Mousterian: Difference between revisions

Mousterian
	Map showing the extent of the Mousterian Artistic impression of the head of a Homo neanderthalensis male, at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History
Geographical range	Africa and Eurasia
Period	Middle Paleolithic
Dates	c. 160,000–40,000 BP
Type site	Le Moustier
Major sites	Creswell Crags, Lynford Quarry, Arcy-sur-Cure, Vindija Cave, Atapuerca Mountains, Zafarraya, Gorham's Cave, Devil's Tower, Haua Fteah, Jebel Irhoud
Preceded by	Acheulean, Micoquien, Clactonian
Followed by	Châtelperronian, Emiran, Baradostian, Aterian

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The Mousterian (or Mode III) is a techno-complex (archaeological industry) of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to a lesser extent the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as c. 300,000–200,000 BP.^[2] The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. 43,000–28,000 BP) of Homo sapiens.

Naming

The culture was named after the type site of Le Moustier, three superimposed rock shelters in the Dordogne region of France.^[3] Similar flintwork has been found all over unglaciated Europe and also the Near East and North Africa. Handaxes, racloirs, and points constitute the industry; sometimes a Levallois technique or another prepared-core technique was employed in making the flint flakes.^[4]

Characteristics

Le Moustier remains

Le Moustier 1 Neanderthal skull in 1909 before WW2 bombing. Today, in the Neues Museum, Berlin.^[5]

Mousterian point

The European Mousterian is the product of Neanderthals. It existed roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP.^[6] Some assemblages, namely those from Pech de l'Aze, include exceptionally small points prepared using the Levallois technique among other prepared core types, causing some researchers to suggest that these flakes take advantage of greater grip strength possessed by Neanderthals.^[7]

In North Africa and the Near East, Mousterian tools were produced by anatomically modern humans. In the Levant, for example, assemblages produced by Neanderthals are indistinguishable from those made by Qafzeh type modern humans.^[8] The Mousterian industry in North Africa is estimated to be 315,000 years old.^[2]

Possible variants are Denticulate, Charentian (Ferrassie & Quina) named after the Charente region,^[9] Typical, and the Mousterian Traditional Acheulian (MTA) Type-A and Type-B.^[10] The industry continued alongside the new Châtelperronian industry during the 45,000-40,000 BP period.^[11]

Locations

Mousterian artifacts have been found in Haua Fteah in Cyrenaica and other sites in Northwest Africa.^[12]
Contained within a cave in the Syria region, along with a Neanderthaloid skeleton.^[12]
Located in the Haibak valley of Afghanistan.^[12]
Zagros and Central Iran
The archaeological site of Atapuerca, Spain, contains Mousterian objects.
Gorham's Cave in Gibraltar contains Mousterian objects.
Uzbekistan has sites of Mousterian culture, including Teshik-Tash.^[12]
Turkmenistan also has Mousterian relics.^[12]
Siberia has many sites with Mousterian-style implements, e.g. Denisova Cave.^[12]
Israel is one of the places where remains of both Neandertals and Homo sapiens sapiens have been found in association with Mousterian artifacts.^[13]
Lynford Quarry near Mundford, Norfolk, England, has yielded Mousterian tools.
The archaeological cave site of Azykh contains Mousterian relics in the overlying strata. In this cave ,a lower jaw of a hominid named Azykhantrop has been found. It is supposed that this finding belongs to a pre-neanderthal species.^[14]^[15]

Stone scrapers for cleaning and working leather, Mousterian Culture, Israel, 250,000-50,000 BP
Le Moustier Neanderthal skull reconstitution, Neues Museum Berlin^[16]
Levallois points
Mousterian Culture and Late Stone Age Stone Tools. Notch for sharpening wood, and denticulate for sawing wood and bone. Rosh En Mor and En Aqev. 250,000-22,000 BP. Israel
Mousterian & Aurignacian Cultures, Stone Burins used for incising stone and wood, Qafzeh, Hayonim, el-Wad Cave, 250,000-22,000 BP Israel
Mousterian Culture, stone spearheads, 250,000-50,000. Israel Museum

