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{{short description|Albanian writer}}
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'''Ismail Kadare''' ({{IPA-sq|ismaˈil kadaˈɾe|language}}, also spelled '''Ismaïl Kadaré''' in [[French language|French]]; born 28 January 1936) is an [[Albanians|Albanian]] novelist, poet, essayist and playwright. During the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|communist regime]] he was a member of the [[Parliament of Albania|People's Assembly]] for 12 years (1970-82),<ref name=":Diana">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Ligjvenesit-Shqiptar-1920-2005.pdf|title=Ligjvënësit shqiptarë 1920-2005|date=2005|website=parlament.al|last=Istrefi|first=Diana|publication-place=Tiranë|pages=15-16}}</ref> and deputy chairman of the [[Democratic Front of Albania|Democratic Front]].<ref name=":Malcolm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/01/15/in-the-palace-of-nightmares-an-exchange/|title=‘In the Palace of Nightmares’: An Exchange|date=15 January 1998|website=nybooks.com|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|authorlink=Noel Malcolm}}</ref> He started writing poetry{{sfn|Morgan|2011|p=66}} until the publication of his first novel ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Apolloni|2012|p=25}}</ref> which made him a leading literary figure in Albania and famous internationally. In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the [[Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques]] of France.
'''Ismail Kadare''' ({{IPA-sq|ismaˈil kadaˈɾe|language}}, also spelled '''Ismaïl Kadaré''' in [[French language|French]]; born 28 January 1936) is an [[Albanians|Albanian]] novelist, poet, essayist and playwright. He has been a leading literary figure in Albania since the 1960s. He focused on poetry until the publication of his first novel <ref>{{Harvnb|Apolloni|2012|p=25}}</ref>, ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'', which made him famous outside of Albania. In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the [[Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques]] of France.


In 1992, he was awarded the [[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]]; in 1998, the [[Herder Prize]]; in 2005, he won the inaugural [[Man Booker International Prize]]; in 2009, the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] of Arts; in 2015, the [[Jerusalem Prize]], and in 2016, he was a ''[[Legion of Honour|Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur]]'' recipient.
In 1992, he was awarded the [[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]]; in 1998, the [[Herder Prize]]; in 2005, he won the inaugural [[Man Booker International Prize]]; in 2009, the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] of Arts; in 2015, the [[Jerusalem Prize]], and in 2016, he was a ''[[Legion of Honour|Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur]]'' recipient.


Kadare is regarded by some as one of the greatest European writers and intellectuals of the 20th century and, in addition, as a universal voice against totalitarianism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/cargarAplicacionNoticia.do?identificador=163|title=Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature |publisher=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |date=24 June 2009 | accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref> Critical opinion is divided as to whether Kadare should be considered to have been a dissident or a [[conformist]] during the Communist period.<ref name="kirjasto" />
Kadare is regarded by some as one of the greatest European writers and intellectuals of the 20th century and, in addition, as a universal voice against totalitarianism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/cargarAplicacionNoticia.do?identificador=163|title=Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature |publisher=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |date=24 June 2009 | accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>


==Life and work==
==Life and work==
Ismail Kadare was born on 28 January 1936 in [[Gjirokastër]] in [[Albania]], to Halit Kadare, a post office employee,<ref name= "Brit">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Kadare ''Ismail Kadare, Albanian writer'', Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2018.]</ref> and Hatixhe [[Dobi]], a homemaker.
Ismail Kadare was born on 28 January 1936 in [[Gjirokastër]] in [[Albania]], to Halit Kadare, a post office employee,<ref name= "Brit">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ismail-Kadare ''Ismail Kadare, Albanian writer'', Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2018.]</ref> and Hatixhe [[Dobi]], a homemaker. On his mother's side of the family, his great-grandfather was a bejtexhi known as Hoxhë Dobi.<ref>{{cite web|author=Novruz Shehu|url=http://www.bksh.al/adlib/scripts/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=catalo&OPAC_URL=/adlib/beginner/index_al.html&LANGUAGE=1&%250=200202051&LIMIT=0|title=Gjenealogji krijuese hoxhë Dobi, stërgjyshi poet i Kadaresë: duke gërmuar në rrënjët e shpirtit letrar të shkrimtarit të njohur|publisher=Shqip|page=42 |date=11 August 2006 | accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref>
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He attended primary and secondary schools in Gjirokastër and studied Languages and Literature at the Faculty of History and Philology of the [[University of Tirana]]. In 1956 Kadare received a teacher's diploma. He later studied at the [[Maxim Gorky Literature Institute]] in [[Moscow]] from 1958 to 1960.<ref name=kirjasto /> At the Gorky Institute, Kadare understands what not to write and what is not real literature. Rejecting the canons of socialist realism, he undertakes to do the opposite of what communist dogmatics teach about "good" literature".<ref name="Fayé"/>
When he was 13 years of age he read [[Macbeth]] and so he was attached with literature. At this age he wrote his first short stories that were published at the ''Pionieri'' journal in [[Tirana]],<ref name="Jorina">{{Cite web|url=http://www.panorama.com.al/bibliografia-e-vepres-se-kadarese/|title=Bibliografi e veprës së Kadaresë|date=3 February 2015|website=panorama.com.al|publisher=Panorama|last=Kryeziu-Shkreta|first=Jorina}}</ref> In 1954 he published his first collection of poems ''Boyish inspirations'' ("Frymëzime djaloshare"). At 17 years old he wrote two poems about [[Stalin]], that according to Malcolm, helped in the process of publishing his collection of poems after a year.<ref name=":Malcolm" />
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He attended primary and secondary schools in Gjirokastër and studied Languages and Literature at the Faculty of History and Philology of the [[University of Tirana]]. In 1956 Kadare received a teacher's diploma. He later studied at the [[Maxim Gorky Literature Institute]] in [[Moscow]] from 1958 to 1960.<ref name=kirjasto /> Two years of study-abroad experience enabled him to catch literature's core and its relationship with politics. He perceived the [[Boris_Pasternak#Deportation_plans|Pasternak incident]] and understood the writer's part and the potential dangers of literary creation.<ref name=":JingKe3" />


While studying literature in Moscow he managed to get a collection of his poems published in Russian, and there he also wrote his first novel ''The City with no Signs'' in 1959.<ref name=":Uku">{{cite web |author= Ndue Ukaj |url= http://www.gazetaexpress.com/arte/ismail-kadare-letersia-identiteti-dhe-historia-205610/?archive=1 |title= Ismail Kadare: Letërsia, identiteti dhe historia |work= Gazeta Ekspress |date= 27 May 2016 |access-date= 12 March 2017 |language=Albanian}} Except from the book ''Kadare, leximi dhe interpretimet''.</ref>
While studying literature in Moscow he managed to get a collection of his poems published in Russian, and there he also wrote his first novel ''The City with no Signs'' in 1959, intentionally defying the rules of [[socialist realism]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Ndue Ukaj |url= http://www.gazetaexpress.com/arte/ismail-kadare-letersia-identiteti-dhe-historia-205610/?archive=1 |title= Ismail Kadare: Letërsia, identiteti dhe historia |work= Gazeta Ekspress |date= 27 May 2016 |access-date= 12 March 2017 |language=Albanian}} Except from the book ''Kadare, leximi dhe interpretimet''.</ref>


After returning home in 1960 because of the Soviet-Albanian split, he worked as a journalist and then embarked on a literary career.<ref name= "Brit"/> He tried to publish a fragment of his first novel camouflaged as a short story titled "Coffeehouse Days". Upon being published in the literary magazine ''[[Zëri i Rinisë]]'' in 1962, it was immediately banned by the authorities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kadare|2011|p=128}}</ref> He was advised by his close friends not to tell anybody about the actual novel, so it stayed in his drawers for decades until the communist regime fell in 1990.
After returning home in 1960 because of the Soviet-Albanian split, he worked as a journalist and then embarked on a literary career.<ref name= "Brit"/> He tried to publish a fragment of his first novel camouflaged as a short story titled "Coffeehouse Days". Upon being published in the literary magazine ''[[Zëri i Rinisë]]'' in 1962, it was immediately banned by the authorities.<ref>[http://www.shtepiaelibrit.com/store/sq/tregime-novela/745-dite-kafenesh-ismail-kadare.html shtepiaelibrit.com]</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Kadare|2011|p=128}}</ref> He was advised by his close friends not to tell anybody about the actual novel, so it stayed in his drawers for decades until the communist regime fell in 1990.


