Cannabidiol
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Cannabidiol
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 2-[(1R,6R)-6-isopropenyl-3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | no |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H30O2 |
| Mol. mass | 314.46 |
| SMILES | & |
| Physical data | |
| Melt. point | 66 °C (151 °F) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status |
Schedule I (US) |
| Routes | ? |
Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a cannabinoid found in Cannabis. It is a major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in its extracts.[1]
CBD alone is not intoxicating, but displayed sedative effects in animal tests.[2] Some research, however, indicates that CBD can increase alertness.[3] It may decrease the rate of THC clearance from the body, perhaps by interfering with the metabolism of THC in the liver. CBD appears to affect both the CB1 and CB2 receptors- with higher affinity for the CB2 receptors .[4]
Medically, it appears to relieve convulsion, inflammation, anxiety, and nausea, and to inhibit cancer cell growth.[4] Recent studies have shown cannabidiol to be as effective as atypical antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia.[5]
In November 2007 it was reported that CBD reduces growth of aggressive human breast cancer cells in vitro and reduces their invasiveness. It thus represents the first non-toxic exogenous agent that can lead to down-regulation of tumor aggressiveness.[6][7] It is also a neuroprotective antioxidant.[8]
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[edit] Medicinal use
In April 2005, Canadian authorities approved the marketing of Sativex, a mouth spray for multiple sclerosis to alleviate pain. Sativex contains tetrahydrocannabinol together with cannabidiol. It is marketed in Canada by GW Pharmaceuticals.
Initial research is showing that CBD has an effect in reducing schizophrenic symptoms in patients.[5]
[edit] Pharmacology
Cannabidiol has no affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors but acts as an indirect antagonist of cannabinoid agonists.[4] Recently it was found to be an antagonist at the putative new cannabinoid receptor, GPR55, a GPCR expressed in the caudate nucleus and putamen.[9]
Cannabidiol has also been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth, with low potency in non-cancer cells. Although the inhibitory mechanism is not yet fully understood, Ligresti et al. suggest that "cannabidiol exerts its effects on these cells through a combination of mechanisms that include either direct or indirect activation of CB2 and TRPV1 receptors, and induction of oxidative stress, all contributing to induce apoptosis."[10] In November 2007, researchers at the California Pacific Medical Center reported that CBD shows promise for controlling the spread of metastatic breast cancer. In vitro CBD downregulates the activity of the gene Id-1 which is responsible for tumor metastasis.[6]
[edit] Chemistry
Cannabidiol is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. At room temperature it is a colorless crystalline solid.[11] In strongly basic medium and the presence of air it is oxidized to a quinone.[12] Under acidic conditions it cyclizes to THC.[13] The synthesis of cannabidiol has been accomplished by several research groups.[14][15][16]
[edit] Legal Status
Cannabidiol is a Schedule I drug in the USA, despite having no psychoactive effects and no known abuse potential. The strict legal status may be due to the fact that CBD could be converted to THC, as outlined above.
In Canada Cannabadiol is a Schedule 2 Drug, a category that encompasses quantities of cannabis less than 30 grams, and various related synthetic derivatives and preparations[17].
[edit] References
- ^ Grlie, L (1976). "A comparative study on some chemical and biological characteristics of various samples of cannabis resin". Bulletin on Narcotics 14: 37–46.
- ^ Pickens JT (1981). "Sedative activity of cannabis in relation to its delta'-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol content". Br. J. Pharmacol. 72 (4): 649–56. PMID 6269680.
- ^ Nicholson, AN; C Turner, BM Stone, and PJ Robson (June 2004). "Effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on nocturnal sleep and early-morning behavior in young adults" (fee required). J Clin Psychopharmacol 24 (3): 305–13. doi:. ISSN 0271-0749. PMID 15118485. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0271-0749&volume=24&issue=3&spage=305. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
- ^ a b c Mechoulam, R.; M. Peters, Murillo-Rodriguez (21 Aug 2007). "Cannabidiol - recent advances". Chemistry & Biodiversity 4 (8): 1678–1692. doi:. PMID 17712814. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/115806131/abstract.
- ^ a b Zuardi, A.W; J.A.S. Crippa, J.E.C. Hallak, F.A. Moreira, F.S. Guimarães (2006). "Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug" (PDF). Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 39: 421–429. doi:. PMID 16612464. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjmbr/v39n4/6164.pdf.
- ^ a b McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, Garcia A, Desprez PY (2007). "Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells". Mol. Cancer Ther. 6 (11): 2921–7. doi:. PMID 18025276.
- ^ Article on BBC site
- ^ Cannabidiol and (−)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants, A. J. Hampson, M. Grimaldi, J. Axelrod, and D. Wink, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 July 7; 95(14): 8268–8273.
- ^ Ryberg E, Larsson N, Sjögren S, et al. (2007). "The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor". British Journal of Pharmacology 152: 1092. doi:. PMID 17876302.
- ^ Ligresti A, Moriello AS, Starowicz K, et al. (2006). "Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318 (3): 1375–87. doi:. PMID 16728591.
- ^ Jones PG, Falvello L, Kennard O, Sheldrick GM Mechoulam R (1977). "Cannabidiol". Acta Cryst. B33: 3211–3214. doi:.
- ^ Mechoulam R, Ben-Zvi Z (1968). "Hashish—XIII On the nature of the beam test". Tetrahedron 24 (16): 5615–5624. doi:.
- ^ Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R (1966). "Hashish—VII The isomerization of cannabidiol to tetrahydrocannabinols". Tetrahedron 22 (4): 1481–1488. doi:.
- ^ Petrzilka T, Haefliger W, Sikemeier C, Ohloff G, Eschenmoser A (1967). "Synthese und Chiralität des (-)-Cannabidiols". Helv. Chim. Acta 50 (2): 719–723. doi:.
- ^ Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R (1985). "Boron trifluoride etherate on alumuna - a modified Lewis acid reagent. An improved synthesis of cannabidiol". Tetrahedron Letters 26 (8): 1083–1086. doi:.
- ^ Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi A, Wang YG (2006). "Synthesis of cannabidiols via alkenylation of cyclohexenyl monoacetate". Org. Lett. 8 (13): 2699–2702. doi:. PMID 16774235.
- ^ http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/C-38.8//20090606/en?command=search&caller=SI&fragment=schedule%201&search_type=all&day=6&month=6&year=2009&search_domain=cs&showall=L&statuteyear=all&lengthannual=50&length=50&offset=2
[edit] See also
- Cannabinoids
- Cannabinoid receptors
- Cannabis
- Health issues and the effects of cannabis
- Medical marijuana
[edit] External links
- Erowid Compounds found in Cannabis sativa
