Reiki: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Pseudoscientific healing technique}} |
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{{About|the Japanese-era name and practice|the era|Reiki (era)}} |
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{{Paranormal}} |
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{{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}} |
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{{Chinese |
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|hanja=靈氣 |
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[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31642490]{{nihongo|'''Reiki'''|霊気|(pronounced: "Ray-Key")|}}, a biofield energy therapy,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gantt|first=MeLisa|last2=Orina|first2=JA|date=2019|title=Educate, Try, and Share: A Feasibility Study to Assess the Acceptance and Use of Reiki as an Adjunct Therapy for Chronic Pain in Military Health Care Facilities|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31642490|journal=Military Medicine|volume=|pages=|doi=10.1093/milmed/usz271|issn=1930-613X|pmid=31642490|via=}}</ref> is a form of complementary health care in which trained practitioners rest their hands on or just about a fully clothed client's body to induce relaxation and promote health through the body's innate "rest, restore and heal" response (i.e., activating the parasympathetic nervous system). Reiki practitioners use a technique called ''palm healing'' or ''hands-on healing'' through which subtle energy, also referred to as the human biofield<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Peiying|last2=Jiang|first2=Yan|last3=Rhea|first3=Patrea R.|last4=Conway|first4=Tara L.|last5=Chen|first5=Dongmei|last6=Gagea|first6=Mihai|last7=Harribance|first7=Sean L.|last8=Cohen|first8=Lorenzo|date=2019|title=Human Biofield Therapy and the Growth of Mouse Lung Carcinoma|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1534735419840797|journal=Integrative Cancer Therapies|language=en|volume=18|pages=153473541984079|doi=10.1177/1534735419840797|issn=1534-7354|via=}}</ref>, is said to be transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing. Developed in Japan in the 1920s, it has been adapted into varying cultural traditions around the world. |
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{{nihongo|'''Reiki'''|霊気||{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|eɪ|k|iː}}}} is a form of [[alternative medicine]] called [[Energy medicine|energy healing]]. Reiki practitioners use a technique called ''palm healing'' or ''hands-on healing'' through which a "[[Energy (esotericism)|universal energy]]" is said to be transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing. |
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Reiki is a [[pseudoscience]],<ref name=psych/> and is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles. It is based on ''[[qi]]'' ("chi"), which practitioners say is a universal [[vitalism|life force]], although there is no [[empirical evidence]] that such a life force exists.<ref name='Lee_SR'/><ref name="sciencebasedmedicine.org">Reiki: Fraudulent Misrepresentation « [[Science-Based Medicine]]: [https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/reiki-fraudulent-misrepresentation/ Reiki: Fraudulent Misrepresentation « [[Science-Based Medicine]]], accessdate: May 28, 2016</ref> Clinical research has not shown reiki to be effective as a treatment for any medical condition.<ref name='Lee_SR'>{{cite journal |last1= Lee |first1= MS |last2= Pittler |first2= MH |last3= Ernst |first3= E |authorlink3= Edzard Ernst |title=Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials |journal= International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=947–54 |year=2008 |pmid=18410352 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x |type=Systematic Review |quote=In conclusion, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition. Therefore the value of reiki remains unproven.}}</ref> There has been no proof of the effectiveness of reiki therapy compared to [[placebo]]. An overview of reiki investigations found that studies reporting positive effects had methodological flaws. The [[American Cancer Society]] stated that reiki should not replace conventional cancer treatment,<ref name=ACS/> a sentiment echoed by [[Cancer Research UK]]<ref name=cruk/> and the [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]].<ref name=NCCIH>{{cite web|title=Reiki: What You Need To Know|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/reiki/introduction.htm|publisher= [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150411002903/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/reiki/introduction.htm |archivedate= 11 April 2015 |url-status= live}}</ref> |
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Developed in Japan in 1922 by [[Mikao Usui]],<ref name=psych/><ref>{{cite web |first= Steven |last= Novella |authorlink= Steven Novella |title= Reiki |work= [[Science-Based Medicine]] |date= 19 October 2011 |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/reiki/ |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150411081804/https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/reiki/ |archivedate= 11 April 2015 |url-status= live}}</ref> it has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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[[Image:Mikaousui.jpg|thumb|upright|''Mikao Usui'' 臼井甕男 (1865–1926)]] |
[[Image:Mikaousui.jpg|thumb|upright|''Mikao Usui'' 臼井甕男 (1865–1926)]] |
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[[File:Chujiro Hayashi.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Chujiro Hayashi]]'' 林 忠次郎 (1880–1940)]] |
[[File:Chujiro Hayashi.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Chujiro Hayashi]]'' 林 忠次郎 (1880–1940)]] |
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According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the English |
According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the English word ''Reiki'' is [[List of English words of Japanese origin|etymologically from Japanese]] ''reiki'' ([[wikt:霊気|霊気]]) "mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign" (first recorded in 1001), combining ''rei'' "soul, spirit" and ''ki'' "[[Energy (esotericism)|vital energy]]"—the [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese reading]] of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ''língqì'' ([[wikt:靈氣|靈氣]]) "numinous atmosphere".<ref name="OED">{{cite book |title= Oxford English Dictionary ''(''OED'')'' |chapter= Reiki |year= 2003 |edition=|chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/246352?redirectedFrom=Reiki#eid|title-link= Oxford English Dictionary }} Sino-Japanese readings were historically borrowed from [[Middle Chinese]] pronunciations, reconstructed by [[Reconstructions of Old Chinese#Baxter–Sagart (2014)|Baxter-Sagart]] as ''lengkhj'' (靈氣).</ref> The earliest recorded English usage dates to 1975.<ref>The ''OED'' cites ''[[The San Mateo Times]]'', 2 May 1975, 32/1, announcing [[Hawayo Takata]]'s lecture "A Reiki Master's Prediction and Participation in his Own Transition".</ref> |
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== '''Founder, Mikao Usui 1865 - 1926''' == |
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The Japanese ''reiki'' is commonly written as レイキ in [[katakana]] syllabary or as 霊気 in [[shinjitai]] "new character form" [[kanji]]. It [[compound (linguistics)|compounds]] the words ''rei'' ([[Wikt:霊|霊]]: "spirit, miraculous, divine") and ''ki'' ([[wikt:気|気]]; [[qi]]: "gas, vital energy, breath of life, consciousness").<ref>{{cite book |first= Jack |last= Halpern |title= New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (新漢英字典) |publisher= [[Kenkyūsha]] |origyear= 1990 |edition= NTC reprint |year= 1993}}</ref> ''Ki'' is additionally defined as "... spirits; one's feelings, mood, frame of mind; temperament, temper, disposition, one's nature, character; mind to do something, intention, will; care, attention, precaution". Some ''reiki'' translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery,"<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Mark |editor1-last= Spahn |editor2-first= Wolfgang |editor2-last= Hadamidtzy |others= With Fujie-Winter, Kimiko |year= 1989 |title= Japanese Character Dictionary With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji |publisher= Nichigai |location= Tokyo |isbn= 978-4816908286}}</ref> "an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery",<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Andrew N. |editor1-last= Nelson |editor2-first= John H. |editor2-last= Haig |editor1link= Andrew Nelson (lexicographer) |year= 1997 |title= The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary |publisher= [[Tuttle Publishing]] |isbn= 9780804820363 |ref= harv |title-link= The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary }}</ref> and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Toshiro |editor1-last= Watanabe |editor2-first= Edmund R. |editor2-last= Skrzypczak |editor3-first= Paul |editor3-last= Snowden |year=2003 |title= Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary |location= Tokyo |publisher= [[Kenkyūsha]] |edition= 5th|title-link= Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary }}</ref> Besides the usual Sino-Japanese pronunciation ''reiki'', these kanji 霊気 have an alternate Japanese reading, namely ''ryōge'', meaning "demon; ghost" (especially in [[spirit possession]]).<ref>{{cite book |editor-first= Morohashi |editor-last= Tetsuji |year= 1960 |title= Dai Kan-Wa jiten 大漢和辞典 |publisher= Taishukan|title-link= Dai Kan-Wa jiten }}<br />{{cite book |editor-first= Todo |editor-last= Akiyasu |year= 1978 |title= Kan-Wa Daijiten 漢和大字典 |publisher= [[Gakken]]}}<br />Both dictionaries define ''ryōge'' as a ''mononoke'' もののけ, meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit" that possesses people.</ref>{{sfnp|Nelson|Haig|1997|ps= : ''Ryō'' 霊 means "evil spirit who possesses a human".}} |
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{{expand-section|date=May 2019}} |
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[http://www.reiki.nu/history/usui/usui.html '''Mikao Usui'''] was born into a high-ranking family on August 15th 1865 in the village of 'Taniai-mura' in the Yamagata district of Gifu prefecture Kyoto. As a child, he studied in a Tendai Buddhist monastery and was a student of the martial arts. [https://www.reiki.org/articles/usui-memorial His memorial stone] states that he was a talented, hard working student, liked to read, and had studied medicine, psychology, fortune-telling and theology of religions around the world, including the Kyoten (Buddhist Bible) was vast. His wife's name was Sadako, and they had a son (born 1907) and daughter. |
