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=== Treatment ===
=== Treatment ===
Prevention is by not smoking and avoiding other lung irritants.<ref name=NIH2011Pre/> Frequent hand washing may also be protective.<ref name=NIH2011Pre>{{cite web|title=How Can Bronchitis Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/prevention|accessdate=1 April 2015|date=August 4, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184916/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/prevention|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=}}</ref> Treatment for acute bronchitis usually involves rest, [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), and [[NSAIDs]] to help with the fever.<ref name=Tac2012/><ref name="How Is Bronchitis Treated"/> [[Cough medicine]] has little support for its use, and is not recommended in children under the age of six.<ref name=Kin2016/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=SM|last2=Schroeder|first2=K|last3=Fahey|first3=T|title=Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=24 November 2014|volume=11|issue=11|pages=CD001831|pmid=25420096|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5}}</ref> There is tentative evidence that [[salbutamol]] may be useful in treating [[wheeze|wheezing]]; however, it may result in nervousness and tremors.<ref name=Kin2016/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=Lorne A.|last2=Hom|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Villasis-Keever|first3=Miguel|last4=van der Wouden|first4=Johannes C.|date=2015-09-03|title=Beta2-agonists for acute cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=9|pages=CD001726|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001726.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=26333656}}</ref> [[Antibiotic]]s should generally not be used.<ref name=Smith2017>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Susan M.|last2=Fahey|first2=Tom|last3=Smucny|first3=John|last4=Becker|first4=Lorne A.|date=2017|title=Antibiotics for acute bronchitis|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD000245|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000245.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28626858|pmc=6481481|url=https://epubs.rcsi.ie/gpart/55}}</ref> An exception is when acute bronchitis is due to [[pertussis]].<ref name=Kin2016/> Tentative evidence supports [[honey]] and [[pelargonium]] to help with symptoms.<ref name=Kin2016/> Getting plenty of rest and drinking enough fluids are often recommended as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/acutebronchitis.html|title=Acute Bronchitis {{!}} Bronchitis Symptoms {{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en}}</ref>
Prevention is by not smoking and avoiding other lung irritants.<ref name=NIH2011Pre/> Frequent hand washing may also be protective.<ref name=NIH2011Pre>{{cite web|title=How Can Bronchitis Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/prevention|accessdate=1 April 2015|date=August 4, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184916/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/brnchi/prevention|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=}}</ref> Treatment for acute bronchitis usually involves rest, [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), and [[NSAIDs]] to help with the fever.<ref name=Tac2012/><ref name="How Is Bronchitis Treated"/> [[Cough medicine]] has little support for its use, and is not recommended in children under the age of six.<ref name=Kin2016/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=SM|last2=Schroeder|first2=K|last3=Fahey|first3=T|title=Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=24 November 2014|volume=11|issue=11|pages=CD001831|pmid=25420096|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5}}</ref> There is tentative evidence that [[salbutamol]] may be useful in treating [[wheeze|wheezing]]; however, it may result in nervousness and tremors.<ref name=Kin2016/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=Lorne A.|last2=Hom|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Villasis-Keever|first3=Miguel|last4=van der Wouden|first4=Johannes C.|date=2015-09-03|title=Beta2-agonists for acute cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=9|pages=CD001726|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001726.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=26333656}}</ref> [[Antibiotic]]s should generally not be used.<ref name=Smith2017>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Susan M.|last2=Fahey|first2=Tom|last3=Smucny|first3=John|last4=Becker|first4=Lorne A.|date=2017|title=Antibiotics for acute bronchitis|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=6|pages=CD000245|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000245.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28626858|pmc=6481481|url=https://epubs.rcsi.ie/gpart/55}}</ref> An exception is when acute bronchitis is due to [[pertussis]].<ref name=Kin2016/> Tentative evidence supports [[honey]] and [[pelargonium]] to help with symptoms.<ref name=Kin2016/> Getting plenty of rest and drinking enough fluids are often recommended as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/acutebronchitis.html|title=Acute Bronchitis {{!}} Bronchitis Symptoms {{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en}}</ref>
On the otherside, there are many alternative medicine methods. One of the them is the [[chinese medicinal herb]], however its efficacy and safty are unknown.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Lanhui |last2=Li |first2=Ka |last3=Wu |first3=Taixiang |title=Chinese medicinal herbs for acute bronchitis |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=15 February 2012 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004560.pub4 |pmid=22336804}}</ref>


