2019 in brachiopod paleontology: Difference between revisions

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2019.

Research

  • A study aiming to reconstruct the life cycle of the Early Cambrian brachiopods is published by Madison & Kuzmina (2019).[2]
  • A study on the anatomy of plectambonitoid specimens from the Middle Ordovician of Russia, and on its implications for the knowledge of life cycles of these brachiopods, will be published by Madison & Kuzmina (2019).[3]
  • A study on the petrographic and geochemical preservation of Ordovician dalmanelloid shells from the Lexington Formation of Kentucky, Sheguindah Shale of Ontario and the Stony Mountain Formation of Manitoba, aiming to test the hypothesis of paleo-latitudinal zonation of the shelly benthos, is published by Azmy & Jin (2019).[4]
  • A study on the phylogenetic relationships among strophomenoid brachiopods and on the biogeographical changes in the strophomenoids through time (focusing on the impact of the Late Ordovician mass extinction on the evolutionary history of strophomenoids) is published by Congreve, Krug & Patzkowsky (2019).[5]
  • A study on the internal structure of the shell of Semiplanella carinthica is published by Pakhnevich (2019), who names a new tribe Semiplanellini in the subfamily Gigantoproductinae.[6]
  • A study on the diet of species of Gigantoproductus from the Viséan of Derbyshire (United Kingdom), and on its implications for the knowledge of mechanisms that enabled those brachiopod species to reach large sizes, is published by Angiolini et al. (2019).[7]
  • A study on the relative importance of brachiopods and bivalves in the fossil assemblages from the Carboniferous Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation of Kentucky is published by Hsieh, Bush & Bennington (2019).[8]
  • Description of a specimen of a Permian brachiopod species Spiriferella protodraschei bearing ventrally directed spiralia (lophophore‐supporting, coiled internal structures), and a study on the morphology of these structures and their implications for the knowledge of the feeding system of this brachiopod, is published by Lee et al. (2019).[9]
  • A study on the evolution of the body size of brachiopods from the Late Permian to the Middle Triassic, as indicated by brachiopod specimens from South China, is published by Chen et al. (2019).[10]
  • A study on the biogeography of Pliensbachian brachiopods in western Tethys Ocean will be published by Vörös & Escarguel (2019).[11]
  • A study on changes in the body size of benthic marine brachiopods and bivalves from the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) before the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event is published by Piazza et al. (2019).[12]
  • A study on the impact of the early Toarcian extinction event on fossil brachiopods and bivalves known from the Iberian Range (Spain) is published by Danise et al. (2019).[13]

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images

Aegiria apta[14]

Sp. nov

Valid

Huang et al.

Silurian (Rhuddanian)

Zhangwan Formation

 China

Alaskorhynchus[15]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Baranov & Blodgett

Devonian (Pragian)

Soda Creek Limestone

 United States

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Eatoniidae. The type species is A. sodacreekensis.

Anidanthus parvimucronata[16]

Nom. nov

Valid

He & Shen in He et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

Talung Formation

 China

A member of Productida belonging to the family Linoproductidae and the subfamily Anidanthinae; a replacement name for Anidanthus mucronata He & Shen in He et al. (2005).

Anidanthus subquadratus[16]

Sp. nov

Valid

He, Shi & Shen in He et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

 China

A member of Productida belonging to the family Linoproductidae and the subfamily Anidanthinae.

Arcullina? enokiani[17]

Sp. nov

Valid

Lee & Shi in Lee et al.

Permian (Kungurian)

Kozhim Formation
Kozhim Rudnik Formation

 Russia

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.

Askerina[18]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Baarli

Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Aeronian)

Solvik Formation

 Norway

A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is A. cymbula.

Aulacothyris stevensi[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Aratauran)

Diamond Peak Group

 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Zeilleriidae.

Austriellula iordanae[20]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani

Triassic

 Romania

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Norellidae and the subfamily Norellinae.

Bellistrophia[21]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Holmer et al.

Cambrian

Atei Formation
Meagher Formation

 Kazakhstan
 United States

A member of Kutorginida. The type species is "Nisusia" deissei Bell (1941); genus also includes "Nisusia" montanensis Bell (1941).

Bernousia[22]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

A member of Spiriferida. Genus includes new species B. brevedorsata.

Biernatia rhapsody[23]

Sp. nov

Valid

Lavié, Serra & Feltes

Middle and Late Ordovician

Las Aguaditas Formation
Las Chacritas Formation

 Argentina

A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Biernatidae.

