinoids.[8]


There has also been a recent movement [citation needed] to characterize strains based on their reported subjective effects. For example, WoahStork has used machine learning algorithms to classify strains into six Distinct Activity groups.[9]


Breeding

A flowering cannabis plant
White Widow

In addition to pure indica, sativa, and ruderalis varieties, hybrid varieties with varying ratios of these three types are common. For example, the White Widow hybrid containing about 60% indica and 40% sativa ancestry. These hybrid varieties exhibit traits from both parental types. There are also commercial crossbred hybrids which contain a mix of both ruderalis, indica and/or sativa genes, and are usually autoflowering varieties. These varieties are bred mostly for the medicinal cannabis market, since they are not very appreciated by recreational cannabis users because ruderalis varieties are lower in THC and impart a slightly unpleasant taste. "Lowryder" was an early auto-flowering hybrid that retained the flowering behavior of ruderalis plants, while also producing appreciable amounts of THC and CBD. Autoflowering cannabis varieties have the advantage of being discreet due to their small stature. They also require shorter growing periods, as well as having the additional advantage that they do not rely on a change in the photoperiod to determine when to flower.

Breeding requires pollinating a female cannabis plant with male pollen. Although this occurs spontaneously and ubiquitously in nature, the intentional creation of new varieties typically involves selective breeding in a controlled environment.

When cannabis is cultivated for its psychoactive or medicinal properties, male plants will often be separated from females. This prevents the fertilization of the female plants, either to facilitate sinsemilla flowering or to provide more control over which male is chosen. Pollen produced by the male is caught and stored until it is needed.

When a male plant of one strain pollinates a female of another strain, the seeds will be F1 hybrids of the male and female. These offspring will not be identical to their parents. Instead, they will have characteristics of both parents. Repeated breeding results in certain characteristics appearing with greater regularity.

It is impossible for a hermaphrodite to create any male only plants. A hermaphrodite may create female only seeds and hermaphrodite seeds. Also the female only seeds may carry the hermaphrodite trait.[10]

A common technique to stabilize a cannabis variety is called "cubing".[citation needed] A breeder seeking specific traits in the hybrid offspring (for example, greater resin production or tighter node spacing) will breed hybrid plants most exemplifying these characteristics with a parent plant. The same traits are sought in the new inbred offspring, which are then again bred with the original parent plant. This process is called cubing because it usually repeated across three, or possibly more generations before the variety's genetics are acceptably stable.

Varieties

In a retail market that is decriminalised such as in The Netherlands, (wholesale production is illegal but prosecutions are not always enforced because of the contradiction of the law that is recognised by the courts[11]), competition puts pressure on breeders to create increasingly attractive varieties to maintain market share. Breeders give their strains distinct and memorable names in order to help differentiate them from their competitors' strains, although they may in fact be very similar.

Popular strains are incorporated into new hybrids, which often bear a similar name to their parent. This phenomenon has occurred with Haze and Sour varieties, amongst others.

Acapulco Gold

Main article: Acapulco Gold

Acapulco Gold is a golden-leafed Cannabis sativa strain originally from the Acapulco area of southwest Mexico.[12][13][14]

Bedrocan

Bedrocan is a medicinal cannabis variety cultivated from a Dutch medical marijuana Cannabis sativa L. strain, having a standardized content of THC (22%) and CBD (1%). It is currently cultivated by Bedrocan Nederland, Bedrocan Canada and Bedrocan Česká Republika. It was first introduced in 2003 and is dispensed through pharmacies after prescription from a physician.[15]

Blue Dream

Blue Dream is a hybrid cannabis strain widely used for both medical and recreational purposes first developed in 2003.[16]

Charlotte's Web

Main article: Charlotte's web (cannabis)