In 1963, he published his first novel titled ''The General of the Dead Army'', which was not received well by communist critics in Albania at the time.{{sfn|Morgan|2011|p=89}} His next novel, ''The Monster'', published in the magazine ''Nëntori'' in 1965, was banned immediately. After the success of ''The General'' he was chosen member of the People's Assembly until 1982,<ref name=":Diana" /> and was forced to be part of the [[Party of Labour of Albania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/ismail-kadare/1-un-ecrivain-national-sur-la-sellette/|title=Ismaïl Kadaré: un écrivain national sur la sellette|author=Jean-Paul Champseix|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Universalis]]|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref>
In 1963, he published his first novel titled ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'' whose French translation by the persecuted [[Isuf Vrioni]],<ref>[http://www.albanianhistory.net/1998_Vrioni/index.html Robert Elsie's comment, ''1998 – Jusuf Vrioni: Back to Tirana, 1943–1947'']</ref> published by Albin Michel in 1970 led to Kadare's international breakthrough. The novel was not received well by the critics in Albania at the time.{{sfn|Morgan|2011|p=89}}His next novel, ''The Monster'', published in the magazine ''Nëntori'' in 1965, was banned immediately.
After offending the authorities with a political poem in 1975, as a punishment he was sent to do manual labor deep in the countryside for a period of time, and he was also forbidden to publish any novels in the future. In response, after his return to Tirana, Kadare began to camouflage his novels as "novellas" and publish them as such.<ref name="Fayé">{{cite book |last=Fayé|first=Éric|editor-last=Kadaré|editor-first=Ismail |title=œuvres completes: tome 1|publisher=Editions Fayard |date=1993|pages=10-25}}</ref>
After the success of ''The General of The Dead Army'' in the West in 1970, the older generation of Albanian writers and dogmatic literary critics became extremely embittered:"This novel was published by the bourgeoisie and this can not be accepted ", says a report by the secret police. The writers united against the "darling of the West."<ref name ="Sinani">{{cite book|last=Sinani|first=Shaban|title=Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K"|publisher=Naim Frashëri|year=2011 |pages=94-96}}</ref> After offending the authorities with a political poem in 1975, as a punishment he was sent to do manual labor deep in the countryside for a period of time, and he was also forbidden to publish any novels in the future. In response, after his return to Tirana, Kadare began to camouflage his novels as "novellas" and publish them as such.<ref name="Fayé">{{cite book |last=Fayé|first=Éric|editor-last=Kadaré|editor-first=Ismail |title=œuvres completes: tome 1|publisher=Editions Fayard |date=1993|pages=10-25}}</ref>


In 1981, he published ''[[The Palace of Dreams]]'', an anti-totalitarian novel written and published in the heart of a totalitarian country.<ref>{{Harvnb|Apolloni|2012|p=24}}</ref> The novel was harshly condemned in a Writer's Plenum and the writer was accused of making allusions to Communist Albania in it, citing several ambiguous passages as proof for these claims. As a result, the work was banned.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kadare|2011|p=380}}</ref> Kadare was also accused by the president of the League of Albanian Writers and Artists of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore. Western press reacted to the condemnation of the novel and protests mounted in the West in defense of the author.<ref name="Fayé"/> Around this time, the communist ruler [[Enver Hoxha]] had initiated the process of eliminating Kadare, but backed off due to Western reaction.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sadik Bejko|title=Disidentët e rremë|date=2007|publisher=55|isbn=|page=26}}</ref> In January 1985 his novel ''[[A Moonlit Night (novel)|A Moonlit Night]]'' was published, only to be banned by the authorities a few months later.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Clair de lune by Ismaïl Kadaré, Jusuf Vrioni; La Grande Muraille, suivi de Le firman aveugle by Ismaïl Kadaré, Jusuf Vrioni|url=http://www.elsie.de/pdf/reviews/R1994KadareClaire.pdf|author=Robert Elsie|date=Spring 1994|publisher=World Literature Today|volume=68|issue=2|page=406}}</ref> At that time he wrote ''[[Agamemnon's Daughter]]'', and according to his French publisher [[Claude Durand]], he smuggled out of the country a part of his writings conceiling them and accredit them to [[Siegfried Lenz]].<ref name=":Wood" />
In 1981, he published ''[[The Palace of Dreams]]'', an anti-totalitarian novel written and published in the heart of a totalitarian country.<ref>{{Harvnb|Apolloni|2012|p=24}}</ref> The novel was harshly condemned in a Writer's Plenum and the writer was accused of making allusions to Communist Albania in it, citing several ambiguous passages as proof for these claims. As a result, the work was banned.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kadare|2011|p=380}}</ref> Kadare was also accused by the president of the League of Albanian Writers and Artists of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore. Western press reacted to the condemnation of the novel and protests mounted in the West in defense of the author.<ref name="Fayé"/> Around this time, the communist ruler [[Enver Hoxha]] had initiated the process of eliminating Kadare, but backed off due to Western reaction.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sadik Bejko|title=Disidentët e rremë|date=2007|publisher=55|isbn=|page=26}}</ref> Around the time of Hoxha's death in 1985, his novel ''[[A Moonlit Night (novel)|A Moonlit Night]]'' was banned by the authorities.<ref>http://www.elsie.de/pdf/reviews/R1994KadareClaire.pdf</ref> The same year he wrote ''[[Agamemnon's Daughter]]'' – a direct critique of the oppressive regime in Albania, which was smuggled out of the country with the help of Kadare's French editor [[Claude Durand]].<ref>http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/20/chronicles-and-fragments</ref>


In 1990, Kadare claimed political asylum in France, issuing statements in favor of democratization. At that time, he stated that "dictatorship and authentic literature are incompatible. The writer is the natural enemy of dictatorship".{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} During the 1990s and 2000s he was offered multiple times to become [[President of Albania]], but declined.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kadare|2011|p=183}}</ref> He has divided his time between [[Albania]] and France since 1990{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}.
At the end of October 1990 he was allowed to go for treatment in France according to a source,<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century|last=Wojciech Roszkowski|first=Jan Kofman|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781317475941|location=|pages=418-419}}</ref> according to another he fled with a regular visa for his entire family,<ref name=":TeodorLaço">{{Cite web|url=http://shekulli.com.al/5050/|title=Kadare më tha: sakrifikohen më lehtë tre byroistë se sa unë: dy situatat kritike për Ismail Kadarenë, Pleniumi IV dhe arratisja në Francë: [raportet e shkrimtarit me regjimin, intervista]|date=2012|website=shekulli.com.al|publisher=[[Shekulli (gazetë)]]. - Nr. 3810, 1 tetor 2012|last=Laço|first=Teodor|authorlink=Teodor Laço|pages=4-5|interviewer=Leonard Veizi}}</ref> and applied for political asylum in [[France|France]], where after settling he was able to exercise his profession in complete freedom. His exile in Paris was fruitful and enabled him to succeed further, both in Albanian and in French.<ref name=":ElsieLiterature">{{Cite book|url=http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A2005AlbWritingEnglTrans.pdf|title=Modern Albanian Literature and its reception in the english-speaking world (lecture)|last=Elsie|first=Robert|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The official position of the state authorities on the occasion of his escape that "the Act is punishable, the writer remains".<ref name=":TeodorLaço" /> In 1994 he began to work on the first bilingual volume of his work with the French publishing house Fayard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complete-review.com/quarterly/vol6/issue2/bellos.htm|title=The Englishing of Ismail Kadare: Notes of a retranslator|website=complete-review.com|date=May 2005|last=Bellos|first=David|publisher=The Complete Review|volume= VI|issue=2}}</ref> During the 1990s and 2000s he was offered multiple times to become [[President of Albania]], but declined.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kadare|2011|p=183}}</ref>