References

^ Callaway, Ewen (20 August 2014). "Neanderthals: Bone technique redrafts prehistory". Nature. 512 (7514): 242. doi:10.1038/512242a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25143094. From the Black Sea to the Atlantic coast of France, these [Mousterian] artefacts and Neanderthal remains disappear from European sites at roughly the same time, 39,000–41,000 years ago, Higham's team conclude. The data challenge arguments that Neanderthals endured in refuges in the southern Iberian Peninsula until as recently as 28,000 years ago
^ ^a ^b Richter, Daniel; Grün, Rainer; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Steele, Teresa E.; Amani, Fethi; Rué, Mathieu; Fernandes, Paul; Raynal, Jean-Paul; Geraads, Denis (2017-06-07). "The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age". Nature. 546 (7657): 293–296. doi:10.1038/nature22335. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28593967.
^ Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny (24 February 2009). The Essence of Anthropology. Cengage Learning. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-495-59981-4. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
^ Aldenderfer, Mark; Andrea, Alfred J.; McGeough, Kevin; Mierse, William E.; Neel, Carolyn (29 April 2010). World History Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-85109-929-0. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
^ Bekker, Henk (23 October 2017). "Neues Museum in Berlin 1175".
^ Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (1999). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Blackwell. p. 408. ISBN 0-631-17423-0. Retrieved 1 August 2016. "the classic Mousterian can be identified after perhaps 160,000 BP and lasts until c. 40,000 BP in Europe."
^ Dibble, Harold L.; McPherron, Shannon P. (October 2006). "The Missing Mousterian". Current Anthropology. 47 (5): 777–803. doi:10.1086/506282.
^ Shea, J. J., 2003: Neandertals [sic], competition and the origin of modern human behaviour in the Levant, Evolutionary Anthropology, 12:173-187.
^ Lock, Andrew; Peters, Charles R. (1999). Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. "Oxford Science Publications" series. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21690-1. Retrieved 6 January 2012.^{[page needed]}
^ "Mousterian Industries". Stone Age Reference Collection. Institutt for Arkeologi, Kunsthistorie og Konservering, University of Oslo. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
^ Higham, Tom; Douka, Katerina; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brock, Fiona; Basell, Laura; Camps, Marta; Arrizabalaga, Alvaro; Baena, Javier; Barroso-Ruíz, Cecillio; Bergman, Christopher; Boitard, Coralie; Boscato, Paolo; Caparrós, Miguel; Conard, Nicholas J.; Draily, Christelle; Froment, Alain; Galván, Bertila; Gambassini, Paolo; Garcia-Moreno, Alejandro; Grimaldi, Stefano; Haesaerts, Paul; Holt, Brigitte; Iriarte-Chiapusso, Maria-Jose; Jelinek, Arthur; Jordá Pardo, Jesús F.; Maíllo-Fernández, José-Manuel; Marom, Anat; Maroto, Julià; et al. (2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". Nature. 512 (7514): 306–309. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. doi:10.1038/nature13621. PMID 25143113.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 9. ISBN 0-395-13592-3.
^ Levy, T., ed. (2001). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. London: Leicester University Press.^{[page needed]}
^ Lan Shaw, Robert Jameson, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470751961.^{[page needed]}
^ Dolukhanov, Pavel (2004). The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus. Routledge. ISBN 9781317892229.^{[page needed]}
^ Bekker, Henk (23 October 2017). "Neues Museum in Berlin 1175".

External links

"Neanderthals' Last Stand Is Traced". The New York Times. 13 September 2006.

Preceded by Micoquien	Mousterian 600,000—40,000 BP	Succeeded by Châtelperronian

[Nature-1] Callaway, Ewen (20 August 2014). "Neanderthals: Bone technique redrafts prehistory". Nature. 512 (7514): 242. doi:10.1038/512242a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25143094. From the Black Sea to the Atlantic coast of France, these [Mousterian] artefacts and Neanderthal remains disappear from European sites at roughly the same time, 39,000–41,000 years ago, Higham's team conclude. The data challenge arguments that Neanderthals endured in refuges in the southern Iberian Peninsula until as recently as 28,000 years ago

[:0-2] Richter, Daniel; Grün, Rainer; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Steele, Teresa E.; Amani, Fethi; Rué, Mathieu; Fernandes, Paul; Raynal, Jean-Paul; Geraads, Denis (2017-06-07). "The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age". Nature. 546 (7657): 293–296. doi:10.1038/nature22335. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28593967.