Charlotte's Web is a high-cannabidiol (CBD), low-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis extract marketed as a dietary supplement under federal law of the United States.[17][18][19] It is produced by the Stanley brothers in Colorado. It does not induce the psychoactive "high" typically associated with recreational marijuana strains that are high in THC.[20] In September 2014, the Stanleys announced that they would ensure that the product consistently contained less than 0.3% THC.[21] Charlotte's Web gained national attention when it was used to treat Charlotte Figi's epileptic seizures.[22][23] Her story has led to her being described as "the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America,"[24] as well as the "most famous example of medicinal hemp use".[25] There is little evidence about the safety or efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.[26][27]

Purple Kush

A head of Purple Kush

Purple Kush is a 100% Indica strain of Cannabis. This plant, "forms a short squat bush with very dense internodes and large fan leaves, staying in the 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) height range while grown indoors. Purple Kush's foliage exhibits a classic indica growth pattern: a sturdy bush with dark green hues and sometimes hints of purple toward ripeness."[28][unreliable source?]

Tom Cruise Purple

Tom Cruise Purple is a strain of cannabis sold in California by select licensed cannabis clubs. The strain is potent, and is packaged with a picture of the actor Tom Cruise laughing. Tom Cruise Purple is sold by cannabis purveyors in Northern California.[29] Cruise sought out legal advice regarding the product, and considered a lawsuit against its manufacturers.[30][31][32][32][33][34][35][36]