He returned to Albania for the first time after 12 years in 2002.<ref name=":ElsieLiterature" />
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Critical opinion is divided as to whether Kadare should be considered to have been a dissident or a [[conformist]] during the Communist period.<ref name="kirjasto" /> For his part, Kadare has stated that he had never claimed to be an "Albanian [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Solzhenitsyn]]" or a dissident, and that "dissidence was a position no one could occupy [in [[Enver Hoxha]]'s Albania], even for a few days, without facing the firing squad. On the other hand, my books themselves constitute a very obvious form of resistance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/vls/0545,ehrenreich,69803,21.html |title=Fates of State: Booker winner Ismail Kadare's art of enigma |access-date=11 August 2011 |last=Ehrenreich |first=Ben |authorlink=Ben Ehrenreich |date=8 November 2005 |work=The Village Voice |publisher=Villagevoice.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126095408/http://www.villagevoice.com/vls/0545%2Cehrenreich%2C69803%2C21.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2005 }}</ref> [[Henri Amouroux]], a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France, pointed out that Soviet dissidents including Solzhenitsyn had published their works during the era of [[de-Stalinization]], whereas Kadare lived and published his works in a country which remained [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] until 1990.<ref>{{cite web |author=Henri Amouroux |url=https://www.asmp.fr/fiches_academiciens/textacad/kadare/installation.pdf|title= Installation de M.Islmail Kadare – Associé étranger |publisher= Académie des Sciences morales et politiques|page=7 |date=28 October 1996 | access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref>
[[Robert Elsie]], an expert of Albanian Literature also stressed the fact that the conditions in which Kadare lived and published his works were not comparable to other European communist countries where at least some level of public dissent was tolerated, rather, the situation in Albania was comparable to [[North Korea]] or the Soviet Union in the 1930s under Stalin. Despite all of this, Kadare used any opportunity to attack the regime in his works, by means of political allegories, which were picked up by educated Albanian readers.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Elsie|authorlink1=Robert Elsie|title=Albanian Literature: A Short History|date=2005|publisher=I.B.Taurus|location=London|isbn=1-84511-031-5|pages=182–183|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=albanian+literature#v=onepage&q=conformist&f=false}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
He is married to an Albanian author, [[Helena Kadare]] (née Gushi), and has two daughters. His daughter [[Besiana Kadare|Besiana]] is the Albanian ambassador to the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Besiana Kadare ambassador |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/bio4855.doc.htm}}</ref>
He is married to an Albanian author, [[Helena Kadare]] (née Gushi), and has two daughters. His daughter [[Besiana Kadare|Besiana]] is the Albanian ambassador to the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Besiana Kadare ambassador |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/bio4855.doc.htm}}</ref>


==Recognition==
== Relationship with Albanian authorities ==
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[[File:Ismail Kadare 2011 Albania stamp.jpg|thumb|right|Kadare on Albania's Postal stamps]]
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In English, his works have been translated by [[David Bellos]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=James |authorlink=James Wood (critic) |date= 20 December 2010 |title=Chronicles and Fragments: The novels of Ismail Kadare |journal=The New Yorker |publisher=Condé Nast |pages=139–143 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2010/12/20/101220crbo_books_wood |accessdate=11 August 2011 }}{{subscription}}</ref> The English translations are typically done not from the Albanian original, but from French translations, notably by [[Jusuf Vrioni]].


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In 1996 Kadare became a lifetime member of the [[Academy of Moral and Political Sciences]] of France, where he replaced the philosopher [[Karl Popper]]. In 1992, he was awarded the [[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]], and in 2005 he received the inaugural [[Man Booker International Prize]]. In 2009, Kadare was awarded the [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award for Literature]].<ref>[https://archive.is/20120717004647/http://fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/en/awards/2009/ Price of Asturias awards laureates 2009 ]</ref> In the same year he was awarded an Honorary Degree of Science in Social and Institutional Communication by the [[University of Palermo]] in Sicily. In 2015, he was awarded the bi-annual [[Jerusalem Prize]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/albanian-writer-to-receive-jerusalem-prize/|title=Albanian writer to receive Jerusalem Prize|author=Rebecca Wojno|date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> He won the 2019 [[Park Kyong-ni Prize]], an international award based in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tojicf.org/sub4/sub1.html?ptype=view&idx=9472&page=1&code=sub4_sub1 |script-title=ko:2019 박경리문학상 수상자 이스마일 카다레 Ismail Kadare |trans-title=Park Kyung-ri Literary Award winner Ismail Kadare 2019 |language=Korean |work=tojicf.org |author= |date=2019-09-19 |accessdate=September 23, 2019}}</ref>
According to his friend, writer and ex-minister [[Teodor Laço]] "few could knew the pains, troubles and the eavesdropping atmosphere surrounding him, hence Kadare was seen as a privileged man."<ref name=":TeodorLaço" /> Genuinely valued for his talent, in the '60s he was endorsed by figures such as [[Todi Lubonja]]<ref name=":Hazbiu">{{cite web|title=Kadri Hazbiu pështyu kur lexoi "Dimrin e vetmisë së madhe"|url=https://www.pressreader.com/albania/gazeta-shqiptare/20111109/282029029019765|website=Press reader|publisher=Gazeta Shqiptare|accessdate=30 September 2019|date=9 November 2011}}</ref> and [[Fadil Paçrami]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lubonja|first=Liri|date=19 June 2015|title=Kadare prishi miqësinë me ne, do të "pastrojë" biografinë|url=http://www.panorama.com.al/267503/|journal = Panorama|pages=|via =}}</ref>


After the success of ''The General'' in the West in 1970, the older generation of Albanian writers and dogmatic literary critics became extremely embittered: "This novel was published by the bourgeoisie and this can not be accepted", says a report by the [[Sigurimi]].<ref name ="Sinani">{{cite book|last=Sinani|first=Shaban|title=Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K"|publisher=Naim Frashëri|year=2011 |pages=94-96|isbn=9789928109095}}</ref>

== Critical response ==
===Critical interpretations===
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[[File:Ismail Kadare 2011 Albania stamp.jpg|thumb|right|Kadare on Albania's Postal stamps]]
⚫
For his part, Kadare has stated that he had never claimed to be an "Albanian [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Solzhenitsyn]]" or a dissident, and that "dissidence was a position no one could occupy [in [[Enver Hoxha]]'s Albania], even for a few days, without facing the firing squad. On the other hand, my books themselves constitute a very obvious form of resistance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/vls/0545,ehrenreich,69803,21.html |title=Fates of State: Booker winner Ismail Kadare's art of enigma |access-date=11 August 2011 |last=Ehrenreich |first=Ben |authorlink=Ben Ehrenreich |date=8 November 2005 |work=The Village Voice |publisher=Villagevoice.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126095408/http://www.villagevoice.com/vls/0545%2Cehrenreich%2C69803%2C21.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2005 }}</ref> [[Henri Amouroux]], a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France, pointed out that Soviet dissidents including Solzhenitsyn had published their works during the era of [[de-Stalinization]], whereas Kadare lived and published his works in a country which remained [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] until 1990.<ref>{{cite web |author=Henri Amouroux |url=https://www.asmp.fr/fiches_academiciens/textacad/kadare/installation.pdf|title= Installation de M.Islmail Kadare – Associé étranger |publisher= Académie des Sciences morales et politiques|page=7 |date=28 October 1996 | access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> [[Robert Elsie]], an expert in Albanian studies also stressed the fact that the conditions in which Kadare lived and published his works were not comparable to other European communist countries where at least some level of public dissent was tolerated, rather, the situation in Albania was comparable to [[North Korea]] or the Soviet Union in the 1930s under Stalin. Despite all of this, Kadare used any opportunity to attack the regime in his works, by means of political allegories, which were picked up by educated Albanian readers.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Elsie|authorlink1=Robert Elsie|title=Albanian Literature: A Short History|date=2005|publisher=I.B.Taurus|location=London|isbn=1-84511-031-5|pages=182–183|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=albanian+literature#v=onepage&q=conformist&f=false|ref=sfn}}</ref>
The London newspaper ''[[The Independent]]'' said of Kadare: "He has been compared to [[Nikolai Gogol|Gogol]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] and [[George Orwell|Orwell]]. But Kadare's is an original voice, universal yet deeply rooted in his own soil".<ref>Shusha Guppy, "[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-books-interview-ismail-kadare--envers-nevernever-land-1073473.html The Books Interview: Ismail Kadare – Enver's never-never land]" ''The Independent'', 27 February 1999.</ref>
The London newspaper ''[[The Independent]]'' said of Kadare: "He has been compared to [[Nikolai Gogol|Gogol]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] and [[George Orwell|Orwell]]. But Kadare's is an original voice, universal yet deeply rooted in his own soil".<ref>Shusha Guppy, "[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-books-interview-ismail-kadare--envers-nevernever-land-1073473.html The Books Interview: Ismail Kadare – Enver's never-never land]" ''The Independent'', 27 February 1999.</ref>


⚫
In 2019, Kadare was nominated for the [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]] by Bulgarian poet and writer [[Kapka Kassabova|Kapka Kassobova]]. He was selected as the 2020 Neustadt laureate by the Prize's jury on October 16, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lithub.com/albanian-author-ismail-kadare-has-won-the-2020-neustadt-international-prize-for-literature/|title=Albanian author Ismail Kadare has won the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.|date=2019-10-17|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
=== Criticism ===