[HavilandPrins2009-3] Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny (24 February 2009). The Essence of Anthropology. Cengage Learning. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-495-59981-4. Retrieved 23 November 2011.

[AldenderferAndrea2010-4] Aldenderfer, Mark; Andrea, Alfred J.; McGeough, Kevin; Mierse, William E.; Neel, Carolyn (29 April 2010). World History Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-85109-929-0. Retrieved 23 November 2011.

[5] Bekker, Henk (23 October 2017). "Neues Museum in Berlin 1175".

[6] Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (1999). A Dictionary of Archaeology. Blackwell. p. 408. ISBN 0-631-17423-0. Retrieved 1 August 2016. "the classic Mousterian can be identified after perhaps 160,000 BP and lasts until c. 40,000 BP in Europe."

[7] Dibble, Harold L.; McPherron, Shannon P. (October 2006). "The Missing Mousterian". Current Anthropology. 47 (5): 777–803. doi:10.1086/506282.

[8] Shea, J. J., 2003: Neandertals [sic], competition and the origin of modern human behaviour in the Levant, Evolutionary Anthropology, 12:173-187.

[9] Lock, Andrew; Peters, Charles R. (1999). Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. "Oxford Science Publications" series. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21690-1. Retrieved 6 January 2012.^{[page needed]}

[10] "Mousterian Industries". Stone Age Reference Collection. Institutt for Arkeologi, Kunsthistorie og Konservering, University of Oslo. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.

[11] Higham, Tom; Douka, Katerina; Wood, Rachel; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brock, Fiona; Basell, Laura; Camps, Marta; Arrizabalaga, Alvaro; Baena, Javier; Barroso-Ruíz, Cecillio; Bergman, Christopher; Boitard, Coralie; Boscato, Paolo; Caparrós, Miguel; Conard, Nicholas J.; Draily, Christelle; Froment, Alain; Galván, Bertila; Gambassini, Paolo; Garcia-Moreno, Alejandro; Grimaldi, Stefano; Haesaerts, Paul; Holt, Brigitte; Iriarte-Chiapusso, Maria-Jose; Jelinek, Arthur; Jordá Pardo, Jesús F.; Maíllo-Fernández, José-Manuel; Marom, Anat; Maroto, Julià; et al. (2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance". Nature. 512 (7514): 306–309. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..306H. doi:10.1038/nature13621. PMID 25143113.

[Langer-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 9. ISBN 0-395-13592-3.

[13] Levy, T., ed. (2001). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. London: Leicester University Press.^{[page needed]}

[14] Lan Shaw, Robert Jameson, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470751961.^{[page needed]}

[15] Dolukhanov, Pavel (2004). The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus. Routledge. ISBN 9781317892229.^{[page needed]}