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Usui held many different professions such as public servant, businessman, and private secretary to a high-ranking official, Shimpei Goto, who was Secretary of the Railroad, Postmaster General and Secretary of the Interior and State. Usui was also a Tendai Buddhist lay priest, and in late middle age he embarked on a 21-day meditation retreat on Mount Kurama (Horse Saddle Mountain), which culminated in a profound spiritual realization. Following this experience, he was inspired to develop his own system of energy healing, which came to be known as Reiki. It is likely that he incorporated ideas and techniques from other systems which also were founded in spiritual development through self-discipline and meditation. |
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[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ''língqì'' 靈氣 was first recorded in the (ca. 320 BCE) ''[[Neiye]]'' "Inward Training" section of the ''[[Guanzi (text)|Guanzi]]'', describing early [[Daoist meditation]] techniques. "That mysterious vital energy within the mind: One moment it arrives, the next it departs. So fine, there is nothing within it; so vast, there is nothing outside it. We lose it because of the harm caused by mental agitation."<ref>{{cite book |last= Roth |first= Harold D. |year= 2004 |title= Original Tao: Inward Training ''(''Nei-yeh'')'' and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism |publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |page= 97 |isbn= 9780231115650 |
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}}<br />Compare translating 靈氣在心 as "The magical ''qi'' within the heart"<br />{{cite web |first= R. |last= Eno |year= 2005 |title= Guanzi: "The Inner Enterprise" |at= Section 18: Moderation |url= http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Neiye.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070621110822/http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Neiye.pdf |archivedate= 21 June 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2015}}</ref> Modern [[Standard Chinese]] ''língqì'' is translated by Chinese-English dictionaries as: "(of beautiful mountains) spiritual influence or atmosphere";<ref>{{cite book |editor-first= Lin |editor-last= Yutang |year= 1972 |url= http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ |title= Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage |publisher= Chinese University of Hong Kong Press}}</ref> "1. intelligence; power of understanding; 2. supernatural power or force in fairy tales; miraculous power or force";<ref>{{cite book |editor-first= Ling |editor-last= Yuan |year= 2002 |title= The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, Chinese-English Edition |publisher= Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press}}</ref> and "1. spiritual influence (of mountains/etc.); 2. ingeniousness; cleverness."<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= DeFrancis |editor-first= John |year= 2003 |title= ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary |publisher= [[University of Hawaii Press]]}}</ref> |
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Mikao Usui found that the healing techniques he had developed worked well on various ailments. In April 1922 ,he opened his first school/clinic in Tokyo. Usui had a small manual which is now translated into English and published by Western Reiki Master living in Japan, [http://www.frankarjavapetter.com/ Frank Arjava Petter], under the title "The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr Mikao Usui" Integral to Usui's teachings is the concept that Reiki helps people to become more centered and balanced, thereby healing themselves. |
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==Origins== |
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{{expand-section|date=May 2019}} |
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According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of reiki to more than 2,000 people during his lifetime. While teaching reiki in [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]], Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.<ref name="UsuiMemorial">Inscription on Usui's memorial</ref>{{better source|date=March 2015}} |
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According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of Reiki to more than 2,000 people during his lifetime. While teaching in [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]], he suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.<ref name="UsuiMemorial">Inscription on Usui's memorial</ref>{{better source|date=March 2015}} |
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==Research, critical evaluation, and controversy== |
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==Founding Principles== |
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===Basis=== |
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{{Main|https://iarp.org/new-look-five-reiki-principles/}} |
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{{Main|Vitalism}} |
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Reiki's conceptual foundation is based on the long-established Asian hypothesis that ''qi'' (chi) is a form of vital energy that is a [[physiological]] force and can be manipulated to treat a range of diseases and conditions. However, the therapeutic effects of Reiki are considered to be secondary to its role as a spiritual practice, based on universal, nondenominational principles that include regular meditation and a commitment to abide by the Five Precepts, which founder Mikao Usui asserted were "the secret art of inviting happiness and the miraculous medicine for all diseases":{{quote|text=THE FIVE PRECEPTS OF REIKI: |
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Reiki's teachings and adherents claim that ''qi'' is [[physiological]] and can be manipulated to treat a disease or condition. The existence of qi has not been established by medical research.<ref name="Lee_SR"/> Therefore, reiki is a pseudoscientific theory based on metaphysical concepts.<ref name=psych/> |
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Just for today... |
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The existence of the proposed mechanism for reiki—''[[qi]]'' or "life force" energy—has not been scientifically established.<ref name="Lee_SR" /><ref name=JAMA>{{Cite journal | authors = L Rosa, E Rosa, L Sarner, S Barrett | title = A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 279 | issue = 13 | pages = 1005–10 | date = April 1, 1998 | doi=10.1001/jama.279.13.1005 | pmid=9533499}}</ref> Most research on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition,<ref name="Lee_SR" /><ref name=ACS>{{cite book |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]] |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse |chapter-url-access=registration |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editors=Russell J, Rovere A |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/243 243–45] |chapter=Reiki}}</ref><ref name=cruk>{{cite web |title=Reiki |publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]] |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/reiki |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318062404/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancers-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/reiki |archivedate= 18 March 2015 |url-status= live|date=2017-08-30 }}</ref> although some physicians have said it might help promote general [[well-being]].<ref name=cruk/> In 2011, [[William T. Jarvis]] of [[The National Council Against Health Fraud]] stated that there "is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion" or the [[placebo effect]].<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite web |last= Jarvis |first= William T. |url=http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |publisher= [[National Council Against Health Fraud]] |title= Reiki |accessdate= 31 March 2011}}</ref> |
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** Do not abide in anger. |
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** Do not abide in worry. |
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** Rather, be filled with gratitude. |
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** Do your inner and outer work with integrity. |
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** Show kindness to all living things. |
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"Every morning and evening, join your hands in prayer. Pray these words to your heart and chant these words with your mouth... for the improvement of body and mind” |
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The April 22, 2014 [[Brian Dunning (author)#Skeptoid podcast|Skeptoid podcast]] episode titled "Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body: |
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- Mikao Usui, Founder of Reiki|source=|sign=Reiki: The Five Founding Precepts}} |
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{{quote|text=What we'll be looking for here, within John's auric field, is any areas of intense heat, unusual coldness, a repelling energy, a dense energy, a magnetizing energy, tingling sensations, or actually the body attracting the hands into that area where it needs the reiki energy, and balancing of John's qi.<ref name = Dunning>{{Skeptoid|id=4411|number=411|title=Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields|accessdate=3 September 2016}}</ref>}} |
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===Peer-Reviewed Research=== |
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Evaluating these claims [[Skeptical movement|scientific skeptic]] author [[Brian Dunning (author)|Brian Dunning]] reported: |
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In the past 30 years (1989 to 2019), [https://www.centerforreikiresearch.org/timetoshiftgears.aspx '''77''' English-language studies of Reiki have been published in peer-reviewed journals.] This research suggests that Reiki, which promotes deep relaxation and fosters a sense of wellbeing, may help to control pain, reduce burnout, and diminish anxiety and depression. The findings regarding its effect on acute and chronic pain, in particular, are very promising. |
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{{quote|text=...his aura, his qi, his reiki energy. None of these have any counterpart in the physical world. Although she attempted to describe their properties as heat or magnetism, those properties are already taken by—well, heat and magnetism. There are no properties attributable to the mysterious field she describes, thus it cannot be authoritatively said to exist."<ref name = Dunning/>|sign=|source=}} |