After the success of ''The General'', the writers united against the "darling of the West."<ref name ="Sinani" />
Criticism towards Kadare deals not only with his works, but above all with his political attitude towards the communist system in Albania.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Kacza|title=Ismail Kadare – verehrt und umstritten|url=https://www.schweiz-albanien.ch/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Kacza_Kadare_Broschuere.pdf|publisher=Privatdruck, Bad Salzuflen|date=2013}}</ref>
The American journalist [[Stephen Suleyman Schwartz]] labelles Kadare's oeuvre as mere novels worthy of reading during vacations. He highlights Kadare's defamations and insults of pre-communist Albanian intelligentsia and how in doing so he resembles to Enver Hoxha. He quotes Kadare's strive to depict himself a dissident during the communist regime while he held public office during that time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kadare si Enveri, s’merr dot Nobelin një shkrimtar që shkarravit noveleçka që lexohen për pushime|author=Stephen Schwartz|date=16 June 2013|accessdate=29 October 2019|url=https://sot.com.al/kultura-intervista/stephen-schwartz-kadare-si-enveri-s’merr-dot-nobelin-një-shkrimtar-që-shkarravit}}</ref> This was asserted even by the English academic [[Noel Malcolm]] during a polemic with the writer in [[The New York Review of Books]] in the '90s, that he remained a deputy in the Assembly when he self-presumed of being deported.<ref name=":Malcolm" />

In an interview in 1979 he asserted that "the socialist realism method, contrary to everything blasphemy that the black propagandas have adressed and adress to it, grants the writer boundless opportunities to create literary oeuvres of the highest ideoartistic order".<ref>{{cite book|title=Arratisje Nga Lindja: Orientalizmi Shqiptar Nga Naimi Te Kadareja|author=Enis Sulstarova|publisher=Globic Press|date=2006|page=119|url=https://books.google.al/books?id=WHloQy9ELXMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Kuteli+Kadare&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9vavmxcTlAhXN66QKHc1nBZIQ6AEIJjAA#v=snippet&q=Kadare&f=false}}</ref> Some literary critics saw in his oeuvres intentional defiance of the rules of [[socialist realism]].<ref name=":Uku" />

=== Translations ===
His first oeuvre being translated was ''The General'' in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] by Marina Marinova,<ref>{{cite web|title=Shuhet Marinova, përkthyesja e Kadaresë dhe e Migjenit|url=http://www.panorama.com.al/shuhet-marinova-perkthyesja-e-kadarese-e-migjenit/|publisher=Panorama|date=16 February 2012|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> which was published in 1966.{{sfn|Morgan|2011|p=89}} After that it has been translated in [[Serbo-Croatian]] by [[Esad Mekuli]] and published in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ismail Kadare, gjysëm shekulli i Gjeneralit të ushtrisë së vdekur|publisher=Shqiptarja.com|date=1 December 2013|url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/ismail-kadare-gjysem-shekulli-i-br-gjeneralit-te-ushtrise-se-vdeku?r=app|accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> After being translated in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] from Turkish writer, translator and movie director [[Atilla Tokatlı]] along with [[Necdet Sander]] and published in 1970 from ''Sander editions'' in [[Istanbul]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Hasan Anamur|publisher=Gündoğan Yayınları|date=2013|title=Başlangıçtan Bugüne Fransızcadan Türkçeye Yapılmış Çeviriler ile Fransız Düşünürler, Yazarlar, Sanatçılar Üzerine Türkçe Yayınları İçeren Bir Kaynakça Denemesi|page=563|isbn=9789755202358|url=https://books.google.al/books?id=uDFpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ölü+Ordunun+Generali+Kadare+1968&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> It was through the French translation of the book by [[Isuf Vrioni]], published by [[Éditions Albin Michel]] in 1970,{{sfn|Morgan|2011|p=142}} which led to Kadare's international breakthrough.<ref>[http://www.albanianhistory.net/1998_Vrioni/index.html Robert Elsie's comment, ''1998 – Jusuf Vrioni: Back to Tirana, 1943–1947'']</ref>
⚫
In English, this work has been translated by Derek Coltman based on Vrioni's translation.{{sfn|Elsie|2005|p=246}} After Coltman, most of his works have been translated by [[David Bellos]].<ref name=":Wood">{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=James |authorlink=James Wood (critic) |date= 20 December 2010 |title=Chronicles and Fragments: The novels of Ismail Kadare |journal=The New Yorker |publisher=Condé Nast |pages=139–143 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2010/12/20/101220crbo_books_wood |accessdate=11 August 2011 }}{{subscription}}</ref>


==Literary themes==
==Literary themes==


The central theme of his works is totalitarianism and its mechanisms.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/cargarAplicacionNoticia.do?identificador=163|title=Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature |publisher=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |date=24 June 2009 | accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> Kadare's novels draw on legends surrounding the historical experiences of Albanian people, the representation of classical myths in modern contexts, and the totalitarian regime in Albania. They are obliquely ironic as a result of trying to withstand political scrutiny. Among his best-known books are ''The General of the Dead Army'' (1963), ''The Siege'' (1970), ''The Ghost Rider'' (1980), ''[[Broken April]]'' (1980),<ref name=kirjasto>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kadare.htm |title=Ismail Kadare |website=Books and Writers |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113052232/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kadare.htm |archivedate=13 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Palace of Dreams]]'' (1981), ''The Pyramid'' (1992), and ''The Successor'' (2003).
The central theme of his works is totalitarianism and its mechanisms.<ref>{{cite web |author=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/cargarAplicacionNoticia.do?identificador=163|title=Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature |publisher=Fundacion Princessa de Asturias |date=24 June 2009 | accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> Kadare's novels draw on legends surrounding the historical experiences of Albanian people, the representation of classical myths in modern contexts, and the totalitarian regime in Albania. They are obliquely ironic as a result of trying to withstand political scrutiny. Among his best-known books are ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'' (1963), ''The Siege'' (1970), ''The Ghost Rider'' (1980), ''[[Broken April]]'' (1980),<ref name=kirjasto>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kadare.htm |title=Ismail Kadare |website=Books and Writers |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113052232/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kadare.htm |archivedate=13 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Palace of Dreams]]'' (1981), ''The Pyramid'' (1992), and ''The Successor'' (2003).


''[[The Pyramid (Kadare novel)|The Pyramid]]'' (1992) is a political allegory set in Egypt in the [[26th century BC]] and after. In it, Kadare mocked any dictator's love for hierarchy and useless monuments. In some of Kadare's novels, comprising the so-called "Ottoman Cycle", the [[Ottoman Empire]] is used as the archetype of a totalitarian state. Kadare's 1996 novel [[Spiritus (Kadare novel)|Spiritus]], marks a narrative and compositional turning point in his literary career. The influence of this novel will be felt in all of Kadare's subsequent novels.<ref name="Breto">{{cite book|author1=Jose Carlos Rodrigo Breto|title=Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema|date=2018|publisher=Ediciones del Subsuelo|location=Barcelona|isbn=978-84-947802-0-2|pages=199-204|language=spanish}}</ref> It deals with group of foreigners who are touring Eastern Europe after the fall of communism and hear exciting rumours during their stay in Albania about the capture of the spirit from the dead. As it turns out, the spirit is in fact a listening device known to the notorious secret service as a "hornet".{{sfn|Elsie|2005||p=180}}
''[[The Pyramid (Kadare novel)|The Pyramid]]'' (1992) is a political allegory set in Egypt in the [[26th century BC]] and after. In it, Kadare mocked any dictator's love for hierarchy and useless monuments. In some of Kadare's novels, comprising the so-called "Ottoman Cycle", the [[Ottoman Empire]] is used as the archetype of a totalitarian state. Kadare's 1996 novel [[Spiritus (Kadare novel)|Spiritus]], marks a narrative and compositional turning point in his literary career. The influence of this novel will be felt in all of Kadare's subsequent novels.<ref name="Breto">{{cite book|author1=Jose Carlos Rodrigo Breto|title=Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema|date=2018|publisher=Ediciones del Subsuelo|location=Barcelona|isbn=978-84-947802-0-2|pages=199-204|language=spanish}}</ref> It deals with group of foreigners who are touring Eastern Europe after the fall of communism and hear exciting rumours during their stay in Albania about the capture of the spirit from the dead. As it turns out, the spirit is in fact a listening device known to the notorious secret service as a "hornet".<ref name="Elsie">{{cite book|author1=Robert Elsie|authorlink1=Robert Elsie|title=Albanian Literature: A Short History|date=2005|publisher=I.B.Taurus|isbn=1-84511-031-5|page=180}}</ref>