[16] Bekker, Henk (23 October 2017). "Neues Museum in Berlin 1175".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox archaeological culture
 |name       =Mousterian
+|map        =Homo neanderthalensis adult male - head model - Smithsonian Museum of Natural History - 2012-05-17.jpg
-|map        =
 |mapcaption =Artistic impression of the head of a ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' male, at the [[Smithsonian Museum of Natural History]]
 |horizon    =
 |region     =Africa and Eurasia
 |period     =[[Middle Paleolithic]]
-|dates      ={{circa}}&nbsp;160,000–40,000&nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]]<ref name=Nature>{{cite journal |title=Neanderthals: Bone technique redrafts prehistory |first=Ewen |last=Callaway |date=20 August 2014 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=512 |issue=7514 |page=242 |doi=10.1038/512242a |pmid=25143094 |issn=0028-0836 |quote=From the Black Sea to the Atlantic coast of France, these [Mousterian] artefacts and Neanderthal remains disappear from European sites at roughly the same time, 39,000–41,000 years ago, Higham's team conclude. The data challenge arguments that Neanderthals endured in refuges in the southern Iberian Peninsula until as recently as 28,000 years ago|doi-access=free |bibcode=2014Natur.512..242C }}</ref>
+|dates      ={{circa}}&nbsp;160,000–40,000&nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]]<ref name=Nature>{{cite journal |url= http://www.nature.com/news/neanderthals-bone-technique-redrafts-prehistory-1.15739 |title=Neanderthals: Bone technique redrafts prehistory |first=Ewen |last=Callaway |date=20 August 2014 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=512 |issue=7514 |page=242 |doi=10.1038/512242a |pmid=25143094 |issn=0028-0836 |quote=From the Black Sea to the Atlantic coast of France, these [Mousterian] artefacts and Neanderthal remains disappear from European sites at roughly the same time, 39,000–41,000 years ago, Higham's team conclude. The data challenge arguments that Neanderthals endured in refuges in the southern Iberian Peninsula until as recently as 28,000 years ago}}</ref>
 |typesite   =[[Le Moustier]]
 |majorsites =[[Creswell Crags]], [[Lynford Quarry]], [[Arcy-sur-Cure]], [[Vindija Cave]], [[Atapuerca Mountains]], [[Zafarraya]], [[Gorham's Cave]], [[Devil's Tower (Gibraltar)|Devil's Tower]], [[Haua Fteah]], [[Jebel Irhoud]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 |followedby =[[Châtelperronian]], [[Emiran]], [[Baradostian]], [[Aterian]]
 }}
-The '''Mousterian''' (or '''Mode III''') is a [[techno-complex]] (archaeological industry) of [[Lithic technology|stone tools]], associated primarily with the [[Neanderthals]] in [[Europe]], and to a lesser extent the earliest [[anatomically modern humans]] in [[North Africa]] and [[Western Asia|West Asia]]. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the [[Middle Paleolithic]], the middle of the West Eurasian Old [[Stone Age]]. It lasted roughly from 160,000 to 40,000&nbsp;[[Before present|BP]]. If its predecessor, known as [[Levallois technique|Levallois]] or Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as {{circa}}&nbsp;300,000–200,000&nbsp;BP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Daniel |last2=Grün |first2=Rainer |last3=Joannes-Boyau |first3=Renaud |last4=Steele |first4=Teresa E. |last5=Amani |first5=Fethi |last6=Rué |first6=Mathieu |last7=Fernandes |first7=Paul |last8=Raynal |first8=Jean-Paul |last9=Geraads |first9=Denis |date=2017-06-07 |title=The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=546 |issue=7657 |pages=293–296 |doi=10.1038/nature22335 |pmid=28593967 |issn=0028-0836 |bibcode=2017Natur.546..293R|s2cid=205255853 }}</ref> The main following period is the [[Aurignacian]] (c. 43,000–28,000 BP) of ''[[Homo sapiens]]''.
+The '''Mousterian''' (or '''Mode III''') is a [[techno-complex]] (archaeological industry) of [[Lithic technology|stone tools]], associated primarily with the [[Neanderthals]] in [[Europe]], and to a lesser extent the earliest [[anatomically modern humans]] in [[North Africa]] and [[Western Asia|West Asia]]. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the [[Middle Paleolithic]], the middle of the West Eurasian Old [[Stone Age]]. It lasted roughly from 160,000 to 40,000&nbsp;[[Before present|BP]]. If its predecessor, known as [[Levallois technique|Levallois]] or Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as {{circa}}&nbsp;300,000–200,000&nbsp;BP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Richter |first=Daniel |last2=Grün |first2=Rainer |last3=Joannes-Boyau |first3=Renaud |last4=Steele |first4=Teresa E. |last5=Amani |first5=Fethi |last6=Rué |first6=Mathieu |last7=Fernandes |first7=Paul |last8=Raynal |first8=Jean-Paul |last9=Geraads |first9=Denis |date=2017-06-07 |title=The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=546 |issue=7657 |pages=293–296 |doi=10.1038/nature22335 |pmid=28593967 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> The main following period is the [[Aurignacian]] (c. 43,000–28,000 BP) of ''[[Homo sapiens]]''.
 ==Naming==
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
  |header=Le Moustier remains
  |total_width=170
- |image1=Museum_für_Vor-_und_Frühgeschichte_Berlin_069A.jpg
+ |image1=Le_Moustier_1_before_being_bombed.jpg
- |caption1=[[Le Moustier]] 1 Neanderthal skull, today in the Neues Museum, Berlin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bekker |first1=Henk |title=Neues Museum in Berlin 1175 |url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/henkbekker/38668688366/in/album-72157690275139525/ |date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