Borellithyris[24]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Dulai

Miocene (Tortonian)

Sant’Agata Fossili Formation

 Italy

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Megathyrididae. The type species is B. gaetanii.

Cathaysiorthis xichuanensis[14]

Sp. nov

Valid

Huang et al.

Silurian (Rhuddanian)

Zhangwan Formation

 China

Chonosteges cooperi[25]

Sp. nov

In press

Torres-Martínez et al.

Permian

Paso Hondo Formation

 Mexico

Cleiothyridina pfaffenbergensis[26]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mottequin et al.

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

Gleitsch Formation

 Germany

A member of Athyridida belonging to the family Athyrididae.

"Clorinda" symmetrica[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Conotreta andina[23]

Sp. nov

Valid

Lavié, Serra & Feltes

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Las Aguaditas Formation
Las Chacritas Formation

 Argentina

A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae.

Coolinia diabolica[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Cordatia[28]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Brock & Claybourn in Betts et al.

Early Cambrian

 Australia

A member of Paterinata possibly belonging to the family Paterinidae. The type species is C. erinae.

Craniops popovi[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Crassumbo germanicus[26]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mottequin et al.

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

Gleitsch Formation

 Germany

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Crassumbidae.

Cyclothyris cardiatelia[29]

Sp. nov

In press

Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral

Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)

 Spain

A member of Rhynchonellida.

Cyclothyris segurai[29]

Sp. nov

In press

Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral

Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)

 Spain

A member of Rhynchonellida.

Cyrtia wrekinensis[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Cyrtina evanescens[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

A member of Spiriferinida.

Cyrtospirifer aouinetensis[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

Cyrtospirifer (Elasmospirifer)[22]

Subgen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

The subgenus includes new species C. (E.) djebiletensis.

Cyrtospirifer robardeti[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

Dihelictera askeriensis[18]

Sp. nov

In press

Baarli

Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Aeronian)

Solvik Formation

 Norway

A member of the family Atrypidae.

Dinobolus athelstani[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Eleutherokomma djezairensis[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

A member of Spiriferida.

Eospirifer majesticus[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Eucalathis giulioi[24]

Sp. nov

Valid

Dulai

Miocene (Tortonian)

Sant’Agata Fossili Formation

 Italy

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Chlidonophoridae.

Farewellirhynchia[15]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Baranov & Blodgett

Devonian (Pragian)

Soda Creek Limestone

 United States

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Leiorhynchinae. The type species is F. kulkovi.

Felsithyris[30]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Mottequin & Weyer

Carboniferous (Mississippian)

 Germany

A member of Spiriferida. The type species is F. hercynica.

Garciaalcaldia[15]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Baranov & Blodgett

Devonian (Pragian)

Soda Creek Limestone

 United States

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Glossinunilinae. The type species is G. alaskensis.

Ghorispirifer[31]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Mottequin & Brice

Devonian (Famennian)

 Afghanistan
 Iran
 Iraq

A Cyrtiopsinae. The type species is "Cyrtiopsis graciosa" chakhaensis Brice (1971) (raised to the rank of a separate species G. chakhaensis),
genus also includes "Cyrtiopsis" lapparenti Brice (1971).

Hedeinopsis africana[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

A member of Spiriferida.

Howellella minsterleyensis[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Jonesea oepiki[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Jordanithyris[32]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Feldman et al.

Middle Jurassic (Bathonian and Callovian)

Hamam Formation
Mughanniyya Formation

 Jordan

A member of Terebratulida. Genus includes new species J. ardainensis.

Joviatrypa nakremi[18]

Sp. nov

In press

Baarli

Silurian (Aeronian)

Solvik Formation

 Norway

A member of the family Atrypidae.

Judinica[33]

Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov

Valid

Oleneva

Devonian

 Belgium
 Russia

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Adolfiidae. The type species is J. siratchoica; genus also includes new species J. pseudodeflexa, as well as J. pseudomultifida (Vandercammen, 1955), J. biverrucosa (Vandercammen, 1955) and J. solita (Ljaschenko, 1959).

Kosoidea australis[34]

Sp. nov

In press

Zabini et al.

Ordovician (Hirnantian)

Iapó Formation
Vila Maria Formation

 Brazil

A member of Discinoidea.

Lingulipora budili[35]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mergl

Middle Devonian

Srbsko Formation

 Czech Republic

A member of the family Lingulidae.

Linoporella maxima[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Loboidothyris fordycei[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Lower Aratauran to Upper Ururoan)

 New Caledonia
 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Loboidothyrididae.

Lobothyris simesi[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Aratauran to Ururoan)

 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Lobothyrididae.