===Epidemiology===
===Epidemiology===

Revision as of 07:03, 27 June 2019

Not to be confused with bronchiolitis.
Bronchitis
Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes. Figure B is an enlarged view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis.
Pronunciation
  • bron-kye-tis
SpecialtyInfectious disease, pulmonology
SymptomsCoughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest discomfort[1]
TypesAcute, chronic[1]
FrequencyAcute: ~5% of people a year[2][3]
Chronic: ~5% of people[3]

Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs that causes coughing.[1] Symptoms include coughing up sputum, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.[1] Bronchitis can be acute or chronic.[1]

Acute bronchitis usually has a cough that lasts around three weeks,[4] and is also known as a chest cold.[5] In more than 90% of cases the cause is a viral infection.[4] These viruses may be spread through the air when people cough or by direct contact.[6] A small number of cases are caused by a bacterial infection such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis.[4] Risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and other air pollution.[6] Treatment of acute bronchitis typically involves rest, paracetamol (acetaminophen), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to help with the fever.[7][8]

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough – one that produces sputum – that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years.[9][10] Most people with chronic bronchitis have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[11] Tobacco smoking is the most common cause, with a number of other factors such as air pollution and genetics playing a smaller role.[12] Treatments include quitting smoking, vaccinations, rehabilitation, and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids.[13] Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy.[13]

Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases.[7][14] About 5% of adults are affected and about 6% of children have at least one episode a year.[2][15] Acute bronchitis is the most common type of bronchitis.[5] In the United States, in 2016, 8.6 million people were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis.[16]

Acute bronchitis

Main article: Acute bronchitis
Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis, also known as a chest cold, is short term inflammation of the bronchi of the lungs.[6][4] The most common symptom is a cough, that may or may not produce sputum.[17][4] Other symptoms include coughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, fever, and chest discomfort.[6] The infection may last from a few to ten days.[6] The cough may persist for several weeks afterwards, with the total duration of symptoms usually around three weeks.[6][4] Symptoms may last for up to six weeks.[7]

Cause

In more than 90% of cases, the cause is a viral infection.[4] These viruses may spread through the air when people cough or by direct contact.[6] Risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and other air pollutants.[6] A small number of cases are due to high levels of air pollution or to bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis.[4]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically based on a person's signs and symptoms.[18] The color of the sputum does not indicate if the infection is viral or bacterial.[4] Determining the underlying organism is usually not required.[4] Other causes of similar symptoms include asthma, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, and COPD.[4][2] A chest X-ray may be useful to detect pneumonia.[4]

Another common sign of bronchitis is a cough which lasts ten days to three weeks. If the cough lasts a month or a year, it may become chronic bronchitis. In addition, a fever may be present. Acute bronchitis is normally caused by a viral infection. Typically, these infections are rhinovirus, parainfluenza, or influenza. No specific testing is normally needed in order to diagnose acute bronchitis.[18]

Treatment

Prevention is by not smoking and avoiding other lung irritants.[19] Frequent hand washing may also be protective.[19] Treatment for acute bronchitis usually involves rest, paracetamol (acetaminophen), and NSAIDs to help with the fever.[7][8] Cough medicine has little support for its use, and is not recommended in children under the age of six.[4][20] There is tentative evidence that salbutamol may be useful in treating wheezing; however, it may result in nervousness and tremors.[4][21] Antibiotics should generally not be used.[17] An exception is when acute bronchitis is due to pertussis.[4] Tentative evidence supports honey and pelargonium to help with symptoms.[4] Getting plenty of rest and drinking enough fluids are often recommended as well.[22] On the otherside, there are many alternative medicine methods. One of the them is the chinese medicinal herb, however its efficacy and safty are unknown.[23]