+ |caption1=[[Le Moustier]] 1 Neanderthal skull in 1909 before WW2 bombing. Today, in the Neues Museum, Berlin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bekker |first1=Henk |title=Neues Museum in Berlin 1175 |url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/henkbekker/38668688366/in/album-72157690275139525/ |date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
  |image2=Pointe_Moustérienne_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.205.4_De_Maret.jpg
  |caption2=Mousterian point
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 [[File:Neanderthal distribution.jpg|thumb|260px|Distribution of ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'', and main sites. Mousterian industries have been found outside this range (e.g., Jordan, Saudi Arabia).]]
 [[File:Raqefet entrance.jpg|thumb|260px|Cave entrance of [[Raqefet Cave]], where Mousterian remains have been found.]]
-The European Mousterian is the product of [[Neanderthals]]. It existed roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Shaw |editor1-first=Ian |editor2-last=Jameson |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |date=1999 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=0-631-17423-0 |page=408 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&q=mousterian+40,000&pg=PA408 |access-date=1 August 2016}} "the classic Mousterian can be identified after perhaps 160,000 BP and lasts until c. 40,000 BP in Europe."</ref>
+The European Mousterian is the product of [[Neanderthals]]. It existed roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Shaw |editor1-first=Ian |editor2-last=Jameson |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |date=1999 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=0-631-17423-0 |page=408 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&pg=PA408&dq=mousterian+40,000#v=onepage&q=mousterian%2040%2C000&f=false |access-date=1 August 2016}} "the classic Mousterian can be identified after perhaps 160,000 BP and lasts until c. 40,000 BP in Europe."</ref>
-Some assemblages, namely those from Pech de l'Aze, include exceptionally small points prepared using the [[Levallois technique]] among other prepared core types, causing some researchers to suggest that these flakes take advantage of greater grip strength possessed by Neanderthals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dibble |first1=Harold L. |last2=McPherron |first2=Shannon P. |title=The Missing Mousterian |journal=Current Anthropology |date=October 2006 |volume=47 |issue= 5 |pages=777–803 |doi=10.1086/506282|s2cid=145362900 }}</ref>
+Some assemblages, namely those from Pech de l'Aze, include exceptionally small points prepared using the [[Levallois technique]] among other prepared core types, causing some researchers to suggest that these flakes take advantage of greater grip strength possessed by Neanderthals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dibble |first1=Harold L. |last2=McPherron |first2=Shannon P. |title=The Missing Mousterian |journal=Current Anthropology |date=October 2006 |volume=47 |issue= 5 |pages=777–803 |doi=10.1086/506282}}</ref>
-In North Africa and the Near East, Mousterian tools were produced by [[anatomically modern humans]]. In the Eastern Mediterranean, for example, assemblages produced by Neanderthals are indistinguishable from those made by [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids|Qafzeh]] type modern humans.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shea | first1 = J. J. | year = 2003 | title = Neandertals [sic], competition and the origin of modern human behaviour in the Levant | url = | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 173–187 | doi = 10.1002/evan.10101 | s2cid = 86608040 }}</ref> The Mousterian industry in North Africa is estimated to be 315,000 years old.<ref name=":0" />
+In North Africa and the Near East, Mousterian tools were produced by [[anatomically modern humans]]. In the [[Levant]], for example, assemblages produced by Neanderthals are indistinguishable from those made by [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids|Qafzeh]] type modern humans.<ref>Shea, J. J., 2003: Neandertals [sic], competition and the origin of modern human behaviour in the Levant, ''Evolutionary Anthropology'', 12:173-187.</ref> The Mousterian industry in North Africa is estimated to be 315,000 years old.<ref name=":0" />
-Possible variants are Denticulate, Charentian (Ferrassie & Quina) named after the [[Charente]] region,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Andrew |last1=Lock |first2=Charles R. |last2=Peters |title=Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution |series="Oxford Science Publications" series |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mVj4P8DCuqIC&pg=PA243 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=1999 |isbn=0-631-21690-1 |access-date=6 January 2012}}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref> Typical, and the Mousterian Traditional Acheulian (MTA) Type-A and Type-B.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mousterian Industries |work=Stone Age Reference Collection |publisher=Institutt for Arkeologi, Kunsthistorie og Konservering, [[University of Oslo]] |date=2011 |url=  http://www3.hf.uio.no/sarc/iakh/lithic/MOUST/mousterian.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120130060433/http://www3.hf.uio.no/sarc/iakh/lithic/MOUST/mousterian.html |archive-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> The industry continued alongside the new [[Châtelperronian]] industry during the 45,000-40,000 [[Before Present|BP]] period.