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Seven of the 77 above-mentioned articles were ''pilot studies'' — small-scale clinical trials that are conducted to determine the feasibility of replicating the same research at a larger scale. Six of these seven Reiki to be significantly more effective than standard-of-care treatments for chemotherapy-related discomfort<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Catlin|first=Anita|last2=Taylor-Ford|first2=Rebecca L.|date=2011-04-29|title=Investigation of Standard Care Versus Sham Reiki Placebo Versus Actual Reiki Therapy to Enhance Comfort and Well-Being in a Chemotherapy Infusion Center|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/11.onf.e212-e220|journal=Oncology Nursing Forum|volume=38|issue=3|pages=E212–E220|doi=10.1188/11.onf.e212-e220|issn=0190-535X}}</ref> (Catlin and Taylor-Ford, 2011), high blood pressure <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salles|first=Léia Fortes|last2=Vannucci|first2=Luciana|last3=Salles|first3=Amanda|last4=Silva|first4=Maria Júlia Paes da|date=2014|title=The effect of Reiki on blood hypertension|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201400078|journal=Acta Paulista de Enfermagem|volume=27|issue=5|pages=479–484|doi=10.1590/1982-0194201400078|issn=0103-2100|via=}}</ref>(Salles et al, 2014), depression<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Charkhandeh|first=Mansoureh|last2=Talib|first2=Mansor Abu|last3=Hunt|first3=Caroline Jane|date=2016|title=The clinical effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy and an alternative medicine approach in reducing symptoms of depression in adolescents|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178115305783|journal=Psychiatry Research|language=en|volume=239|pages=325–330|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.044|via=}}</ref> (Charkhandeh et al, 2016) anxiety<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-07-05|title=Self-Efficacy for Coping with Cancer Enhances the Effect of Reiki Treatments During the Pre-Surgery Phase of Breast Cancer Patients|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.11736|journal=Anticancer Research|volume=37|issue=7|doi=10.21873/anticanres.11736|issn=0250-7005}}</ref> (Chirico et al, 2017), and pain (Gillespie et al, 2007,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gillespie|first=E. A.|last2=Gillespie|first2=B. W.|last3=Stevens|first3=M. J.|date=2007-03-28|title=Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Impact of an alternative approach|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1475|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=30|issue=4|pages=999–1001|doi=10.2337/dc06-1475|issn=0149-5992}}</ref> Kurebayashi et al, 2016<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kurebayashi|first=Leonice Fumiko Sato|last2=Turrini|first2=Ruth Natalia Teresa|last3=Souza|first3=Talita Pavarini Borges de|last4=Takiguchi|first4=Raymond Sehiji|last5=Kuba|first5=Gisele|last6=Nagumo|first6=Marisa Toshi|date=2016|title=Massage and Reiki used to reduce stress and anxiety: Randomized Clinical Trial|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1614.2834|journal=Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem|volume=24|issue=0|doi=10.1590/1518-8345.1614.2834|issn=0104-1169}}</ref>). |
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===Scholarly evaluation=== |
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Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and [[academic journal]] articles.<ref name=psych>{{cite book |last1= Semple |first1= D. |last2= Smyth |first2= R. |title= Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry |year=2013 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780199693887 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=LiJKseis6OYC&pg=PA20 20] |chapter= Ch. 1: Psychomythology |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name= "Winchester2012">{{cite book |last= Winchester |first= Simon |authorlink= Simon Winchester |title= Skulls: An Exploration of Alan Dudley's Curious Collection |year= 2012 |publisher= [[Black Dog Publishing|Black Dog & Leventhal]] |isbn= 9781579129125 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j7OANd0g_jEC&pg=PA97 97–]}}</ref><ref name="Donlan2009">{{cite book |last= Donlan |first=Joseph E. |title=Ordaining Reality in Brief: The Shortcut to Your Future |year= 2009 |publisher=[[Universal Publishers (United States)|Universal Publishers]] |isbn= 9781599428925 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=yVpenBMH_a8C&pg=PA63 63–]}}</ref><ref name= "Lobato2014">{{cite journal |last1= Lobato |first1= E |last2= Mendoza |first2= J |last3= Sims |first3= V |last4= Chin |first4= M |title= Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population |journal= Applied Cognitive Psychology |volume= 28 |issue= 5 |year= 2014 |pages= 617–25 |doi=10.1002/acp.3042}}</ref><ref name= "Gorski2014">{{cite journal |last1= Gorski |first1= DH |authorlink1= David Gorski |last2= Novella |first2= SP |authorlink2= Steven Novella |title=Clinical trials of integrative medicine: Testing whether magic works? |journal= [[Trends in Molecular Medicine]] |volume= 20 |issue= 9 |year= 2014 |pages= 473–76 |doi= 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007 |pmid= 25150944}}</ref> [[Emily Rosa]] became the youngest person to publish in the medical literature at eleven years old when her school science project was published by the ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]'' demonstrating that reiki practitioners could not detect the alleged "life force" under experimental conditions.<ref name="nytchi">{{Cite news| title = A Child's Paper Poses a Medical Challenge| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/01/us/a-child-s-paper-poses-a-medical-challenge.html| newspaper = The New York Times|date = 1 April 1998|access-date = 3 June 2016|issn = 0362-4331| first = Gina| last = Kolata}}</ref> A double-blind study where people were trained to administer reiki or another treatment found that the practitioners found no difference in terms of ability to feel 'energy force' in either procedure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shiflett|first=Samuel C.|last2=Nayak|first2=Sangeetha|last3=Bid|first3=Champa|last4=Miles|first4=Pamela|last5=Agostinelli|first5=Sandra|date=2004-07-05|title=Effect of Reiki Treatments on Functional Recovery in Patients in Poststroke Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study|journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine|language=en|volume=8|issue=6|pages=755–763|doi=10.1089/10755530260511766|pmid=12614528}}</ref> |
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In December 2019, the ''Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine'' published "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31638407 A Large-Scale Effectiveness Trial of Reiki for Physical and Psychological Health]," the largest prospective study to date, which was was conducted at Harvard University in 2015 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dyer|first=Natalie L.|last2=Baldwin|first2=Ann L.|last3=Rand|first3=William L.|date=2019-12-01|title=A Large-Scale Effectiveness Trial of Reiki for Physical and Psychological Health|url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/acm.2019.0022|journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine|language=en|volume=25|issue=12|pages=1156–1162|doi=10.1089/acm.2019.0022|issn=1075-5535}}</ref> |
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In criticizing the [[State University of New York]] for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, "reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,"<ref name="Lilienfeld2014">{{cite book|first1=Scott O. |last= Lilienfeld|first2=Steven Jay |last2= Lynn|first3=Jeffrey M. |last3= Lohr|title=Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology |year= 2014|publisher=[[Guilford Press]]|isbn= 9781462517893 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z0gBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 202–]}}</ref> and others said, "In spite of its [reiki] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated..."<ref name= Ferraresi2013>{{cite journal |last1= Ferraresi |first1= M |last2= Clari |first2= R |last3= Moro |first3= I |last4= Banino |first4= E |last5= Boero |first5= E |last6= Crosio |first6= A |last7= Dayne |first7= R |last8= Rosset |first8= L |last9= Scarpa |first9= A |last10= Serra |first10= E |last11= Surace |first11= A |last12= Testore |first12= A |last13= Colombi |first13= N |last14= Piccoli |first14= B |displayauthors= 4 |title= Reiki and related therapies in the dialysis ward: An evidence-based and ethical discussion to debate if these complementary and alternative medicines are welcomed or banned |journal= [[BMC Nephrology]] |volume= 14 |issue= 1 |year= 2013 |pages= 129– |doi= 10.1186/1471-2369-14-129 |pmid= 23799960 |pmc= 3694469 }}</ref> and, "Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing."<ref name= "Reiboldt2013">{{cite book|last= Reiboldt|first= Wendy|title= Consumer Survival: An Encyclopedia of Consumer Rights, Safety, and Protection|year= 2013 |publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781598849370 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=zY6dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA765 765]}}</ref> |
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=== '''Large-Scale Efficacy Studies Being Planned''' === |
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Several authors have pointed to the [[Vitalism|vitalistic]] energy which reiki is claimed to treat,<ref name= "Canter2013">{{cite book |editor-last= Ernst |editor-first= Edzard |editor-link= Edzard Ernst |first= Peter H. |last= Canter |chapter= Vitalism and Other Pseudoscience in Alternative Medicine: The Retreat from Science |title= Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine |year= 2013 |publisher= Andrews UK Limited |isbn= 9781845407117 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=3bO7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT116 116–]}}</ref><ref name= "Smith2011">{{cite book |first=Jonathan C. |last= Smith|title=Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit|year= 2011|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn= 9781444358940 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sJgONrua8IkC&pg=PT251 251–]}}</ref><ref name= "Shermer">{{cite book |editor-first= Michael |editor-last= Shermer |editorlink= Michael Shermer |first= Larry |last= Sarner |chapter= Therapeutic Touch |title= The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn= 9781576076538 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA252 252–]|title-link= The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience }}</ref> with one saying, "Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes reiki from [[Therapeutic touch]] is that it [reiki] involves actual touch,"<ref name= "Shermer"/> and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training "mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an [[alchemy]] society.<ref name= "Pugliucci2013">{{cite book|last1=Pigliucci|first1=Massimo |authorlink1= Massimo Pigliucci |last2=Boudry|first2=Maarten |authorlink2= Maarten Boudry |title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem|year= 2013|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn= 9780226051826 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc4OAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178–]}}</ref> |