Epidemiology

Acute bronchitis is one of the most-common diseases.[7][14] About 5% of adults are affected, and about 6% of children have at least one episode a year.[2][15] It occurs more often in the winter.[2] More than 10 million people in the US visit a doctor each year for this condition, with about 70% receiving antibiotics which are mostly not needed.[7] There are efforts to decrease the use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis.[14] Acute bronchitis is the most common type of bronchitis.[5]

Chronic bronchitis

See also: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years.[24][25] When this occurs together with decreased airflow it is known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic obstructive bronchitis.[26][27] Most people with chronic bronchitis have COPD however most people with COPD do not have chronic bronchitis.[11][24][25] Previously the term "chronic bronchitis" was also used for a type of COPD.[28] Chronic bronchitis is a respiratory tract disease marked by excessive mucus secretion.[9] The cough is often worse soon after awakening, and the sputum produced may have a yellow or green color and may be streaked with specks of blood.[29] The ICD-11 lists chronic bronchitis with emphysema (emphysematous bronchitis) as a "certain specified COPD".[30][31]

Cause

Most cases of chronic bronchitis are caused by tobacco smoking.[32][33] Chronic bronchitis in young adults who smoke is associated with a greater chance of developing COPD.[34] In addition, chronic inhalation of air pollution or irritating fumes or dust from hazardous exposures in occupations such as coal mining, grain handling, textile manufacturing, livestock farming,[35] and metal moulding may also be a risk factor for the development of chronic bronchitis.[36][37][38] Bronchitis caused in this way is often referred to as industrial bronchitis.[39] Rarely genetic factors also play a role.[40]

Treatment

Decline in lung function in chronic bronchitis may be slowed by stopping smoking.[41][42] Chronic bronchitis is treated symptomatically and may be treated with or without medications. Nonpharmacologic approaches may include pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy.[6]

A distinction has been made between exacerbations (sudden worsenings) of chronic bronchitis, and otherwise stable chronic bronchitis. A Cochrane review found that mucolytics in chronic bronchitis may slightly decrease the chance of the developing an acute exacerbation.[43] The mucolytic guaifenesin is a safe and effective treatment for stable chronic bronchitis. This has an advantage in that it is available as an extended use tablet which lasts for twelve hours.[44] Another mucolytic fudosteine may also be used.[45] In those with chronic bronchitis and severe COPD, the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor roflumilast may decrease significant exacerbations.[46]

Epidemiology

Chronic bronchitis affects about 3.4% to 22% of the general population. Individuals over age 45 years of age, smokers, those that live or work in areas with high air pollution, and anybody with asthma all have a higher risk of developing chronic bronchitis.[47] This wide range is due to the different definitions of chronic bronchitis that can be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms or the clinical diagnosis of the disorder. Chronic bronchitis tends to affect men more often than women. While the primary risk factor for chronic bronchitis is smoking, there is still a 4%-22% chance that never smokers can get chronic bronchitis. This might suggest other risk factors such as the inhalation of fuels, dusts, fumes and genetic factor.[48] In the United States, in 2016, 8.6 million people were diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, and there were 518 reported deaths. Per 100,000 of population the death rate of chronic bronchitis was 0.2.[16]