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature13621 |pmid=25143113 |title=The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance |journal=Nature |volume=512 |issue=7514 |pages=306–309 |date=2014 |last1=Higham |first1=Tom |author-link=Thomas Higham |last2=Douka |first2=Katerina |last3=Wood |first3=Rachel |last4=Ramsey |first4=Christopher Bronk |last5=Brock |first5=Fiona |last6=Basell |first6=Laura |last7=Camps |first7=Marta |last8=Arrizabalaga |first8=Alvaro |last9=Baena |first9=Javier |last10=Barroso-Ruíz |first10=Cecillio |last11=Bergman |first11=Christopher |last12=Boitard |first12=Coralie |last13=Boscato |first13=Paolo |last14=Caparrós |first14=Miguel |last15=Conard |first15=Nicholas J. |last16=Draily |first16=Christelle |last17=Froment |first17=Alain |last18=Galván |first18=Bertila |last19=Gambassini |first19=Paolo |last20=Garcia-Moreno |first20=Alejandro |last21=Grimaldi |first21=Stefano |last22=Haesaerts |first22=Paul |last23=Holt |first23=Brigitte |last24=Iriarte-Chiapusso |first24=Maria-Jose |last25=Jelinek |first25=Arthur |last26=Jordá Pardo |first26=Jesús F. |last27=Maíllo-Fernández |first27=José-Manuel |last28=Marom |first28=Anat |last29=Maroto |first29=Julià |last30=Menéndez |first30=Mario |display-authors=29 |bibcode=2014Natur.512..306H|s2cid=205239973 }}</ref>
+Possible variants are Denticulate, Charentian (Ferrassie & Quina) named after the [[Charente]] region,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Andrew |last1=Lock |first2=Charles R. |last2=Peters |title=Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution |series="Oxford Science Publications" series |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mVj4P8DCuqIC&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=1999 |isbn=0-631-21690-1 |access-date=6 January 2012}}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref> Typical, and the Mousterian Traditional Acheulian (MTA) Type-A and Type-B.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mousterian Industries |work=Stone Age Reference Collection |publisher=Institutt for Arkeologi, Kunsthistorie og Konservering, [[University of Oslo]] |date=2011 |url=  http://www3.hf.uio.no/sarc/iakh/lithic/MOUST/mousterian.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120130060433/http://www3.hf.uio.no/sarc/iakh/lithic/MOUST/mousterian.html |archive-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> The industry continued alongside the new [[Châtelperronian]] industry during the 45,000-40,000 [[Before Present|BP]] period.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature13621 |pmid=25143113 |title=The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance |journal=Nature |volume=512 |issue=7514 |pages=306–309 |date=2014 |last1=Higham |first1=Tom |author-link=Thomas Higham |last2=Douka |first2=Katerina |last3=Wood |first3=Rachel |last4=Ramsey |first4=Christopher Bronk |last5=Brock |first5=Fiona |last6=Basell |first6=Laura |last7=Camps |first7=Marta |last8=Arrizabalaga |first8=Alvaro |last9=Baena |first9=Javier |last10=Barroso-Ruíz |first10=Cecillio |last11=Bergman |first11=Christopher |last12=Boitard |first12=Coralie |last13=Boscato |first13=Paolo |last14=Caparrós |first14=Miguel |last15=Conard |first15=Nicholas J. |last16=Draily |first16=Christelle |last17=Froment |first17=Alain |last18=Galván |first18=Bertila |last19=Gambassini |first19=Paolo |last20=Garcia-Moreno |first20=Alejandro |last21=Grimaldi |first21=Stefano |last22=Haesaerts |first22=Paul |last23=Holt |first23=Brigitte |last24=Iriarte-Chiapusso |first24=Maria-Jose |last25=Jelinek |first25=Arthur |last26=Jordá Pardo |first26=Jesús F. |last27=Maíllo-Fernández |first27=José-Manuel |last28=Marom |first28=Anat |last29=Maroto |first29=Julià |last30=Menéndez |first30=Mario |display-authors=29 |bibcode=2014Natur.512..306H}}</ref>
 ==Locations==
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 *Israel is one of the places where remains of both Neandertals and Homo sapiens sapiens have been found in association with Mousterian artifacts.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=T. |date=2001 |title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land |location=London |publisher=[[Leicester University Press]] |page=}}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref>
 *[[Lynford Quarry]] near [[Mundford]], [[Norfolk]], [[England]], has yielded Mousterian tools.
-*The archaeological cave site of [[Azokh Cave|Azykh]] contains Mousterian relics in the overlying strata. In this cave, a lower jaw of a hominid named [[Azykhantrop]] has been found. It is supposed that this finding belongs to a pre-[[neanderthal]] species.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=2008 |isbn=9780470751961 |editor-last=Lan Shaw |editor-first=Robert Jameson |pages=}}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus |last=Dolukhanov |first=Pavel |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |isbn=9781317892229 |pages=}}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref>
+*The archaeological cave site of [[Azokh Cave|Azykh]] contains Mousterian relics in the overlying strata. In this cave ,a lower jaw of a hominid named [[Azykhantrop]] has been found. It is supposed that this finding belongs to a pre-[[neanderthal]] species.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |date=2008 |isbn=9780470751961 |editor-last=Lan Shaw |editor-first=Robert Jameson |pages=}}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus |last=Dolukhanov |first=Pavel |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |isbn=9781317892229 |pages=}}{{page needed|date=November 2019}}</ref>