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Following two successful pilot studies on the effects of Reiki for post-surgical pain in total knee replacement Notte, Fazzini, Mooney, 2016<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Notte|first=Barbara Byrne|last2=Fazzini|first2=Carol|last3=Mooney|first3=Ruth A.|date=2016|title=Reikiʼs effect on patients with total knee arthroplasty|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000476246.16717.65|journal=Nursing|volume=46|issue=2|pages=17–23|doi=10.1097/01.nurse.0000476246.16717.65|issn=0360-4039|via=}}</ref>; Baldwin, Vitale, Brownell, Kryak, Rand, 2017<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baldwin|first=Ann Linda|last2=Vitale|first2=Anne|last3=Brownell|first3=Elise|last4=Kryak|first4=Elizabeth|last5=Rand|first5=William|date=2017|title=Effects of Reiki on Pain, Anxiety, and Blood Pressure in Patients Undergoing Knee Replacement|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hnp.0000000000000195|journal=Holistic Nursing Practice|volume=31|issue=2|pages=80–89|doi=10.1097/hnp.0000000000000195|issn=0887-9311}}</ref>), plans are underway to implement [https://www.centerforreikiresearch.org/timetoshiftgears.aspx a large-scale, randomized, controlled, multi-center clinical study] at Saint Vincent Hospital and the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester, MA. Subjects will be assessed for pain level, blood pressure, respiration rate and anxiety both before and after surgery, and the use of pain medication also will be monitored. This medical study is being conducted to scientifically verify these results so that every patient can receive this assistance during surgery, if they so choose. |
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Similar research plans are also underway at Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, the clinical arm of the NCI-designated Albert Einstein Cancer Center. A study of the benefits of Reiki before, during and after surgery will be conducted by [https://www.medicalreikiworks.org/ Sheldon Marc Feldman, MD, Chief of the Division of Breast Surgery and Surgical Oncology], and Director of Breast Cancer Services. |
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A guideline published by the [[American Academy of Neurology]], the [[American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine]], and the [[American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation]] states, "Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy]."<ref name= "Bril2001">{{cite journal |last1= Bril |first1= V |last2= England |first2= J |last3= Franklin |first3= GM |last4= Backonja |first4= M |last5= Cohen |first5= J |last6= Del Toro |first6= D |last7= Feldman |first7= E |last8= Iverson |first8= DJ |last9= Perkins |first9= B |last10= Russell |first10= JW |last11= Zochodne |first11= D |displayauthors= 4 |title= Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |journal= [[Neurology (journal)|Neurology]] |volume= 76 |issue= 20 |year= 2011 |pages= 1758–65 |doi= 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182166ebe |url= http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.full.pdf |pmid= 21482920 |pmc= 3100130}}</ref> Canadian sociologist [[Susan J. Palmer]] has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by cults in France to attract members.<ref name= "Palmer2011">{{cite book |last= Palmer |first= Susan |title= The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la Republique, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects" |year= 2011 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780199875993 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=pY5pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129–]}}</ref> |
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== <small>Safety</small> == |
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=== Evidence quality === |
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{{See also|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28874060}} |
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A 2008 [[systematic review]] of 9 [[randomized clinical trial]]s found several shortcomings in the literature on reiki.<ref name="ijcp">{{cite journal |url= |title=Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. |last=Lee |first=M. |date=2008 |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x |pmid= 18410352|first2=M. |last2=Pittler |last3=Ernst |first3=E. |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=947–54}}</ref> Depending on the tools used to measure [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] and [[anxiety]], the results varied and were not reliable or valid. Furthermore, the scientific community has been unable to replicate the findings of studies that support reiki. The review also found issues in reporting methodology in some of the literature, in that often there were parts omitted completely or not clearly described.<ref name=ijcp/> Frequently in these studies, sample sizes were not calculated and adequate allocation and double-blind procedures were not followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects.<ref name=ijcp/> |
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<big>Safety concerns for Reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many [[complementary and alternative medicine]] practices. Nonetheless, Reiki practitioners, as well as [[physicians]] and other health care providers, are careful to remind patients that Reiki or other biofield treatments should not be considered or used as a substitute for proven treatments, especially in the case of life-threatening conditions</big><small>.<ref name="There is no accreditation body for reiki, nor any regulation of the practice.">{{cite web|url=http://www.disabled-world.com/medical/alternative/reiki/|title=Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information|website=Disabled world.com|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref></small> |
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===Safety=== |
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{{See also|Alternative medicine#Safety}} |
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===<small>Training and Certification</small>=== |
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Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many [[complementary and alternative medicine]] practices. Some [[physicians]] and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus endangering their health.<ref name="There is no accreditation body for reiki, nor any regulation of the practice.">{{cite web|title=Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information|url=http://www.disabled-world.com/medical/alternative/reiki/|website=Disabled world.com|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/reiki/introduction.htm|title=Reiki: In Depth|website=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)|accessdate=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States|volume=35|issue=9|pages=514–522|pmc=2957745|journal=P & T : A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management|year=2010|last1=Ventola|first1=C. L.|pmid=20975811}}</ref> |
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<big>As with many complementary health care professions still in the process of building a body of evidence, there is no central authority that controls the use of the term "Reiki" or determines what is required to become a "Reiki Master".<ref>{{citation|author=Elaine Stillerman|title=Modalities for Massage and Bodywork|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi9yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|year=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323260794|quote=Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.|p=295}}</ref> There are numerous schools and traditions of Reiki, although the most well established all trace the origins of their tradition to the founder, Mikao Usui. This traditionally is referred to as one's Reiki "lineage." There currently is no regulation of Reiki in the United States, largely because it is noninvasive, although in other countries -- such as the United Kingdom -- Reiki is a regulated complementary treatment that is offered in mainstream hospitals, including at [https://www.reikiwithmedicine.org/our-mission/ St George’s University Hospitals] NHS Foundation Trust, one of London’s leading teaching hospitals.</big> |
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=== Review of Literature to Date === |
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===Catholic Church concerns=== |
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In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] issued the document ''Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy'', in which they declared that the practice of reiki was based on [[superstition]], being neither truly [[faith healing]] nor science-based medicine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=United State Conference of Catholic Bishops |first1=Committee of Doctrine |title=GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING REIKI AS AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY |url=http://www.usccb.org/_cs_upload/about/doctrine/publications/133978_1.pdf |website=USCCB Publications on Doctrine |publisher=United State Conference of Catholic Bishops |accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Explaining that the Catholic church believes in healing, "the bishops noted that the Church recognizes two kinds of healing: healing by divine grace and healing that utilizes the powers of nature."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fernandes |first1=Earl |title=WHAT DOES THE CHURCH TEACH ABOUT REIKI? |url=https://www.thecatholictelegraph.com/qa-what-does-the-church-teach-about-reiki/22105 |website=The Catholic Telegraph |publisher=Archdiocese of Cincinnati |accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref> The Church teaches that if a Catholic seeks "bodily healing from God, the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick has been passed down ... throughout the centuries" in order to trust in the Divine, strengthen resolve and authentically heal one in body and soul.