Martinia liuqiaoiensis[16]

Sp. nov

Valid

He, Shi & Shen in He et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

Talung Formation

 China

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Martiniidae.

Menarhynchus[15]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Baranov & Blodgett

Devonian (Pragian)

Soda Creek Limestone

 United States

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Sphaerirhynchinae. The type species is M. kuskokwimensis.

Multispirifer kropotkini[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

A member of Spiriferida.

Neoliothyrina nakremi[36]

Sp. nov

Valid

Bitner in Hryniewicz et al.

Late Paleocene

Basilika Formation

 Norway

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Sellithyridae.

Neoplatystrophia paludis[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Nisusia multicostata[21]

Sp. nov

Valid

Holmer et al.

Cambrian (Drumian)

Mila Formation

 Iran

A member of Kutorginida.

Nottina[18]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Baarli

Silurian (Rhuddanian and Aeronian)

Solvik Formation

 Norway

A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is N. phalerata.

Nucleospira elgari[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Opsiconidion nanus[35]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mergl

Devonian (Eifelian)

Acanthopyge Limestone

 Czech Republic

A member of Acrotretoidea belonging to the family Biernatidae.

Ortarhynchia[20]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani

Triassic

 Romania

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Norellidae and the subfamily Paranorellininae. The type species is O. petersi.

Paramickwitzia[37]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Pan et al.

Cambrian Series 2

Xinji Formation

 China

A stem-brachiopod belonging to the group Mickwitziidae. Genus includes new species P. boreussinaensis.

Pentameroides johnsoni[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Permorhipidomella[16]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

He, Shi & Shen in He et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

 China

A member of Orthida belonging to the family Rhipidomellidae. Genus includes new species P. ovatus.

Piarorhynchella kittli[20]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani

Triassic

 Romania

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Norellidae and the subfamily Holcorhynchellinae.

Platytrochalos (Salopicoelia) morrellswoodensis[27]

Subgen. et sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Productina saalfeldensis[26]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mottequin et al.

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

Gleitsch Formation
Hangenberg Limestone

 Germany

A member of Productida belonging to the family Productellidae.

Ptychomentzelia dobrogeana[20]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani

Triassic

 Romania

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Mentzeliidae.

Ptychomentzelia simionescui[20]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gaetani in Grădinaru & Gaetani

Triassic

 Romania

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Mentzeliidae.

Quiringites bitami[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gourvennec

Paleozoic

Tindouf Basin

 Algeria

A member of Spiriferida.

Rhipidomella parvula[16]

Sp. nov

Valid

He, Shi & Shen in He et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

 China

A member of Orthida belonging to the family Rhipidomellidae.

Roemerithyris[30]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Mottequin & Weyer

Carboniferous (Mississippian)

 Germany

A member of Spiriferida. The type species is "Spirifer" macrogaster Roemer (1852).

Rugithyris hasibuani[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Upper Ururoan)

 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the superfamily Loboidothyridoidea.

Schachriomonia spiraensis[18]

Sp. nov

In press

Baarli

Ordovician-Silurian

Solvik Formation

 Norway

A member of the family Atrypidae.

Sellithyris elizabetha[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Rojas & Sandy

Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)

Rosablanca Formation

 Colombia

Septatrypa salopiensis[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Shelvothyris[27]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Genus includes S. furcata (Sowerby, 1839)

Sifella[18]

Gen. et sp. nov

In press

Baarli

Silurian (Aeronian)

Solvik Formation

 Norway

A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is S. patera.

Spiriferella protodraschei[17]

Sp. nov

Valid

Lee & Shi in Lee et al.

Permian (late Artinskian–early Kungurian)

Kapp Starostin Formation

 Norway

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.

Tamarirhynchia[15]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Baranov & Blodgett

Devonian (Pragian)

Soda Creek Limestone

 United States

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the subfamily Hebetoechiinae. The type species is "Lancemyonia" varia Tcherkesova (1969).

Tegulithyris? plencnerae[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Upper Aratauran and Ururoan)

 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Tegulithyrididae.

Thebesia shelvensis[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Thuringorhynchus[26]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Mottequin et al.

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

Gleitsch Formation
Hangenberg Limestone

 Germany

A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Pugnacidae. The type species is T. pseudoequitans.

Tornquistia changhsingia[16]

Sp. nov

Valid

He, Shi & Shen in He et al.

Permian (Changhsingian)

 China

A member of Chonetidina belonging to the family Anopliidae and the subfamily Anopliinae.