-*The most important sites with significant Neanderthal and Mousterian finds in [[Croatia]] are [[Krapina Neanderthal site|Krapina]], [[Vindija Cave|Vindija]], [[Velika pećina]] and Veternica, located in the north-western part of Croatia and the region of [[Hrvatsko Zagorje|Hrvatsko zagorje]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karavanić|first1=Ivor|last2=Vukosavljević|first2=Nikola|last3=Janković|first3=Ivor|last4=Ahern|first4=James C.M.|last5=Smith|first5=Fred H.|date=November 2018|title=Paleolithic hominins and settlement in Croatia from MIS 6 to MIS 3: Research history and current interpretations|journal=Quaternary International|language=en|volume=494|pages=152–166|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.034}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleolithic hominins and settlement in Croatia from MIS 6 to MIS 3: Research history and current interpretations|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320382399|last=|first=|date=|website=ResearchGate|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Simek|first1=Jan F.|last2=Smith|first2=Fred H.|date=1997-06-01|title=Chronological changes in stone tool assemblages from Krapina (Croatia)|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248496901293|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=561–575|doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0129|pmid=9210018|issn=0047-2484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahern|first1=James C. M|last2=Karavanić|first2=Ivor|last3=Paunović|first3=Maja|last4=Janković|first4=Ivor|last5=Smith|first5=Fred H|date=2004-01-01|title=New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija Cave, Croatia|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248403001581|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=46|issue=1|pages=27–67|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.010|pmid=14698684|issn=0047-2484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mousterian industry of Veternica Cave|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337978044|last=|first=|date=|website=ResearchGate|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Mousterian industry sites on [[Istria|Istrian peninsula]] are [[Romualdova pećina]] and an open-air site at Campanož.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Harvati|first1=Katerina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7fzDQAAQBAJ|title=Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human Evolution and its Context|last2=Roksandic|first2=Mirjana|date=2017-01-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-024-0874-4|language=en}}</ref> Sites on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast and its hinterland are [[Mujina pećina]], with a Mousterian stratigraphic sequence, and Velika pećina in Kličevica with finds approximately 40,000 years old that are late Mousterian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boschian|first1=Giovanni|last2=Gerometta|first2=Katarina|last3=Ellwood|first3=Brooks B.|last4=Karavanić|first4=Ivor|date=2017-09-02|title=Late Neandertals in Dalmatia: Site formation processes, chronology, climate change and human activity at Mujina Pećina, Croatia|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216301859|journal=Quaternary International|series=Prehistoric hunter-gatherers and farmers in the Adriatic and neighboring regions|language=en|volume=450|pages=12–35|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.066|issn=1040-6182}}</ref> An underwater Mousterian excavation site at Kaštel Štafilić - Resnik recovered about 100 artefacts of which half are tools, Mousterian centripetal cores and side scrapers, several pseudotools, numerous pieces of [[chert]] and [[Levallois technique|Levallois method]] artifacts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kasni musterijen na istočnom Jadranu – temelj za razumijevanje identiteta kasnih neandertalaca i njihovog nestanka|url=http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/mnij/?lang=en|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karavanić, Ivor & Janković, Ivor & Ahern, Jim & Smith, F.. (2014). Current research on the Middle Paleolithic cave, open-air and underwater site in Dalmatia, Croatia. Dolní Věstonice Studies. 20. 31-36.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274073275|last=|first=|date=|website=ResearchGate|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Karavanić|first=Ivor|title=Research on underwater Mousterian: The site of Resnik – Kaštel Štafilić, Dalmatia, Croatia.|date=2015|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287643498|work=In book: Forgotten times and spaces: New perspectives in paleoanthropological, paleoetnological and archeological studies.|volume=|pages=73–79|editor-last=Sázelová|editor-first=Sandra|publisher=Masaryk university|language=en|doi=10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M210-7781-2015-6|isbn=978-80-210-7781-2|access-date=2020-05-18|editor2-last=Novák|editor2-first=Martin|editor3-last=Mizerová|editor3-first=Alena}}</ref> Other underwater Paleolithic finds are a single Mousterian tool offshore of [[Povljana]] on the [[Pag (island)|island of Pag]] and stone tools of possible Mousterian type at a depth of 3 m at Stipanac in [[Lake Prokljan]]. <ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Rossi|first1=Irena Radić|title=Croatia: Submerged Prehistoric Sites in a Karstic Landscape|date=2020|work=The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes|pages=347–369|editor-last=Bailey|editor-first=Geoff|series=Coastal Research Library|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-37367-2_18|isbn=978-3-030-37367-2|last2=Karavanić|first2=Ivor|last3=Butorac|first3=Valerija|editor2-last=Galanidou|editor2-first=Nena|editor3-last=Peeters|editor3-first=Hans|editor4-last=Jöns|editor4-first=Hauke|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the area north of the town of [[Zadar]] an extensive series of sites exist where usually small [[Micro-Mousterian|Micro-mousterian]] industry tools, denticulates and notched pieces are found.<ref name=":2" />
 <gallery>
 File:Stone Scrapers for Cleaning & Working Leather, Mousterian Culture, Israel, 250,000-50,000.jpg|Stone scrapers for cleaning and working leather, Mousterian Culture, Israel, 250,000-50,000 BP