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kosloski |first1=Phillip |title=The spiritual dangers behind Reiki healing services |work=Aletia |agency=Foundation for Evangelization through the Media |publisher=Média-Participations Group and WordPress |date=23 October 2018}}</ref> The 2009 guideline concluded that "since reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for reiki therapy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=United State Conference of Catholic Bishops |first1=Committee of Doctrine |title=GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING REIKI AS AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY |url=http://www.usccb.org/_cs_upload/about/doctrine/publications/133978_1.pdf |website=USCCB Publications on Doctrine |publisher=United State Conference of Catholic Bishops |accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://www.usccb.org/about/doctrine/publications/upload/evaluation-guidelines-finaltext-2009-03.pdf |title= Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy |author= Committee on Doctrine United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |date= 25 March 2010 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150331214733/http://usccb.org/about/doctrine/publications/upload/evaluation-guidelines-finaltext-2009-03.pdf |archivedate= 31 March 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In December of 2014, the USCCB Committee on Divine Worship noted in an article about exorcism and its use in the Church that one of the regional or cultural influences that might open a person to demonic possession and the "current state of the afflicted person" includes involvement in the practice of reiki.<ref>{{cite news |last1=USCCB Committee on Divine Worship and the Secretariat of Divine Worship |title=29 Questions on Exorcism and Its Use in the Church, Part Two |url=http://www.usccb.org/_cs_upload/about/divine-worship/newsletter/170885_1.pdf |accessdate=19 August 2019 |work=Committee on Divine Worship Newsletter |issue=Volume L |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |date=December 2014}}</ref> Since this announcement, some Catholic [[laity|lay people]] have continued to practice reiki, but it has been removed from many Catholic hospitals and other institutions.<ref name="CatholicReiki">{{cite news | last=Lawton| first=Kim| title =Reiki and the Catholic Church| newspaper =| location = | pages = | language = | publisher =[[PBS]]| date =12 February 2010 | url =https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2010/02/12/february-12-2010-reiki-and-the-catholic-church/5683/| accessdate =28 June 2015}}</ref> |
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* <small>Assefi N, Bogart A, Goldberg J, Buchwald D. Reiki for the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med, 14:1115–1122, 2008.</small> |
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===Training, certification and adoption=== |
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* <small>Baldwin AL, Vitale A, Brownell E, Kryak E, and Rand W. Effects of Reiki on pain, anxiety, and blood pressure in patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. Holistic Nursing Practice, 31(2): 80-89, 2017.</small> |
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There is no central authority controlling use of the words "reiki" or "reiki master".<ref>{{citation|title=Modalities for Massage and Bodywork|author=Elaine Stillerman|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2014|p=295|isbn=9780323260794|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi9yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|quote=Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.}}</ref> Certificates can be purchased online for under 100 dollars.<ref>{{citation|pp=7–8|title=Essential Reiki Teaching Manual: A Companion Guide for Reiki Healers|author=Diane Stein|publisher=Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony|year=2011|isbn=9780307783806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eASXC2-iEv4C&pg=PA8}}</ref> It is "not uncommon" for a course to offer attainment of reiki master in two weekends.<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmKzzvL29G0C&pg=PT297|chapter=Reiki Training Levels|title=Reiki Collection|authors=Penelope Quest and Kathy Roberts|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781101576205|year=2012}}</ref> There is no regulation of practitioners or reiki master in the United States.<ref>{{citation|chapter=Reiki classes and certification|title=Reiki for Dummies|author=Nina L. Paul|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=9781118054741}}</ref> |
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* <small>Baldwin, A., Vitale, A., Brownell, E., Scicinski, J., Kearns, M., & Rand, W. (2010). The touchstone process: An ongoing critical evaluation of Reiki in the scientific literature. Holistic Nursing Practice, 24(5), 260-276.</small> |
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* <small>Baldwin, A.L., Wagers, C., & Schwartz, G. (2008). Reiki improves heart rate homeostasis in laboratory rats. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(4), 417-422.</small> |
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The ''Washington Post'' reported in 2014 that in response to customer demand at least 60 hospitals in the United States offered reiki, at a cost of between $40 and $300 per session.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post |author=Sacks B |date=16 May 2014 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/reiki-goes-mainstream-spiritual-touch-practice-now-commonplace-in-hospitals/2014/05/16/9e92223a-dd37-11e3-a837-8835df6c12c4_story.html |title=Reiki goes mainstream: Spiritual touch practice now commonplace in hospitals}}</ref> |
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* <small>Billot M, Daycard M, Wood C, Tchalla A. Reiki therapy for pain, anxiety and quality of life. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2019 Dec;9(4):434-438. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001775. Epub 2019 Apr 4. Review. PMID: 3094844</small> |
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* <small>Bossi, L.M., Ott, M.J., DeCristofaro, S. (2008). Reiki as a clinical intervention in oncology nursing practice. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 12(3), 489-94.</small> |
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* <small>Bowden D, Goddard L, Gruzelier J. A randomised controlled single-blind trial of the efficacy of reiki at benefitting mood and well-being. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:381862. doi:10.1155/2011/381862</small> |
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* <small>Carraca, A., and Persinger, V., (2014) Enhanced coherence within the theta band between pairs of brains engaging in experienced versus naïve Reiki procedures Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(8):649-653.</small> |
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* <small>Catlin A, Taylor-Ford RL. Investigation of standard care versus sham Reiki placebo versus actual Reiki therapy to enhance comfort and well-being in a chemotherapy infusion center. Oncol Nurs Forum, 38: E212–E220, 2011.</small> |
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* <small>Chirico A. Self-Efficacy for Coping with Cancer Enhances the Effect of Reiki Treatments During the Pre- Surgery Phase of Breast Cancer Patients. Anticancer Research, 37(7): 3657-3665, 2017.</small> |
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* <small>Diaz-Rodriguez, L., Arroyo-Morales, M, Fernandez-de-las-Penaz, C., Garcia-Royo, C., & Tomas-Rojas, I. (2011). Immediate effects of Reiki on heart rate variability, cortisol levels, and body temperature in health care professionals with burnout. Biological Research for Nursing, 13(4), 376-382.</small> |
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* <small>Dressen LJ, Singg S. Effects of Reiki on pain and selected affective and personality variables of chronically ill patients. Subtle Energy and Energy Medicine. 1998;9:51–82. [Google Scholar]</small> |
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* <small>Dyer NL, Baldwin AL, Rand WL. A large-scale effectiveness trial of Reiki for physical and psychological health. Altern Complement Med. 2019 Dec;25(12):1156-1162. doi: 10.1089/acm.2019.0022. Epub 2019 Oct 22.</small> |
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* <small>Engebretson, J., and Wardell, D. (2002). Experience of a Reiki Session. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8,48-53.</small> |
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* <small>Friedman R., Burg M., Miles P., Lee F., and Lampert. (2010) Effects of Reiki on autonomic activity early after acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(12), 995-996.</small> |
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* <small>Gantt M, Orina JAT. Educate, Try, and Share: A Feasibility Study to Assess the Acceptance and Use of Reiki as an Adjunct Therapy for Chronic Pain in Military Health Care Facilities. Mil Med. 2019 Oct 23. pii: usz271. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz271. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 31642490</small> |
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* <small>Gillespie EA1, Gillespie BW, Stevens MJ. Painful diabetic neuropathy: impact of an alternative approach. Diabetes Care. 2007 Apr;30(4):999-1001.</small> |
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* <small>Kurebayashi LFS, Turrini RNT, Souza TPB, Takiguchi RS, Kuba G and Nagumo MT. Massage and Reiki used to reduce stress and anxiety: Randomized Clinical Trial. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem, 24: e2834, 2016.</small> |
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* <small>Hulse, R.S., Stuart-Shore, & Russo, J. (2010), Endoscopic procedure with a modified Reiki intervention: A pilot study. Gastroenterology Nursing, 33(1),20-26.</small> |
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* <small>Jahantiqh. F., Abdollahimohammad. A., Firouzkouhi. M., Ebrahiminejad. V. (2018) Effects of Reiki versus physiotherapy on relieving lower back pain and improving activities daily living of patients with intervertebral disc hernia. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine; 23.</small> |
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* <small>Jain, S., & Mills, P.J. (2009). Biofield therapies: Helpful or full of hype? A best evidence synthesis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(1), 1-16.</small> |
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* <small>Joyce, J. & Herbison, G.P. (2009). Reiki treatment for psychological symptoms [Intervention Protocol]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4.</small> |
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* <small>Lacorossi L, Di Ridolfi P, Bigiarini L, Giannarelli D, Sanguineti G. (2017). The impact of Reiki on side effects in patients with head-neck neoplasia undergoing radiotherapy: a pilot study. Professioni Infermieristiche, 70 (3): p. 214 – 222</small> |
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* <small>Lee, M.S., Pittler, M.H., & Ernst, E. (2008). Effects of Reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 62(6), 947-954.</small> |
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* <small>Mackay, N., Hansen, S., McFarlane, O. (2004). Autonomic nervous systems during Reiki treatment: a preliminary study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 10(6), 1077-81.</small> |