Triplesia habberleyensis[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Ukhtomica[33]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Oleneva

Devonian

 Russia

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Echinospiriferidae. The type species is U. lata; genus also includes U. apschakensis (Krylova, 1955).

Virgianoides[39]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Jin, Mikulic & Kluessendorf

Silurian (Rhuddanian)

Mayville Dolomite

 United States
( Wisconsin)

A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae. The type species is BVirgiana barrandei var. major Savage (1916), raised to the rank of a separate species V. major.

Weiningia ziyunensis[40]

Sp. nov

Valid

Yuan et al.

Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)

Baizuo Formation

 China

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Martiniidae.

Whitfieldella alvarezensis[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

Woodwardirhynchia pontemdiaboli[29]

Sp. nov

In press

Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral

Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)

 Spain

A member of Rhynchonellida.

Xenocrania[41]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Chen & Rong

Ordovician

 China
 Myanmar
 Poland
 United Kingdom
 Czech Republic?

The type species is "Palaeocyclus" haimei Reed.

Zeilleria recessa[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Hettangian)

 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Zeilleriidae.

Zeilleria sacciformis[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Ururoan)

Ururoa Formation

 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Zeilleriidae.

Zeilleria terezowae[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

MacFarlan

Early Jurassic (Aratauran and Ururoan)

Ururoa Formation

 New Zealand

A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Zeilleriidae.

Zygospiraella nupera[18]

Sp. nov

In press

Baarli

Silurian (Aeronian)

Solvik Formation

 Norway

A member of the family Atrypidae.

Zygospiraella? ventricosa[27]

Sp. nov

Valid

Cocks

Silurian (Llandovery)

 United Kingdom

References

  1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
  2. ^ Anna A. Madison; Tatyana V. Kuzmina (2019). "Early Paleozoic brachiopod larva: true larva, not a juvenile". Invertebrate Zoology. 16 (1): 41–47. doi:10.15298/invertzool.16.1.05 (inactive 2019-09-07).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2019 (link)
  3. ^ Anna A. Madison; Tatyana V. Kuzmina (2019). "The tube‐like structures on the juvenile shells of earliest strophomenides and billingsellides as evidence of their life cycles". Lethaia. in press. doi:10.1111/let.12342.
  4. ^ Karem Azmy; Jisuo Jin (2019). "Geochemistry of Late Ordovician dalmanelloid brachiopods from Laurentia: testing the effects of paleolatitudinal gradient". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56 (3): 235–244. Bibcode:2019CaJES..56..235A. doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0181. hdl:1807/93806.
  5. ^ Curtis R. Congreve; Andrew Z. Krug; Mark E. Patzkowsky (2019). "Evolutionary and biogeographical shifts in response to the Late Ordovician mass extinction". Palaeontology. 62 (2): 267–285. doi:10.1111/pala.12397.
  6. ^ A.V. Pakhnevich (2019). "Shell interior of Semiplanella carinthica Sarytcheva et Legrand-Blain (Brachiopoda, Productida)". Paleontological Journal. 53 (2): 132–139. doi:10.1134/S0031030119020102.
  7. ^ Lucia Angiolini; Gaia Crippa; Karem Azmy; Giancarlo Capitani; Giorgia Confalonieri; Giovanna Della Porta; Erika Griesshaber; David A. T. Harper; Melanie J. Leng; Leah Nolan; Marco Orlandi; Renato Posenato; Wolfgang W. Schmahl; Vanessa J. Banks; Michael H. Stephenson (2019). "The giants of the phylum Brachiopoda: a matter of diet?". Palaeontology. 62. doi:10.1111/pala.12433.
  8. ^ Shannon Hsieh; Andrew M. Bush; J Bret Bennington (2019). "Were bivalves ecologically dominant over brachiopods in the late Paleozoic? A test using exceptionally preserved fossil assemblages". Paleobiology. 45 (2): 265–279. doi:10.1017/pab.2019.3.
  9. ^ Sangmin Lee; G. R. Shi; Jikhan Jung; Na Kyung Kim (2019). "Discovery of ventrally directed spiralia in a Permian spiriferellid brachiopod and implications for its feeding system". Lethaia. 52 (4): 513–522. doi:10.1111/let.12328.
  10. ^ Jing Chen; Haijun Song; Weihong He; Jinnan Tong; Fengyu Wang; Shunbao Wu (2019). "Size variation of brachiopods from the Late Permian through the Middle Triassic in South China: Evidence for the Lilliput Effect following the Permian-Triassic extinction". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 519: 248–257. Bibcode:2019PPP...519..248C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.07.013.
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