== Awards and honours ==

⚫
In 1996 Kadare became a lifetime member of the [[Academy of Moral and Political Sciences]] of France, where he replaced the philosopher [[Karl Popper]]. In 1992, he was awarded the [[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]], and in 2005 he was awarded with the inaugural [[Man Booker International Prize]]. In 2009, Kadare was awarded the [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award for Literature]].<ref>[https://archive.is/20120717004647/http://fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/en/awards/2009/ Price of Asturias awards laureates 2009 ]</ref> In the same year he was awarded an Honorary Degree of Science in Social and Institutional Communication by the [[University of Palermo]] in Sicily. In 2015, he was awarded the bi-annual [[Jerusalem Prize]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times of Israel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/albanian-writer-to-receive-jerusalem-prize/|title=Albanian writer to receive Jerusalem Prize|author=Rebecca Wojno|date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> He won the 2019 [[Park Kyong-ni Prize]], an international award based in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tojicf.org/sub4/sub1.html?ptype=view&idx=9472&page=1&code=sub4_sub1 |script-title=ko:2019 박경리문학상 수상자 이스마일 카다레 Ismail Kadare |trans-title=Park Kyung-ri Literary Award winner Ismail Kadare 2019 |language=Korean |work=tojicf.org |author= |date=2019-09-19 |accessdate=September 23, 2019}}</ref>
''[[The Fall of the Stone City]]'' (2008) was awarded the Rexhai Surroi Prize in Kosovo, and was shortlisted for [[Independent Foreign Fiction Prize]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date= 11 April 2013 |title= Independent foreign fiction prize 2013 shortlist announced |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/apr/11/independent-foreign-fiction-prize-2013-shortlist |website= [[The Guardian]] |publisher= |access-date= 26 August 2017}}</ref>
''[[The Fall of the Stone City]]'' (2008) was awarded the Rexhai Surroi Prize in Kosovo, and was shortlisted for [[Independent Foreign Fiction Prize]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date= 11 April 2013 |title= Independent foreign fiction prize 2013 shortlist announced |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/apr/11/independent-foreign-fiction-prize-2013-shortlist |website= [[The Guardian]] |publisher= |access-date= 26 August 2017}}</ref>
⚫
In 2019, Kadare was nominated for the [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]] by Bulgarian poet and writer [[Kapka Kassabova|Kapka Kassobova]]. He was selected as the 2020 Neustadt laureate by the Prize's jury on October 16, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lithub.com/albanian-author-ismail-kadare-has-won-the-2020-neustadt-international-prize-for-literature/|title=Albanian author Ismail Kadare has won the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.|date=2019-10-17|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>


== Oeuvre ==
== Religious and political beliefs ==
Kadare has been mentioned as a possible recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] several times. His works have been published in about 45 languages.<ref>[http://www.mapo.al/2015/01/kadare-feston-ditelindjen-60-vjet-krijimtari-e-perkthyer-ne-45-gjuhe-te-botes/1 ''Kadare feston ditëlindjen, 60 vjet krijimtari e përkthyer në 45 gjuhë të botës'', mapo.al, 29 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2018.]</ref>


⚫
The following Kadare novels have been translated into English:
Kadare was born in a Muslim and [[bourgeois]] family,<ref>{{cite web|title=A Girl in Exile by Ismail Kadare, Reviewed by John Sutherland|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-lost-soul-in-the-land-of-the-censors-39n0fmlql|date=19 March 2016|publisher=[[The Times]]}}</ref> On his mother's side of the family, his great-grandfather was a [[bejtexhi]] known as [[Khawaja|Hoxhë]] Dobi.<ref>{{cite web|author=Novruz Shehu|url=http://www.bksh.al/adlib/scripts/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=catalo&OPAC_URL=/adlib/beginner/index_al.html&LANGUAGE=1&%250=200202051&LIMIT=0|title=Gjenealogji krijuese hoxhë Dobi, stërgjyshi poet i Kadaresë: duke gërmuar në rrënjët e shpirtit letrar të shkrimtarit të njohur|publisher=Shqip|page=42 |date=11 August 2006 | accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> Although coming from a Muslim backround,<ref>{{cite web|title=Will the real Mr Kadare please stand up?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3651778/Will-the-real-Mr-Kadare-please-stand-up.html|author=Duncan Fallowell|date=23 April 2006|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Kadare himself claimed to be an atheist, according to John Murray in [[The Independent]] on 25 January 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books-the-orphans-voice-1140904.html|title=Books: The orphan's voice|author=John Murray|publisher=The Indipendent|date=25 January 1998}}</ref>


After the '90s he attacked Islam openly: declaring on 1992 that “Albanians are among those people who have suffered equally from Communism and from [[Islam]]”, causing strong protests of the Albanian Muslim Diaspora in [[New York]] as a result.<ref name=":JingKe">{{cite web|title=The four others in I. Kadare's works: a study of the Albanian national identity|author=Jing Ke|date=October 2013|publisher=Electronic Theses and Dissertations|page=36|url=https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1729&context=etd|ref=harvnb}}</ref> Joining some Christian intellectuals, he argued that in order to get an opening towards Europe it is required to give up Islam by the population of Muslim origin, and maybe even convert to [[Christianity]].<ref name=":Clayer">{{cite book|title=Muslim Identity and the Balkan State|chapter=Islam, state and society in post-Communist Albania|author=Nathalie Clayer|editor= Hugh Poulton|date=1997|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|page=133|url=https://books.google.al/books?id=lQqHjwW6XzcC&pg=PA32&dq=Muslim+Identity+and+the+Balkan+State&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ0Pa_-MLlAhUGQUEAHfz_ADcQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=Kadare&f=false|isbn=9781850652762}}</ref>

Modern scholars have cogitated on his [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] agenda.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nostalgia, Loss and Creativity in South-East Europe: Political and Cultural Representations of the Past|chapter=Battles of Nostalgic Proportion: The Transformation of Islam-as-Historical-Force in Western Balkan Reconstitutions of the Past|author=Isa Blumi|authorlink=Isa Blumi|page=63|publisher=Springer|date=2018|isbn=9783319712529|url=https://books.google.al/books?id=PHhqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&dq=sulstarova+Kadare&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ8MScxsTlAhVDyKQKHZDODukQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=sulstarova%20Kadare&f=false}}</ref>
=== Political backround ===
In his early verse collections he vehemently expressed his reliance how the leadership of the Party would build up a paradise-like Albania.<ref name=":JingKe3">{{harvnb|1=Ke|2=2013|page=3}}</ref> The poem ''Përse mendohen këto male'' (What Do These Mountains Think About, 1963) portrays the Party as the savior of the Albanian people.<ref name=":JingKe34">{{harvnb|1=Ke|2=2013|pages=3-4}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Kadare has been mentioned as a possible recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] several times. His works have been published in about 20 languages.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kuçuku|first1=Bashkim|title=Bashkim Kuçuku:Historia reale e Gjeneralit që erdhi në Shqipëri në ‘60|accessdate=15 September 2017|work=Gazeta Mapo|agency=Mapo|issue=655|date=13 August 2012|url=https://issuu.com/gazetamapo/docs/13gusht|page=10}}</ref>{{sfn|Morgan|2011|p=74}}

⚫
The following Kadare novels have been translated into English:
{{div col}}
=== English translations ===
=== English translations ===
* ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'' ({{lang-sq|Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur}})
* ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'' ({{lang-sq|Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur}})
Line 122: Line 96:
* ''[[The Traitor's Niche]]'' ({{lang-sq|Kamarja e turpit}})
* ''[[The Traitor's Niche]]'' ({{lang-sq|Kamarja e turpit}})
* ''Essays on World Literature: Aeschylus • Dante • Shakespeare'' ({{lang-sq|Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore}})
* ''Essays on World Literature: Aeschylus • Dante • Shakespeare'' ({{lang-sq|Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore}})

{{div col end}}
=== Works published in Albanian ===
=== Works published in Albanian ===


Line 133: Line 107:


====Novels and novellas====
====Novels and novellas====
{{div col}}
* ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur]]'' (The General of the Dead Army) (1963)
* ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur]]'' (The General of the Dead Army) (1963)
* ''Përbindëshi'' (The Monster) (1965)
* ''Përbindëshi'' (The Monster) (1965)
Line 170: Line 143:
* ''Mjegullat e Tiranës'' (Tirana's Mists) (2014, originally written in 1957–58)
* ''Mjegullat e Tiranës'' (Tirana's Mists) (2014, originally written in 1957–58)
* ''Kukulla'' (The Doll) (2015)
* ''Kukulla'' (The Doll) (2015)
{{div col end}}


====Plays====
====Plays====
Line 210: Line 182:
* ''Mëngjeset në Kafe Rostand'' (Mornings in Cafe Rostand) (2014)
* ''Mëngjeset në Kafe Rostand'' (Mornings in Cafe Rostand) (2014)
* ''Arti si mëkat'' (Art as a Sin) (2015)
* ''Arti si mëkat'' (Art as a Sin) (2015)
* ''Uragani i ndërprerë: Ardhja e Migjenit në letërsinë shqipe'' (The Interrupted Hurricane: The Advent of Migjeni in Albanian Literature) (2015)
* ''Uragani i ndërprerë: Ardhja e Migjenit në letërsinë shqipe" (The Interrupted Hurricane: The Advent of Migjeni in Albanian Literature) (2015)
* ''Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore'' (Essays on World Literature) (2017)
* ''Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore'' (Essays on World Literature) (2017)
* ''Kur sunduesit grinden'' [[When Rulers Quarrel]] (2018)
* ''Kur sunduesit grinden'' [[When Rulers Quarrel]] (2018)
Line 226: Line 198:
|valign=top|
|valign=top|
|}
|}

==Quotes==
* “Literature led me to freedom. Not the other way round.”

==See also==
* [[Albanian literature]]

== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
{{div col}}
* {{cite book|last1=Apolloni|first1=Ag|title=Paradigma e Proteut|date=2012|publisher=OM|place=Prishtinë|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Apolloni|first1=Ag|title=Paradigma e Proteut|date=2012|publisher=OM|place=Prishtinë|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Brisku|first=Adrian|title=Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008|year=2013|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1TPUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=Bittersweet+Europe:+Albanian+and+Georgian+Discourses+on+Europe,+1878-2008+Rexhep+Meidani#v=onepage&q=Bittersweet%20Europe%3A%20Albanian%20and%20Georgian%20Discourses%20on%20Europe%2C%201878-2008%20Rexhep%20Meidani&f=false|isbn=978-0857459855|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Brisku|first=Adrian|title=Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008|year=2013|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1TPUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=Bittersweet+Europe:+Albanian+and+Georgian+Discourses+on+Europe,+1878-2008+Rexhep+Meidani#v=onepage&q=Bittersweet%20Europe%3A%20Albanian%20and%20Georgian%20Discourses%20on%20Europe%2C%201878-2008%20Rexhep%20Meidani&f=false|isbn=978-0857459855|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Peter|title=Kadare: Shkrimtari dhe diktatura 1957-1990|date=2011|publisher=Shtëpia Botuese "55"|location=Tiranë|isbn=978-9928-106-12-4|edition=1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Peter|title=Kadare: Shkrimtari dhe diktatura 1957-1990|date=2011|publisher=Shtëpia Botuese "55"|location=Tiranë|isbn=978-9928-106-12-4|edition=1|ref=sfn}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kadare|first1=Helena|title=Kohë e pamjaftueshme|date=2011|publisher=Onufri|location=Tirana|isbn=978-99956-87-51-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kadare|first1=Helena|title=Kohë e pamjaftueshme|date=2011|publisher=Onufri|location=Tirana|isbn=978-99956-87-51-9|ref=harv}}

{{div col end}}
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{div col}}
* [[Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë]] (2008) (in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]), Fjalor Enciklopedik Shqiptar 2 (Albanian encyclopedia), [[Tirana]], {{ISBN|978-99956-10-28-9}}
* [[Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë]] (2008) (in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]), Fjalor Enciklopedik Shqiptar 2 (Albanian encyclopedia), [[Tirana]], {{ISBN|978-99956-10-28-9}}
* [[Robert Elsie|Elsie, Robert]], ''Historical Dictionary of Albania, New Edition'', 2004, {{ISBN|0-8108-4872-4}}
* [[Robert Elsie|Elsie, Robert]], ''Historical Dictionary of Albania, New Edition'', 2004, {{ISBN|0-8108-4872-4}}
Line 248: Line 225:
* Morgan, Peter (2005) "Ismail Kadare: Creativity under Communism", ''The Australian Newspaper''.
* Morgan, Peter (2005) "Ismail Kadare: Creativity under Communism", ''The Australian Newspaper''.
* Rranzi, Paulin. "Personalities – Missionaries of Peace" publicistic, (2011), [[Tirana]], {{ISBN|978-99956-43-60-7}}
* Rranzi, Paulin. "Personalities – Missionaries of Peace" publicistic, (2011), [[Tirana]], {{ISBN|978-99956-43-60-7}}

{{div col end}}
== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{commons category}}

Revision as of 18:14, 30 October 2019

Ismail Halit Kadare

DFK
Born (1936-01-28) 28 January 1936 (age 88)
Gjirokastër, Kingdom of Albania
OccupationNovelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter, playwright
NationalityAlbanian
Period1954–present
Notable worksThe General of the Dead Army

The Siege
Chronicle in Stone
The Palace of Dreams
The File on H.
The Pyramid
Spiritus

The Fall of the Stone City
Notable awardsPrix mondial Cino Del Duca
1992
Man Booker International Prize
2005
Prince of Asturias Awards
2009
Jerusalem Prize
2015
The Order of Legion of Honour
2016
Park Kyong-ni Prize
2019
Neustadt International Prize for Literature
2020
Signature

Ismail Kadare (Albanian pronunciation: [ismaˈil kadaˈɾe], also spelled Ismaïl Kadaré in French; born 28 January 1936) is an Albanian novelist, poet, essayist and playwright. He has been a leading literary figure in Albania since the 1960s. He focused on poetry until the publication of his first novel [1], The General of the Dead Army, which made him famous outside of Albania. In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France.

In 1992, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca; in 1998, the Herder Prize; in 2005, he won the inaugural Man Booker International Prize; in 2009, the Prince of Asturias Award of Arts; in 2015, the Jerusalem Prize, and in 2016, he was a Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur recipient.

Kadare is regarded by some as one of the greatest European writers and intellectuals of the 20th century and, in addition, as a universal voice against totalitarianism.[2]

Life and work

Ismail Kadare was born on 28 January 1936 in Gjirokastër in Albania, to Halit Kadare, a post office employee,[3] and Hatixhe Dobi, a homemaker. On his mother's side of the family, his great-grandfather was a bejtexhi known as Hoxhë Dobi.[4] He attended primary and secondary schools in Gjirokastër and studied Languages and Literature at the Faculty of History and Philology of the University of Tirana. In 1956 Kadare received a teacher's diploma. He later studied at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow from 1958 to 1960.[5] At the Gorky Institute, Kadare understands what not to write and what is not real literature. Rejecting the canons of socialist realism, he undertakes to do the opposite of what communist dogmatics teach about "good" literature".[6]

While studying literature in Moscow he managed to get a collection of his poems published in Russian, and there he also wrote his first novel The City with no Signs in 1959, intentionally defying the rules of socialist realism.[7]

After returning home in 1960 because of the Soviet-Albanian split, he worked as a journalist and then embarked on a literary career.[3] He tried to publish a fragment of his first novel camouflaged as a short story titled "Coffeehouse Days". Upon being published in the literary magazine Zëri i Rinisë in 1962, it was immediately banned by the authorities.[8][9] He was advised by his close friends not to tell anybody about the actual novel, so it stayed in his drawers for decades until the communist regime fell in 1990.