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* <small>Mansour, A.A., Beuche, M., Laing, G., Leis, A., & Nurse, J. (1999). A study to test the effectiveness of placebo Reiki standardization procedures developed for a planned Reiki efficacy study. The Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 5(2), 153-164.</small> |
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* <small>Meland, B. (2009). Effects of Reiki on pain and anxiety in the elderly diagnosed with dementia: A series of case reports. Alternative Therapies, 15 (4), 56-57.</small> |
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* <small>Miles, P., True, G. (2003). Reiki-Review of a Biofield Therapy: History, theory, practice and research. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 9(2), 62-72: www.reikiinmedicine.org/pdf/alt_therapies_reiki.pdf .</small> |
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* <small>Notte BB, Fazzini C and Mooney RA. Reiki’s effect on patient with total knee arthroplasty: a pilot study. Nursing, 46 (2): 17-23, 2016.</small> |
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* <small>Olson, K., Hanson, J., Michaud, M. (2003). A Phrase II trail of Reiki for the management of pain in advanced cancer patients. Journal of Pain Symptom Management. 26 (5), 990-97.</small> |
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* <small>Raingruber, B., Robinson, C. (2007). The Effectiveness of Tai Chi, Yoga, Meditation, and Reiki Healing Sessions in Promoting Health and Enhancing Problem Solving Abilities of Registered Nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28 (10), 1141-1155.</small> |
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* <small>Richeson, N., Spross, J., Lutz, K., & Peng, C. (2010). Effects of Reiki on anxiety, depression, pain, and physiologic factors in community-dwelling older adults. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 3(3), 187-199.</small> |
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* <small>Rosada, R., Rubik, B., Mainguy, B., Plummer, J., Mehl-Madrona, L. (2015) Reiki Reduces Burnout among Community Mental Health Clinicians, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(8):489-95.</small> |
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* <small>Salles LF, Vannucci L, Salles A, Silva MJPD. The effect of Reiki on blood hypertension. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 27: 479–484, 2014.</small> |
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* <small>Shore AG. Long-term effects of energetic healing on symptoms of psychological depression and self-perceived stress. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2004;10(3):42–48.</small> |
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* <small>Thrane SE, Maurer SH, Ren D, Danford CA, Cohen SM. Reiki Therapy for Symptom Management in Children Receiving Palliative Care: A Pilot Study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2017 May;34(4):373-379. doi: 10.1177/1049909116630973. Epub 2016 Feb 7. PMID: 26858170</small> |
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* <small>Tsang, K., Carlson, L. (2007). Pilot Crossover Trial of Reiki Versus Rest for Treating Cancer-Related Fatigue. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6(1), 25-35.</small> |
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* <small>VanderVaart, S., Gijsen, V.M., de Wildt, S.N., & Koren, G. (2009). A systematic review of the therapeutic effects of Reiki. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(11), 1157-1169.</small> |
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* <small>Vitale., A. (2007). An integrative review of Reiki touch therapy research. Holistic Nursing Practice, 21(4), 167-179.</small> |
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* <small>Vitale A., O’Connor, P.C. (2006). The effect of Reiki on pain and anxiety in women with abdominal hysterectomies: A quasi-experimental pilot study. Holistic Nursing Practice, 20(6), 263-272.</small> |
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* <small>Wardell, D.W., Engebretson, J. (2001). Biological correlates of Reiki touch healing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(4), 439-45.</small> |
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* <small>Wirth DP, Chang RJ, Eidelman WS, Paxton JB. Haematological indicators of complementary healing intervention. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 1996;4(1):14–20. [Google Scholar]</small> |
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* <small>Wirth DP, Brenlan DR, Levine RJ, Rodriguez CM. The effect of complementary healing therapy on postoperative pain after surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 1993;1(3):133–138.</small> |
|||
* <small>Zins S, Hooke MC, Gross CR. Reiki for Pain During Hemodialysis: A Feasibility and Instrument Evaluation Study. J Holist Nurs. 2019 Jun;37(2):148-162. doi: 10.1177/0898010118797195. Epub 2018 Aug 31. PMID: 30170509</small> |
|||
* <small>Zucchetti G, Candela F, Bottigelli C, Campione G, Parrinello A, Piu P, Vassallo E, Fagioli F. The Power of Reiki: Feasibility and Efficacy of Reducing Pain in Children With Cancer Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2019 Sep/Oct;36(5):361-368. doi: 10.1177/1043454219845879. Epub 2019 May 3. PMID: 31046557</small> |
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==See also== |
== <small>'''See also'''</small> == |
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* [[Energy medicine]] |
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*The Center for Reiki Research |
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* [[Glossary of alternative medicine]] |
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*[https://www.reikiwithmedicine.org/ Full Circle Fund - St. George's Hospital] |
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* [[Laying on of hands]] |
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* [[List of ineffective cancer treatments]] |
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* [[Quackery]] |
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==References== |
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* {{cite book|title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being|last1=Usui|first1=Mikao|author1link=Mikao Usui|displayauthors=etal|year=2000|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=978-0-914955-57-3|location=|pages=|ref=harv|url-access=registration|url=https://www.amazon.com/Mikao-Usui/e/B00DDITMA0/ref=dp_byline_cont_pop_book_1}} |
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* {{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last1=Usui |first1=Mikao |author1link=Mikao Usui |displayauthors=etal |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-0-914955-57-3 |ref=harv |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/originalreikihan00mika }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Wiktionary|Reiki}} |
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{{commons category|Reiki}} |
{{commons category|Reiki}} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/reiki/ |title=Reiki: An Introduction (NCCAM Backgrounder) |author=National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=4 May 2010 |accessdate=5 May 2010 |quote=Government agency dedicated to exploring complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, training complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals}} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reiki.html |title=Reiki Is Nonsense |author=Stephen Barrett |date=4 August 2009 |accessdate=5 May 2010 |quote=Quackwatch article by Stephen Barrett}} |
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*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed |
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[[Category:Biofield therapies]] |
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Revision as of 19:03, 12 January 2020
|title=Reiki |p=língqì |w=ling2-ch'i4 |j= ling4-hei3 |t=靈氣 |s=灵气 |shinjitai=霊気 |kyujitai=靈氣 |hiragana=れいき |revhep=Reiki |rr=yeonggi |mr=yŏngki |hangul=영기 |hanja=靈氣 |qn=linh khí}} [1]Reiki (霊気, (pronounced: "Ray-Key")), a biofield energy therapy,[1] is a form of complementary health care in which trained practitioners rest their hands on or just about a fully clothed client's body to induce relaxation and promote health through the body's innate "rest, restore and heal" response (i.e., activating the parasympathetic nervous system). Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which subtle energy, also referred to as the human biofield[2], is said to be transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing. Developed in Japan in the 1920s, it has been adapted into varying cultural traditions around the world.
Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English word Reiki is etymologically from Japanese reiki (霊気) "mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign" (first recorded in 1001), combining rei "soul, spirit" and ki "vital energy"—the Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese língqì (靈氣) "numinous atmosphere".[3] The earliest recorded English usage dates to 1975.[4]
Founder, Mikao Usui 1865 - 1926
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2019) |
Mikao Usui was born into a high-ranking family on August 15th 1865 in the village of 'Taniai-mura' in the Yamagata district of Gifu prefecture Kyoto. As a child, he studied in a Tendai Buddhist monastery and was a student of the martial arts. His memorial stone states that he was a talented, hard working student, liked to read, and had studied medicine, psychology, fortune-telling and theology of religions around the world, including the Kyoten (Buddhist Bible) was vast. His wife's name was Sadako, and they had a son (born 1907) and daughter.
Usui held many different professions such as public servant, businessman, and private secretary to a high-ranking official, Shimpei Goto, who was Secretary of the Railroad, Postmaster General and Secretary of the Interior and State. Usui was also a Tendai Buddhist lay priest, and in late middle age he embarked on a 21-day meditation retreat on Mount Kurama (Horse Saddle Mountain), which culminated in a profound spiritual realization. Following this experience, he was inspired to develop his own system of energy healing, which came to be known as Reiki. It is likely that he incorporated ideas and techniques from other systems which also were founded in spiritual development through self-discipline and meditation.
Mikao Usui found that the healing techniques he had developed worked well on various ailments. In April 1922 ,he opened his first school/clinic in Tokyo. Usui had a small manual which is now translated into English and published by Western Reiki Master living in Japan, Frank Arjava Petter, under the title "The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr Mikao Usui" Integral to Usui's teachings is the concept that Reiki helps people to become more centered and balanced, thereby healing themselves.
