1970 in science
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The year 1970 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
- February 11 – Japan becomes the fourth country to launch a satellite into orbit.
- March 31 – Explorer I reentry (after 12 years in orbit)
- April 11 – Apollo 13 ill-fated space mission launched
- April 17 – Apollo 13 returns safely to Earth
- August 17 – Venera program: Venera 7 is launched. It will later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from another planet.
- November 17 – Luna program: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world and was released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.
Biology
- Establishment of Parc naturel régional de Camargue in the south of France.
Chemistry
- August – Ulrich K. Laemmli publishes his refinement of the SDS-PAGE method.[1]
Computer science
- January 1 – Unix time begins at 00:00:00 UTC.
- June–August – FLOW (programming language) devised by Jef Raskin.
- November 17 – Douglas Engelbart receives a United States patent for the first computer mouse.[2]
- Datapoint 2200 is announced. A mass-produced programmable terminal, designed by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) founders Phil Ray and Gus Roche.
- Len Deighton's 1943-set Bomber, published this year in England, is the first novel written on a word processor, the IBM MT/ST.[3]
- Niklaus Wirth releases the first Pascal compiler.[4]
- Xerox PARC computer laboratory opens in Palo Alto, California.
Earth sciences
- January 4 – The 7.1 Mw Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Between 10,000–14,621 are killed and 26,783 injured.
- May 24 – Kola Superdeep Borehole drilling begins on the Kola Peninsula of Russia.
Mathematics
- Conway's Game of Life cellular automaton devised by John Horton Conway.[5]
- Mathematician Kurt Gödel allows circulation of his ontological proof of the existence of God.[6]
Medicine
- The Dubowitz Score for estimating the gestational age of babies is published by Lilly and Victor Dubowitz.[7]
- The Exeter hip replacement stem, developed by surgeon Robin Ling and engineer Clive Lee, is first implanted, at the Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Hospital in Exeter, England.[8]
- First cases of monkeypox in humans identified in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[9]
Physics
- Prediction of the GIM mechanism, requiring the existence of a charm quark, by Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani.[10]
Psychology
- Henri Tajfel develops his minimal group paradigm, a constituent of social identity theory.
- Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume I is published by Konrad Lorenz.
Technology
- June 2 – Cleddau Bridge in Wales collapses during erection, killing four, leading to introduction of new standards for box girder bridges in the United Kingdom.[11][12]
Events
- June 19 – The Patent Cooperation Treaty is signed into international law, providing a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions.
Awards
- Fields Prize in Mathematics: Alan Baker, Heisuke Hironaka, Sergei Novikov and John Griggs Thompson
- Nobel Prizes
- Turing Award – James H. Wilkinson
Births
- March 27 – Eleanor Maguire, Irish-born neuropsychologist.
- August 1 – Elon Lindenstrauss, Israeli mathematician.
- September 3 – Stanislav Smirnov, Russian-born mathematician.
Deaths
- January 5 – Max Born (b. 1882), German physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1954.[13]
- January 27 – Marietta Blau (b. 1894), Austrian physicist.[14]
- April 27 – Orii Hyōjirō (b. 1883), Japanese animal specimen collector.
- May 1 – Ralph Hartley (b. 1888), American electrical engineer.
- July 20 – Margaret Reed Lewis (b. 1881), American cell biologist.
- July 29 – Emanuel Miller (b. 1892), British child psychiatrist.
- August 1 – Otto Heinrich Warburg (b. 1883), German physiologist and winner of the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[15]
- September 22 – Vojtěch Jarník (b. 1897), Czech mathematician.
References
- ^ Laemmli, U. K. (1970). "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4". Nature. 227 (5259): 680–685. Bibcode:1970Natur.227..680L. doi:10.1038/227680a0. PMID 5432063. S2CID 3105149.
- ^ U.S. patent 3,541,541.
- ^ Kirschenbaum, Matthew (2013-03-01). "The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?". Slate. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
- ^ Wirth, Niklaus (2000). "The Development of Procedural Programming Languages Personal Contributions and Perspectives". Modular Programming Languages. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1897. pp. 1–10. doi:10.1007/10722581_1. ISBN 978-3-540-67958-5.
- ^ Gardner, Martin (October 1970). Mathematical Games – The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game "life". Vol. 223. pp. 120–123. ISBN 0-89454-001-7. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Dawson, John W. Jr. (1997). Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Godel. Wellesley, Mass.: A. K. Peters Ltd. ISBN 1-56881-025-3.
- ^ Mercuri, Eugenio (2016-05-08). "Lilly Dubowitz obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ Timperley, A. John (2017-10-20). "Robin Ling obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
- ^ "Monkeypox". CDC. 2015-05-11. Archived from the original on 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
- ^ Glashow, S. L.; Iliopoulos, J.; Maiani, L. (1970). "Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry". Physical Review D. 2 (7): 1285–1292. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...2.1285G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285.
- ^ Department of the Environment (Merrison Committee of Inquiry) (1973). Inquiry into the Basis of Design and Method of Erection of Steel Box Girder Bridges. London: HMSO.
- ^ "How safe are our bridges?". BBC News Online. BBC. 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "Nobel prize winner dies". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (Pennsylvania, U.S.). Associated Press. 6 January 1970. p. 26.
- ^ Halpen, Leopold E. (1997). "Marietta Blau". In Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (eds.). A Devotion to Their Science: Pioneer Women of Radioactivity. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-77351-642-7.
- ^ Roswitha Schmid; Hans Adolf Krebs (1981). Otto Warburg: Cell Physiologist, Biochemist, and Eccentric. Clarendon Press. p. v.