In 1963, he published his first novel titled The General of the Dead Army whose French translation by the persecuted Isuf Vrioni,[10] published by Albin Michel in 1970 led to Kadare's international breakthrough. The novel was not received well by the critics in Albania at the time.[11]His next novel, The Monster, published in the magazine Nëntori in 1965, was banned immediately. After the success of The General of The Dead Army in the West in 1970, the older generation of Albanian writers and dogmatic literary critics became extremely embittered:"This novel was published by the bourgeoisie and this can not be accepted ", says a report by the secret police. The writers united against the "darling of the West."[12] After offending the authorities with a political poem in 1975, as a punishment he was sent to do manual labor deep in the countryside for a period of time, and he was also forbidden to publish any novels in the future. In response, after his return to Tirana, Kadare began to camouflage his novels as "novellas" and publish them as such.[6]

In 1981, he published The Palace of Dreams, an anti-totalitarian novel written and published in the heart of a totalitarian country.[13] The novel was harshly condemned in a Writer's Plenum and the writer was accused of making allusions to Communist Albania in it, citing several ambiguous passages as proof for these claims. As a result, the work was banned.[14] Kadare was also accused by the president of the League of Albanian Writers and Artists of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore. Western press reacted to the condemnation of the novel and protests mounted in the West in defense of the author.[6] Around this time, the communist ruler Enver Hoxha had initiated the process of eliminating Kadare, but backed off due to Western reaction.[15] Around the time of Hoxha's death in 1985, his novel A Moonlit Night was banned by the authorities.[16] The same year he wrote Agamemnon's Daughter – a direct critique of the oppressive regime in Albania, which was smuggled out of the country with the help of Kadare's French editor Claude Durand.[17]

In 1990, Kadare claimed political asylum in France, issuing statements in favor of democratization. At that time, he stated that "dictatorship and authentic literature are incompatible. The writer is the natural enemy of dictatorship".[citation needed] During the 1990s and 2000s he was offered multiple times to become President of Albania, but declined.[18] He has divided his time between Albania and France since 1990[citation needed].

Critical opinion is divided as to whether Kadare should be considered to have been a dissident or a conformist during the Communist period.[5] For his part, Kadare has stated that he had never claimed to be an "Albanian Solzhenitsyn" or a dissident, and that "dissidence was a position no one could occupy [in Enver Hoxha's Albania], even for a few days, without facing the firing squad. On the other hand, my books themselves constitute a very obvious form of resistance".[19] Henri Amouroux, a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France, pointed out that Soviet dissidents including Solzhenitsyn had published their works during the era of de-Stalinization, whereas Kadare lived and published his works in a country which remained Stalinist until 1990.[20] Robert Elsie, an expert of Albanian Literature also stressed the fact that the conditions in which Kadare lived and published his works were not comparable to other European communist countries where at least some level of public dissent was tolerated, rather, the situation in Albania was comparable to North Korea or the Soviet Union in the 1930s under Stalin. Despite all of this, Kadare used any opportunity to attack the regime in his works, by means of political allegories, which were picked up by educated Albanian readers.[21]

Personal life

He is married to an Albanian author, Helena Kadare (née Gushi), and has two daughters. His daughter Besiana is the Albanian ambassador to the United Nations.[22]

Recognition

Kadare on Albania's Postal stamps

In English, his works have been translated by David Bellos.[23] The English translations are typically done not from the Albanian original, but from French translations, notably by Jusuf Vrioni.

In 1996 Kadare became a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France, where he replaced the philosopher Karl Popper. In 1992, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca, and in 2005 he received the inaugural Man Booker International Prize. In 2009, Kadare was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature.[24] In the same year he was awarded an Honorary Degree of Science in Social and Institutional Communication by the University of Palermo in Sicily. In 2015, he was awarded the bi-annual Jerusalem Prize.[25] He won the 2019 Park Kyong-ni Prize, an international award based in South Korea.[26]

The London newspaper The Independent said of Kadare: "He has been compared to Gogol, Kafka and Orwell. But Kadare's is an original voice, universal yet deeply rooted in his own soil".[27]

In 2019, Kadare was nominated for the Neustadt International Prize for Literature by Bulgarian poet and writer Kapka Kassobova. He was selected as the 2020 Neustadt laureate by the Prize's jury on October 16, 2019.[28]

Literary themes

The central theme of his works is totalitarianism and its mechanisms.[29] Kadare's novels draw on legends surrounding the historical experiences of Albanian people, the representation of classical myths in modern contexts, and the totalitarian regime in Albania. They are obliquely ironic as a result of trying to withstand political scrutiny. Among his best-known books are The General of the Dead Army (1963), The Siege (1970), The Ghost Rider (1980), Broken April (1980),[5] The Palace of Dreams (1981), The Pyramid (1992), and The Successor (2003).

The Pyramid (1992) is a political allegory set in Egypt in the 26th century BC and after. In it, Kadare mocked any dictator's love for hierarchy and useless monuments. In some of Kadare's novels, comprising the so-called "Ottoman Cycle", the Ottoman Empire is used as the archetype of a totalitarian state. Kadare's 1996 novel Spiritus, marks a narrative and compositional turning point in his literary career. The influence of this novel will be felt in all of Kadare's subsequent novels.[30] It deals with group of foreigners who are touring Eastern Europe after the fall of communism and hear exciting rumours during their stay in Albania about the capture of the spirit from the dead. As it turns out, the spirit is in fact a listening device known to the notorious secret service as a "hornet".[31]

The Fall of the Stone City (2008) was awarded the Rexhai Surroi Prize in Kosovo, and was shortlisted for Independent Foreign Fiction Prize in 2013.[32]

Oeuvre

Kadare has been mentioned as a possible recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature several times. His works have been published in about 45 languages.[33]

The following Kadare novels have been translated into English:

English translations

Works published in Albanian

The complete works (except for the essays) of Ismail Kadare were published by Fayard, simultaneously in French and Albanian, between 1993 and 2004.[35] Omitted from the list are the poetry and the short stories. Kadare's original Albanian language works have been published exclusively by Onufri Publishing House since 1996,[36] as single works or entire sets. Being published in 2009 the complete works in 20 volumes.[37]

The dates of publication given here are those of the first publication in Albanian, unless stated otherwise.

Novels and novellas

  • Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur (The General of the Dead Army) (1963)
  • Përbindëshi (The Monster) (1965)
  • Lëkura e daulles (The Wedding) (1967)
  • Kështjella (The Siege) (1970)
  • Kronikë në gur (Chronicle in Stone) (1971)
  • Dimiri i vetmisë së madhe (The Great Winter) (1972)
  • Nëntori i një kryeqyteti (November of a Capital) (1975)
  • Muzgu i perëndive të stepës (Twilight of the Eastern Gods) (1978)
  • Komisioni i festës (The Feast Commission) (1978)
  • Ura me tri harqe (The Three-arched Bridge) (1978)
  • Kamarja e turpit (The Traitor's Niche) (1978)
  • Prilli i thyer (Broken April) (1980)
  • Kush e solli Doruntinën? (The Ghost Rider) (1980)
  • Pallati i ëndrrave (The Palace of Dreams) (1981)
  • Nata me hënë (A Moonlit Night) (1985)
  • Viti i mbrapshtë (The Dark Year) (1985)
  • Krushqit janë të ngrirë (The Wedding Procession Turned to Ice) (1985)
  • Koncert në fund të dimrit (The Concert) (1988)
  • Dosja H. (The File on H.) (1989)
  • Qorrfermani (The Blinding Order) (1991)
  • Piramida (The Pyramid) (1992)
  • Hija (The Shadow) (1994)
  • Shkaba (The Eagle) (1995)
  • Spiritus (1996)
  • Qyteti pa reklama (The City with no Signs) (1998, written in 1959)
  • Lulet e ftohta të marsit (Spring Flowers, Spring Frost) (2000)
  • Breznitë e Hankonatëve (2000)
  • Vajza e Agamemnonit (Agamemnon's Daughter) (2003)
  • Pasardhësi (The Successor) (2003)
  • Jeta, loja dhe vdekja Lul Mazrekut (Life, Game and Death of Lul Mazrek) (2003)
  • Çështje të marrëzisë (A Question of Lunacy) (2005)
  • Darka e Gabuar (The Fall of the Stone City) (2008)
  • E penguara: Rekuiem për Linda B. (A Girl in Exile) (2009)
  • Aksidenti (The Accident) (2010)
  • Mjegullat e Tiranës (Tirana's Mists) (2014, originally written in 1957–58)
  • Kukulla (The Doll) (2015)

Plays

  • Stinë e mërzitshme në Olimp (Dull Season in Olympus) (1998)

Screenplays

  • Sorkadhet e trembura (Frightened Gazelles) (2009)

Poetry

  • Frymëzime djaloshare (1954)
  • Ëndërrimet (1957)
  • Princesha Argjiro (1957)
  • Shekulli im (1961)
  • Përse mendohen këto male (1964)
  • Shqiponjat fluturojnë lart (1966)
  • Motive me diell (1968)
  • Koha (1976)
  • Ca pika shiu ranë mbi qelq (2004)
  • Pa formë është qielli (2005)
  • Vepra poetike në një vëllim (2018)