Protracted bacterial bronchitis

Protracted bacterial bronchitis in children, is defined as a chronic productive cough with a positive bronchoalveolar lavage that resolves with antibiotics.[49][50] Protracted bacterial bronchitis is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis.[50] Protracted bacterial bronchitis (lasting more than 4 weeks) in children may be helped by antibiotics.[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Bronchitis". NHLBI. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e Wenzel, RP; Fowler AA, 3rd (16 November 2006). "Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (20): 2125–30. doi:10.1056/nejmcp061493. PMID 17108344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kin2016, S (1 October 2016). "Acute Bronchitis". American Family Physician. 94 (7): 560–565. PMID 27929206.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c "Antibiotics Aren't Always the Answer". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 September 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "What Is Bronchitis?". August 4, 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f Tackett, KL; Atkins, A (December 2012). "Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy". Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 25 (6): 586–90. doi:10.1177/0897190012460826. PMID 23076965.
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  9. ^ a b "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov.
  10. ^ Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (PDF). 2019. p. 4. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  11. ^ a b Reilly, John J.; Silverman, Edwin K.; Shapiro, Steven D. (2011). "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". In Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 2151–9. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
  12. ^ Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M (April 2012). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Lancet. 379 (9823): 1341–51. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1000.1967. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9. PMID 22314182.
  13. ^ a b Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J (September 2007). "Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176 (6): 532–55. doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO. PMID 17507545.
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  16. ^ a b "FastStats". www.cdc.gov. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  17. ^ a b Smith, Susan M.; Fahey, Tom; Smucny, John; Becker, Lorne A. (2017). "Antibiotics for acute bronchitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6: CD000245. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000245.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6481481. PMID 28626858.
  18. ^ a b "Acute Bronchitis - Pulmonary Disorders - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
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  20. ^ Smith, SM; Schroeder, K; Fahey, T (24 November 2014). "Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11): CD001831. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5. PMID 25420096.
  21. ^ Becker, Lorne A.; Hom, Jeffrey; Villasis-Keever, Miguel; van der Wouden, Johannes C. (2015-09-03). "Beta2-agonists for acute cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD001726. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001726.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 26333656.
  22. ^ "Acute Bronchitis | Bronchitis Symptoms | MedlinePlus". Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  23. ^ Jiang, Lanhui; Li, Ka; Wu, Taixiang (15 February 2012). "Chinese medicinal herbs for acute bronchitis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004560.pub4. PMID 22336804.
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  26. ^ "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Pulmonary Disorders". MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 3 June 2019. Chronic bronchitis becomes chronic obstructive bronchitis if spirometric evidence of airflow obstruction develops.
  27. ^ "Bronchitis Symptoms, Treatments & Causes - Lung and Airway Disorders". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 29 May 2019. When chronic bronchitis occurs together with a decrease in the rate of airflow from the lungs when the person breathes out (expiratory airflow), it is considered a defining characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  28. ^ "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315". WHO. January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Cohen, Jonathan; Powderly, William (2004). Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed. Mosby (Elsevier). Chapter 33: Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, and Cystic Fibrosis. ISBN 978-0323025737.
  30. ^ "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int.
  31. ^ "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
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  33. ^ Forey, BA; Thornton, AJ; Lee, PN (June 2011). "Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema". BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 11 (36): 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-11-36. PMC 3128042. PMID 21672193.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  38. ^ National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (2012). "Respiratory Diseases Input: Occupational Risks". NIOSH Program Portfolio. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  40. ^ "What Causes COPD". American Lung Association. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
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  46. ^ Vestbo, J.; Hurd, S. S.; Agustí, A. G.; Jones, P. W.; Vogelmeier, C.; Anzueto, A.; Barnes, P. J.; Fabbri, L. M.; Martinez, F. J.; Nishimura, M.; Stockley, R. A.; Sin, D. D.; Rodriguez-Roisin, R. (2013). "Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 187 (4): 347–65. doi:10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP. PMID 22878278.
  47. ^ Kochanek, Kenneth (June 2016). "Deaths: Final Data for 2014". National Vital Statistics Reports. 65 (4).
  48. ^ Kim, Victor; Criner, Gerard J. (2013-02-01). "Chronic Bronchitis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 187 (3): 228–237. doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI. ISSN 1073-449X. PMC 4951627. PMID 23204254.
  49. ^ Goldsobel, AB; Chipps, BE (March 2010). "Cough in the pediatric population". The Journal of Pediatrics. 156 (3): 352–358.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004. PMID 20176183.
  50. ^ a b Craven, V; Everard, ML (January 2013). "Protracted bacterial bronchitis: reinventing an old disease". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 98 (1): 72–76. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-302760. PMID 23175647.
  51. ^ Marchant, JM; Petsky, HL; Morris, PS; Chang, AB (31 July 2018). "Antibiotics for prolonged wet cough in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7: CD004822. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004822.pub3. PMID 30062732.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronchitis&oldid=903676797"