Skunk

Skunk refers to Cannabis strains that are strong-smelling and have been likened to the smell of the spray from a skunk. These strains of cannabis are believed to have originated in the United States prior to development by Dutch growers.[37] Just as with other strains of cannabis, skunk is commonly grown in controlled indoor environments under specialized grow lights, or in a greenhouse when full outdoor conditions are not suitable; skunk strains are hybrids of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Small, E.; Cronquist, A. (1976). "A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis". Taxon. 25 (4): 405–435. doi:10.2307/1220524.
  2. ^ Greg Green (2001). The Cannabis Grow Bible (4th ed.). p. 47.
  3. ^ Hillig, Karl W.; Mahlberg, Paul G. (2004). "A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (6): 966–975. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.966. PMID 21653452.
  4. ^ Halverson, Nic (July 6, 2012). "Marijuana That Doesn't Get You Stoned". Discovery Channel. Discovery Communications, LLC. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  5. ^ Piomelli, Daniele; Russo, Ethan B. (2016-01-14). "The Cannabis sativa Versus Cannabis indica Debate: An Interview with Ethan Russo, MD". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 1 (1): 44–46. doi:10.1089/can.2015.29003.ebr. PMID 28861479.
  6. ^ Aizpurua-ppOlaizola, Oier; Omar, Jone; Navarro, Patricia; Olivares, Maitane; Etxebarria, Nestor; Usobiaga, Aresatz (2014-10-23). "Identification and quantification of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. plants by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 406 (29): 7549–7560. doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8177-x. ISSN 1618-2642.
  7. ^ Hazekamp, A.; Fischedick, J. T. (2012-07-01). "Cannabis - from cultivar to chemovar". Drug Testing and Analysis. 4 (7–8): 660–667. doi:10.1002/dta.407. ISSN 1942-7611.
  8. ^ Mandolino, Giuseppe; Bagatta, Manuela; Carboni, Andrea; Ranalli, Paolo; Meijer, Etienne de (2003-03-01). "Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of the Inheritance of Chemical Phenotype in Cannabis". Journal of Industrial Hemp. 8 (2): 51–72. doi:10.1300/J237v08n02_04. ISSN 1537-7881.
  9. ^ Reggente, Nicco (February 15, 2016). "WoahStork's Strain Activity Groups". WoahStork. WoahStork. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  10. ^ "Selfing - Cannabis Grow Bible". Kindgreenbuds.com. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  11. ^ Oct 20, 2014 (2014-10-20). "Dutch court refuses to punish illegal cannabis growers". Phys.org. Retrieved 2017-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: A-I. Taylor & Francis. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-415-25937-8.
  13. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (13 December 2013). The CIA World Factbook 2012. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-62873-181-1.
  14. ^ Green, Jonathon (2 October 2013). Dictionary of Jargon. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-317-90818-0.
  15. ^ Frederike K. Engels; Floris A. de Jong; Ron H.J. Mathijssen; Joëlle A. Erkens; Ron M. Herings; Jaap Verweij (2007), "Medicinal cannabis in oncology", European Journal of Cancer, 43 (18): 2638–2644, doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.09.010
  16. ^ Backes, Michael (September 9, 2014). Cannabis Pharmacy: The Practical Guide to Medical Marijuana. Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 124–125. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  17. ^ Realm of Caring Foundation (2014), Realm of Caring: About Us, retrieved May 31, 2014
  18. ^ Martinez, Tracy (March 7, 2014), Touring the marijuana facility growing plants to save children's lives, Al Jazeera America, retrieved March 7, 2014
  19. ^ Cordell, Kasey (May 1, 2014), Tangled Web, 5280 [The Denver Magazine], retrieved April 19, 2015 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ Allen, Greg (January 16, 2014), Florida Bill Would Allow Marijuana Extract For Child Seizures, National Public Radio, retrieved January 16, 2014
  21. ^ Waltz, Vanessa (September 18, 2014), Realm of Caring Announces Charlotte’s Web to be Shipped to All 50 US States, Ladybud Magazine, archived from the original on October 20, 2014, retrieved September 19, 2014 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ CNN (August 11, 2013), Weed: Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports (full transcript), CNN, retrieved January 1, 2014 {{citation}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    See full CNN video.
  23. ^ CNN (March 11, 2014), Weed 2: Cannabis Madness, Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports (full transcript), CNN, retrieved March 15, 2014 {{citation}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    CNN's main page. See full CNN video.
  24. ^ Osborne, Hannah (June 20, 2014), Charlotte Figi: The Girl Who is Changing Medical Marijuana Laws Across America, International Business Times, retrieved June 22, 2014 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Schaaf, Melissa (September 25, 2014), Hemp Industry Overview, Boulder Weekly, retrieved September 26, 2014 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Melville, Nancy A. (August 14, 2013), Seizure Disorders Enter Medical Marijuana Debate, Medscape Medical News, retrieved January 14, 2014 {{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Tedesco, Laura (December 8, 2014), Why Parents of Children with Epilepsy Are Increasingly Turning to Marijuana, yahoo.com, retrieved February 9, 2016, 'Charlotte's Web is high in CBD and low in THC,' ... To many in the medical community, these parents are relying, at best, on shaky science. A 2013 Cochrane review of studies examining CBD as a treatment for epilepsy concluded that, due to the dearth of large, high-quality studies, 'the safety of long-term cannibidiol treatment cannot be reliably assessed.'
  28. ^ Rosenthal, Ed (2007). More Marijuana Varieties from the World's Great Seed Breeders, p. 134. ISBN 9780932551795.
  29. ^ Krugman, Milt (April 8, 2008). "Tom Cruise fuming". Bucks County Courier Times. Levittown, Pennsylvania.
  30. ^ "Lanzan producto de marihuana con la imagen de Cruise". Esmas.com (in Spanish). www.esmas.com. April 13, 2008. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Tom Cruise 'goes to pot' over marijuana link". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. April 7, 2008.
  32. ^ a b "Medical high jinks leave Tom Cruise camp fuming". New York Daily News. Mortimer Zuckerman. April 4, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  33. ^ Reardanz, Karen (April 4, 2008). "Cruise Fumes Over Marijuana Association". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  34. ^ Saar, Mayrav (April 4, 2008). "TomKat in a Huff over Tom Pot". E! Online. E! Entertainment Television, Inc. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  35. ^ WENN (April 4, 2008). "Cruise fumes over marijuana association". World Entertainment News Network. Comtex.
  36. ^ "Report: 'Tom Cruise Purple' Medical Marijuana Has Actor Smoking Mad". Fox News Channel. Fox News Network, LLC. April 4, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  37. ^ a b "Skunk". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06.
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