The Paleolithic
↑ Pliocene (before Homo)
Lower Paleolithic (c. 3.3 Ma – 300 ka) Lomekwi (3.3 Ma) Oldowan (2.6–1.7 Ma) Acheulean (1.76–0.13 Ma) Madrasian (1.5 Ma) Soanian (500–130 ka) Clactonian (424–400 ka) Mugharan (400–220 ka)
Middle Paleolithic (c. 300–50 ka) Mousterian (160–40 ka) Aterian (145–20 ka) Micoquien (130–70 ka) Sangoan (130–10 ka)
Upper Paleolithic (c. 50–12 ka) Initial Upper Paleolithic Fertile Crescent: Emiran (50–40 ka) Ahmarian (46–42 ka) Baradostian (36–18 ka) Aurignacian (35–29 ka) Zarzian (20–10 ka) Kebaran (18–12.5 ka) Trialetian (16–8 ka) Natufian (14.5–11.5 ka) Khiamian (12.2–10.8 ka) Europe: Bohunician (48–40 ka) Châtelperronian (44.5–36 ka) Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (43–32 ka) Aurignacian (43–26 ka) Szeletian (41,000-37,000) Périgordian (35–20 ka) Gravettian (33–24 ka) Pavlovian (29–25 ka) Solutrean (22–17 ka) Epigravettian (20–10 ka) Magdalenian (17–12 ka) Hamburg (15.5–13.1 ka) Federmesser (14–12.8 ka) Azilian (14–10 ka) Ahrensburg (13–12 ka) Swiderian (11–8 ka) Africa: Khormusan (42–18 ka) Iberomaurusian (25–11 ka) Mushabian Halfan (22–14 ka) Qadan (15—11 ka) Sebilian (15–11 ka) Eburran (15–5 ka) Magosian (10–8 ka) Siberia: Mal'ta–Buret' (24–15 ka) Afontova Gora (21–12 ka}
↓ Mesolithic
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