Essays

  • Autobiografia e popullit në vargje (The People's Autobiography in Verse) (1971)
  • Eskili, ky humbës i madh (Aeschylus, The Lost) (1985)
  • Ftesë në studio (Invitation to the Writer's Studio) (1990)
  • Nga një dhjetor në tjetrin (Albanian Spring) (1991)
  • Kushëriri i engjëjve (The Angels' Cousin) (1997)
  • Kombi shqiptar në prag të mijëvjeçarit të tretë (The Albanian Nation on the Threshold of the Third Millennium) (1998)
  • Unaza në kthetra (The Ring on the Claw) (2001)
  • Poshtërimi në Ballkan (Abasement in the Balkans) (2004)
  • Identiteti evropian i shqiptarëve (The European Identity of Albanians) (2006)
  • Dantja i pashmangshëm (Dante, The Inevitable) (2006)
  • Hamlet, le prince impossible (Hamlet, The Impossible Prince) (2007)
  • Don Kishoti në Ballkan (Don Quixote in the Balkans) (2009)
  • Mosmarrëveshja, mbi raportet e Shqipërisë me vetveten (2010)
  • Mbi krimin në Ballkan; Letërkëmbim i zymtë (On Crime in the Balkans)(2011)
  • Çlirimi i Serbisë prej Kosovës (Serbia's Liberation from Kosovo) (2012)
  • Mëngjeset në Kafe Rostand (Mornings in Cafe Rostand) (2014)
  • Arti si mëkat (Art as a Sin) (2015)
  • Uragani i ndërprerë: Ardhja e Migjenit në letërsinë shqipe" (The Interrupted Hurricane: The Advent of Migjeni in Albanian Literature) (2015)
  • Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore (Essays on World Literature) (2017)
  • Kur sunduesit grinden When Rulers Quarrel (2018)

Story collections

  • Emblema e dikurshme (1977)
  • Ëndërr mashtruese (1991)
  • Tri këngë zie për Kosovën (1998)
  • Vjedhja e gjumit mbretëror (1999)
  • Përballë pasqyrës së një gruaje (2001)
  • Bisedë për brilantet në pasditen e dhjetorit (2013)
  • Koha e dashurisë (Rrëfim Trikohësh) (2015)
  • Proza e shkurtër, në një vëllim (2018)

Quotes

  • “Literature led me to freedom. Not the other way round.”

See also

References

  1. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 25
  2. ^ Fundacion Princessa de Asturias (24 June 2009). "Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature". Fundacion Princessa de Asturias. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  3. ^ a b Ismail Kadare, Albanian writer, Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  4. ^ Novruz Shehu (11 August 2006). "Gjenealogji krijuese hoxhë Dobi, stërgjyshi poet i Kadaresë: duke gërmuar në rrënjët e shpirtit letrar të shkrimtarit të njohur". Shqip. p. 42. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e Liukkonen, Petri. "Ismail Kadare". Books and Writers. Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b c Fayé, Éric (1993). Kadaré, Ismail (ed.). œuvres completes: tome 1. Editions Fayard. pp. 10–25.
  7. ^ Ndue Ukaj (27 May 2016). "Ismail Kadare: Letërsia, identiteti dhe historia". Gazeta Ekspress (in Albanian). Retrieved 12 March 2017. Except from the book Kadare, leximi dhe interpretimet.
  8. ^ shtepiaelibrit.com
  9. ^ Kadare 2011, p. 128
  10. ^ Robert Elsie's comment, 1998 – Jusuf Vrioni: Back to Tirana, 1943–1947
  11. ^ Morgan 2011, p. 89.
  12. ^ Sinani, Shaban (2011). Letërsia në totalitarizëm dhe "Dossier K". Naim Frashëri. pp. 94–96.
  13. ^ Apolloni 2012, p. 24
  14. ^ Kadare 2011, p. 380
  15. ^ Sadik Bejko (2007). Disidentët e rremë. 55. p. 26.
  16. ^ http://www.elsie.de/pdf/reviews/R1994KadareClaire.pdf
  17. ^ http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/20/chronicles-and-fragments
  18. ^ Kadare 2011, p. 183
  19. ^ Ehrenreich, Ben (8 November 2005). "Fates of State: Booker winner Ismail Kadare's art of enigma". The Village Voice. Villagevoice.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  20. ^ Henri Amouroux (28 October 1996). "Installation de M.Islmail Kadare – Associé étranger" (PDF). Académie des Sciences morales et politiques. p. 7. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  21. ^ Robert Elsie (2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. London: I.B.Taurus. pp. 182–183. ISBN 1-84511-031-5.
  22. ^ "Besiana Kadare ambassador".
  23. ^ Wood, James (20 December 2010). "Chronicles and Fragments: The novels of Ismail Kadare". The New Yorker. Condé Nast: 139–143. Retrieved 11 August 2011.(subscription required)
  24. ^ Price of Asturias awards laureates 2009
  25. ^ Rebecca Wojno (15 January 2015). "Albanian writer to receive Jerusalem Prize". The Times of Israel.
  26. ^ 2019 박경리문학상 수상자 이스마일 카다레 Ismail Kadare [Park Kyung-ri Literary Award winner Ismail Kadare 2019]. tojicf.org (in Korean). 19 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  27. ^ Shusha Guppy, "The Books Interview: Ismail Kadare – Enver's never-never land" The Independent, 27 February 1999.
  28. ^ "Albanian author Ismail Kadare has won the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature". Literary Hub. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  29. ^ Fundacion Princessa de Asturias (24 June 2009). "Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature". Fundacion Princessa de Asturias. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  30. ^ Jose Carlos Rodrigo Breto (2018). Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones del Subsuelo. pp. 199–204. ISBN 978-84-947802-0-2.
  31. ^ Robert Elsie (2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. I.B.Taurus. p. 180. ISBN 1-84511-031-5.
  32. ^ Flood, Alison (11 April 2013). "Independent foreign fiction prize 2013 shortlist announced". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  33. ^ Kadare feston ditëlindjen, 60 vjet krijimtari e përkthyer në 45 gjuhë të botës, mapo.al, 29 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  34. ^ "Central Europe Review: The Three-Arched Bridge". 10 May 1999. Retrieved 23 May 2006.
  35. ^ Ismail Kadaré. Oeuvres; introduction et notes de présentation par Eric Faye; traduction de l'albanais de Jusuf Vrioni ... [et al.] Paris: Fayard, 1993–2004
  36. ^ "Katalogu i Vepres se plote te Ismail Kadare nga Botime Onufri". Scribd.com. 22 May 1996. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  37. ^ Vepra e plotë e Ismail Kadare, shtepiaelibrit.com

Sources

Further reading

  • Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë (2008) (in Albanian), Fjalor Enciklopedik Shqiptar 2 (Albanian encyclopedia), Tirana, ISBN 978-99956-10-28-9
  • Elsie, Robert, Historical Dictionary of Albania, New Edition, 2004, ISBN 0-8108-4872-4
  • Gould, Rebecca. "Allegory and the Critique of Sovereignty: Ismail Kadare's Political Theologies", Studies in the Novel vol. 44, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 208–230.
  • Hysa, Shefki, "The Diplomacy of self-denial" (Diplomacia e vetëmohimit), publicistic, Tirana, 2008. ISBN 978-99956-650-3-6
  • Morgan, Peter (2011) "Ismail Kadare's Inner Emigration", in Sara Jones & Meesha Nehru (Eds.), Writing under Socialism, (pp. 131–142). Nottingham, UK: Critical, Cultural and Communications (CCC) Press.
  • Morgan, Peter (2011) "Greek Civilisation as a Theme of Dissidence in the Work of Ismail Kadare", Modern Greek Studies (Australia and New Zealand), 15, 16–32.
  • Morgan, Peter (2010) Ismail Kadare: The Writer and the Dictatorship 1957–1990, Oxford: Legenda, 2010, Albanian translation 2011.
  • Morgan, Peter (2010) Kadare post Communism: Albania, the Balkans and Europe in the Work of Ismail Kadare, 1990–2008, Australian Research Council (ARC)/Discovery Projects (DP).
  • Morgan, Peter (2005) "Ismail Kadare: Creativity under Communism", The Australian Newspaper.
  • Rranzi, Paulin. "Personalities – Missionaries of Peace" publicistic, (2011), Tirana, ISBN 978-99956-43-60-7

External links

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