According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of Reiki to more than 2,000 people during his lifetime. While teaching in Fukuyama, he suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.[5][better source needed]
Founding Principles
Reiki's conceptual foundation is based on the long-established Asian hypothesis that qi (chi) is a form of vital energy that is a physiological force and can be manipulated to treat a range of diseases and conditions. However, the therapeutic effects of Reiki are considered to be secondary to its role as a spiritual practice, based on universal, nondenominational principles that include regular meditation and a commitment to abide by the Five Precepts, which founder Mikao Usui asserted were "the secret art of inviting happiness and the miraculous medicine for all diseases":
THE FIVE PRECEPTS OF REIKI:
Just for today...
- Do not abide in anger.
- Do not abide in worry.
- Rather, be filled with gratitude.
- Do your inner and outer work with integrity.
- Show kindness to all living things.
"Every morning and evening, join your hands in prayer. Pray these words to your heart and chant these words with your mouth... for the improvement of body and mind”
- Mikao Usui, Founder of Reiki
— Reiki: The Five Founding Precepts
Peer-Reviewed Research
In the past 30 years (1989 to 2019), 77 English-language studies of Reiki have been published in peer-reviewed journals. This research suggests that Reiki, which promotes deep relaxation and fosters a sense of wellbeing, may help to control pain, reduce burnout, and diminish anxiety and depression. The findings regarding its effect on acute and chronic pain, in particular, are very promising.
Seven of the 77 above-mentioned articles were pilot studies — small-scale clinical trials that are conducted to determine the feasibility of replicating the same research at a larger scale. Six of these seven Reiki to be significantly more effective than standard-of-care treatments for chemotherapy-related discomfort[6] (Catlin and Taylor-Ford, 2011), high blood pressure [7](Salles et al, 2014), depression[8] (Charkhandeh et al, 2016) anxiety[9] (Chirico et al, 2017), and pain (Gillespie et al, 2007,[10] Kurebayashi et al, 2016[11]).
In December 2019, the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine published "A Large-Scale Effectiveness Trial of Reiki for Physical and Psychological Health," the largest prospective study to date, which was was conducted at Harvard University in 2015 and 2016.[12]
Large-Scale Efficacy Studies Being Planned
Following two successful pilot studies on the effects of Reiki for post-surgical pain in total knee replacement Notte, Fazzini, Mooney, 2016[13]; Baldwin, Vitale, Brownell, Kryak, Rand, 2017[14]), plans are underway to implement a large-scale, randomized, controlled, multi-center clinical study at Saint Vincent Hospital and the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester, MA. Subjects will be assessed for pain level, blood pressure, respiration rate and anxiety both before and after surgery, and the use of pain medication also will be monitored. This medical study is being conducted to scientifically verify these results so that every patient can receive this assistance during surgery, if they so choose.
Similar research plans are also underway at Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, the clinical arm of the NCI-designated Albert Einstein Cancer Center. A study of the benefits of Reiki before, during and after surgery will be conducted by Sheldon Marc Feldman, MD, Chief of the Division of Breast Surgery and Surgical Oncology, and Director of Breast Cancer Services.
Safety
Safety concerns for Reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Nonetheless, Reiki practitioners, as well as physicians and other health care providers, are careful to remind patients that Reiki or other biofield treatments should not be considered or used as a substitute for proven treatments, especially in the case of life-threatening conditions.[15]
Training and Certification
As with many complementary health care professions still in the process of building a body of evidence, there is no central authority that controls the use of the term "Reiki" or determines what is required to become a "Reiki Master".[16] There are numerous schools and traditions of Reiki, although the most well established all trace the origins of their tradition to the founder, Mikao Usui. This traditionally is referred to as one's Reiki "lineage." There currently is no regulation of Reiki in the United States, largely because it is noninvasive, although in other countries -- such as the United Kingdom -- Reiki is a regulated complementary treatment that is offered in mainstream hospitals, including at St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, one of London’s leading teaching hospitals.
Review of Literature to Date
- Assefi N, Bogart A, Goldberg J, Buchwald D. Reiki for the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med, 14:1115–1122, 2008.
- Baldwin AL, Vitale A, Brownell E, Kryak E, and Rand W. Effects of Reiki on pain, anxiety, and blood pressure in patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. Holistic Nursing Practice, 31(2): 80-89, 2017.
- Baldwin, A., Vitale, A., Brownell, E., Scicinski, J., Kearns, M., & Rand, W. (2010). The touchstone process: An ongoing critical evaluation of Reiki in the scientific literature. Holistic Nursing Practice, 24(5), 260-276.
- Baldwin, A.L., Wagers, C., & Schwartz, G. (2008). Reiki improves heart rate homeostasis in laboratory rats. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(4), 417-422.
- Billot M, Daycard M, Wood C, Tchalla A. Reiki therapy for pain, anxiety and quality of life. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2019 Dec;9(4):434-438. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001775. Epub 2019 Apr 4. Review. PMID: 3094844
- Bossi, L.M., Ott, M.J., DeCristofaro, S. (2008). Reiki as a clinical intervention in oncology nursing practice. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 12(3), 489-94.
- Bowden D, Goddard L, Gruzelier J. A randomised controlled single-blind trial of the efficacy of reiki at benefitting mood and well-being. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:381862. doi:10.1155/2011/381862
- Carraca, A., and Persinger, V., (2014) Enhanced coherence within the theta band between pairs of brains engaging in experienced versus naïve Reiki procedures Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(8):649-653.
- Catlin A, Taylor-Ford RL. Investigation of standard care versus sham Reiki placebo versus actual Reiki therapy to enhance comfort and well-being in a chemotherapy infusion center. Oncol Nurs Forum, 38: E212–E220, 2011.
- Chirico A. Self-Efficacy for Coping with Cancer Enhances the Effect of Reiki Treatments During the Pre- Surgery Phase of Breast Cancer Patients. Anticancer Research, 37(7): 3657-3665, 2017.
- Diaz-Rodriguez, L., Arroyo-Morales, M, Fernandez-de-las-Penaz, C., Garcia-Royo, C., & Tomas-Rojas, I. (2011). Immediate effects of Reiki on heart rate variability, cortisol levels, and body temperature in health care professionals with burnout. Biological Research for Nursing, 13(4), 376-382.
- Dressen LJ, Singg S. Effects of Reiki on pain and selected affective and personality variables of chronically ill patients. Subtle Energy and Energy Medicine. 1998;9:51–82. [Google Scholar]
- Dyer NL, Baldwin AL, Rand WL. A large-scale effectiveness trial of Reiki for physical and psychological health. Altern Complement Med. 2019 Dec;25(12):1156-1162. doi: 10.1089/acm.2019.0022. Epub 2019 Oct 22.
- Engebretson, J., and Wardell, D. (2002). Experience of a Reiki Session. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8,48-53.
- Friedman R., Burg M., Miles P., Lee F., and Lampert. (2010) Effects of Reiki on autonomic activity early after acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(12), 995-996.
- Gantt M, Orina JAT. Educate, Try, and Share: A Feasibility Study to Assess the Acceptance and Use of Reiki as an Adjunct Therapy for Chronic Pain in Military Health Care Facilities. Mil Med. 2019 Oct 23. pii: usz271. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz271. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 31642490
- Gillespie EA1, Gillespie BW, Stevens MJ. Painful diabetic neuropathy: impact of an alternative approach. Diabetes Care. 2007 Apr;30(4):999-1001.
- Kurebayashi LFS, Turrini RNT, Souza TPB, Takiguchi RS, Kuba G and Nagumo MT. Massage and Reiki used to reduce stress and anxiety: Randomized Clinical Trial. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem, 24: e2834, 2016.
- Hulse, R.S., Stuart-Shore, & Russo, J. (2010), Endoscopic procedure with a modified Reiki intervention: A pilot study. Gastroenterology Nursing, 33(1),20-26.
- Jahantiqh. F., Abdollahimohammad. A., Firouzkouhi. M., Ebrahiminejad. V. (2018) Effects of Reiki versus physiotherapy on relieving lower back pain and improving activities daily living of patients with intervertebral disc hernia. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine; 23.
- Jain, S., & Mills, P.J. (2009). Biofield therapies: Helpful or full of hype? A best evidence synthesis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(1), 1-16.
- Joyce, J. & Herbison, G.P. (2009). Reiki treatment for psychological symptoms [Intervention Protocol]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4.
- Lacorossi L, Di Ridolfi P, Bigiarini L, Giannarelli D, Sanguineti G. (2017). The impact of Reiki on side effects in patients with head-neck neoplasia undergoing radiotherapy: a pilot study. Professioni Infermieristiche, 70 (3): p. 214 – 222
- Lee, M.S., Pittler, M.H., & Ernst, E. (2008). Effects of Reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 62(6), 947-954.
- Mackay, N., Hansen, S., McFarlane, O. (2004). Autonomic nervous systems during Reiki treatment: a preliminary study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 10(6), 1077-81.
- Mansour, A.A., Beuche, M., Laing, G., Leis, A., & Nurse, J. (1999). A study to test the effectiveness of placebo Reiki standardization procedures developed for a planned Reiki efficacy study. The Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 5(2), 153-164.
- Meland, B. (2009). Effects of Reiki on pain and anxiety in the elderly diagnosed with dementia: A series of case reports. Alternative Therapies, 15 (4), 56-57.
- Miles, P., True, G. (2003). Reiki-Review of a Biofield Therapy: History, theory, practice and research. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 9(2), 62-72: www.reikiinmedicine.org/pdf/alt_therapies_reiki.pdf .
- Notte BB, Fazzini C and Mooney RA. Reiki’s effect on patient with total knee arthroplasty: a pilot study. Nursing, 46 (2): 17-23, 2016.
- Olson, K., Hanson, J., Michaud, M. (2003). A Phrase II trail of Reiki for the management of pain in advanced cancer patients. Journal of Pain Symptom Management. 26 (5), 990-97.
- Raingruber, B., Robinson, C. (2007). The Effectiveness of Tai Chi, Yoga, Meditation, and Reiki Healing Sessions in Promoting Health and Enhancing Problem Solving Abilities of Registered Nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28 (10), 1141-1155.
- Richeson, N., Spross, J., Lutz, K., & Peng, C. (2010). Effects of Reiki on anxiety, depression, pain, and physiologic factors in community-dwelling older adults. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 3(3), 187-199.
- Rosada, R., Rubik, B., Mainguy, B., Plummer, J., Mehl-Madrona, L. (2015) Reiki Reduces Burnout among Community Mental Health Clinicians, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(8):489-95.
- Salles LF, Vannucci L, Salles A, Silva MJPD. The effect of Reiki on blood hypertension. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 27: 479–484, 2014.
- Shore AG. Long-term effects of energetic healing on symptoms of psychological depression and self-perceived stress. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2004;10(3):42–48.
- Thrane SE, Maurer SH, Ren D, Danford CA, Cohen SM. Reiki Therapy for Symptom Management in Children Receiving Palliative Care: A Pilot Study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2017 May;34(4):373-379. doi: 10.1177/1049909116630973. Epub 2016 Feb 7. PMID: 26858170
- Tsang, K., Carlson, L. (2007). Pilot Crossover Trial of Reiki Versus Rest for Treating Cancer-Related Fatigue. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6(1), 25-35.
- VanderVaart, S., Gijsen, V.M., de Wildt, S.N., & Koren, G. (2009). A systematic review of the therapeutic effects of Reiki. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(11), 1157-1169.
- Vitale., A. (2007). An integrative review of Reiki touch therapy research. Holistic Nursing Practice, 21(4), 167-179.
- Vitale A., O’Connor, P.C. (2006). The effect of Reiki on pain and anxiety in women with abdominal hysterectomies: A quasi-experimental pilot study. Holistic Nursing Practice, 20(6), 263-272.
- Wardell, D.W., Engebretson, J. (2001). Biological correlates of Reiki touch healing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(4), 439-45.
- Wirth DP, Chang RJ, Eidelman WS, Paxton JB. Haematological indicators of complementary healing intervention. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 1996;4(1):14–20. [Google Scholar]
- Wirth DP, Brenlan DR, Levine RJ, Rodriguez CM. The effect of complementary healing therapy on postoperative pain after surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 1993;1(3):133–138.
- Zins S, Hooke MC, Gross CR. Reiki for Pain During Hemodialysis: A Feasibility and Instrument Evaluation Study. J Holist Nurs. 2019 Jun;37(2):148-162. doi: 10.1177/0898010118797195. Epub 2018 Aug 31. PMID: 30170509
- Zucchetti G, Candela F, Bottigelli C, Campione G, Parrinello A, Piu P, Vassallo E, Fagioli F. The Power of Reiki: Feasibility and Efficacy of Reducing Pain in Children With Cancer Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2019 Sep/Oct;36(5):361-368. doi: 10.1177/1043454219845879. Epub 2019 May 3. PMID: 31046557
See also
- The Center for Reiki Research
- Full Circle Fund - St. George's Hospital
References
- ^ Gantt, MeLisa; Orina, JA (2019). "Educate, Try, and Share: A Feasibility Study to Assess the Acceptance and Use of Reiki as an Adjunct Therapy for Chronic Pain in Military Health Care Facilities". Military Medicine. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz271. ISSN 1930-613X. PMID 31642490.
- ^ Yang, Peiying; Jiang, Yan; Rhea, Patrea R.; Conway, Tara L.; Chen, Dongmei; Gagea, Mihai; Harribance, Sean L.; Cohen, Lorenzo (2019). "Human Biofield Therapy and the Growth of Mouse Lung Carcinoma". Integrative Cancer Therapies. 18: 153473541984079. doi:10.1177/1534735419840797. ISSN 1534-7354.
- ^ "Reiki". Oxford English Dictionary (OED). 2003. Sino-Japanese readings were historically borrowed from Middle Chinese pronunciations, reconstructed by Baxter-Sagart as lengkhj (靈氣).
- ^ The OED cites The San Mateo Times, 2 May 1975, 32/1, announcing Hawayo Takata's lecture "A Reiki Master's Prediction and Participation in his Own Transition".
- ^ Inscription on Usui's memorial
- ^ Catlin, Anita; Taylor-Ford, Rebecca L. (2011-04-29). "Investigation of Standard Care Versus Sham Reiki Placebo Versus Actual Reiki Therapy to Enhance Comfort and Well-Being in a Chemotherapy Infusion Center". Oncology Nursing Forum. 38 (3): E212–E220. doi:10.1188/11.onf.e212-e220. ISSN 0190-535X.
- ^ Salles, Léia Fortes; Vannucci, Luciana; Salles, Amanda; Silva, Maria Júlia Paes da (2014). "The effect of Reiki on blood hypertension". Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 27 (5): 479–484. doi:10.1590/1982-0194201400078. ISSN 0103-2100.
- ^ Charkhandeh, Mansoureh; Talib, Mansor Abu; Hunt, Caroline Jane (2016). "The clinical effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy and an alternative medicine approach in reducing symptoms of depression in adolescents". Psychiatry Research. 239: 325–330. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.044.
- ^ "Self-Efficacy for Coping with Cancer Enhances the Effect of Reiki Treatments During the Pre-Surgery Phase of Breast Cancer Patients". Anticancer Research. 37 (7). 2017-07-05. doi:10.21873/anticanres.11736. ISSN 0250-7005.
- ^ Gillespie, E. A.; Gillespie, B. W.; Stevens, M. J. (2007-03-28). "Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Impact of an alternative approach". Diabetes Care. 30 (4): 999–1001. doi:10.2337/dc06-1475. ISSN 0149-5992.
- ^ Kurebayashi, Leonice Fumiko Sato; Turrini, Ruth Natalia Teresa; Souza, Talita Pavarini Borges de; Takiguchi, Raymond Sehiji; Kuba, Gisele; Nagumo, Marisa Toshi (2016). "Massage and Reiki used to reduce stress and anxiety: Randomized Clinical Trial". Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 24 (0). doi:10.1590/1518-8345.1614.2834. ISSN 0104-1169.
- ^ Dyer, Natalie L.; Baldwin, Ann L.; Rand, William L. (2019-12-01). "A Large-Scale Effectiveness Trial of Reiki for Physical and Psychological Health". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25 (12): 1156–1162. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0022. ISSN 1075-5535.
- ^ Notte, Barbara Byrne; Fazzini, Carol; Mooney, Ruth A. (2016). "Reikiʼs effect on patients with total knee arthroplasty". Nursing. 46 (2): 17–23. doi:10.1097/01.nurse.0000476246.16717.65. ISSN 0360-4039.
- ^ Baldwin, Ann Linda; Vitale, Anne; Brownell, Elise; Kryak, Elizabeth; Rand, William (2017). "Effects of Reiki on Pain, Anxiety, and Blood Pressure in Patients Undergoing Knee Replacement". Holistic Nursing Practice. 31 (2): 80–89. doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000195. ISSN 0887-9311.
- ^ "Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information". Disabled world.com. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
- ^ Elaine Stillerman (2014), Modalities for Massage and Bodywork, Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 295, ISBN 9780323260794,
Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.
Bibliography
- Usui, Mikao (2000). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being. Lotus Press. ISBN 978-0-914955-57-3.
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External links
Look up Reiki in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reiki.