Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto
This article needs to be updated.(February 2020) |
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1949 |
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This page shows results of Canadian federal elections in the central, earlier-development areas of Toronto–in particular, Old Toronto (what was the city of Toronto prior to the 1998 amalgamation), the former Borough of York, most of the former City of East York, and the southern, older portions of the former City of North York, in particular those south of Highway 401 and west of Leslie Street.
Regional profile
Up until 1962, most ridings in inner Toronto were Progressive Conservative strongholds, aside from splits with the Liberals in the 1949 and 1953 elections. Since 1962, Central Toronto, particularly Old Toronto, has generally leaned to the political left. Most elections in the 1960s resulted in a small handful (most often two or three) of New Democratic Party (NDP) seats with the Liberals taking most of the remainder. taking the all of the rest. From 1972 to 1988, the Tories usually split Toronto seats more or less equally with the Liberals (1972, 1979, 1984) or were reduced to about the same number of seats as the NDP (1974, 1980, 1988) with the Grits taking the lion's share. From 1993 to 2004, the Grits held every seat in the former Metro Toronto, in some cases with large margins. The NDP broke through to win a seat in 2004 with Jack Layton, and did slightly better the next two elections.
In 2011, the Liberal vote collapsed under the onslaught of both the Conservatives and the NDP, with the Conservatives taking two uptown ridings, the Liberals retaining two downtown ridings along Yonge Street, and the NDP winning the remaining six. Before then, centre-right parties had been completely shut out in central Toronto since the Tories lost all of their seats in 1993. The region reverted to its post-1990 form in 2015, as a massive surge in Liberal support allowed the Liberals to sweep Toronto.
Votes by party throughout time
Election | Liberal | Conservative | New Democratic | Green | PC | Reform / Alliance |
Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988 | 186,773 42.7% |
— | 92,398 21.1% |
1,358 0.3% |
148,915 34.0% |
— | 8,147 1.9% |
1993 | 234,990 56.3% |
— | 43,733 10.5% |
2,972 0.7% |
63,240 16.0% |
52,169 12.5% |
20,518 4.9% |
1997 | 213,314 50.3% |
— | 80,669 19.0% |
4,377 1.0% |
67,657 16.0% |
35,100 8.3% |
22,815 5.4% |
2000 | 217,529 53.6% |
— | 62,326 15.4% |
5,454 1.3% |
55,284 13.6% |
40,901 10.1% |
24,281 6.0% |
2004 | 234,018 50.9% |
75,063 16.3% |
125,218 27.3% |
21,548 4.7% |
Merged into Conservative Party |
3,630 0.8% | |
2006 | 239,755 46.5% |
98,414 19.1% |
148,843 28.9% |
25,164 4.9% |
3,057 0.6% | ||
2008 | 200,888 43.2% |
97,722 21.0% |
121,016 26.0% |
42,525 9.1% |
3,275 0.7% | ||
2011 | 163,973 32.8% |
126,948 25.4% |
184,858 37.0% |
21,177 4.2% |
3,151 0.6% | ||
2015 | 291,170 49.5% |
118,875 20.2% |
156,260 26.6% |
15,685 2.7% |
6,503 1.5% | ||
2019 | 323,727 52.8% |
109,913 17.9% |
134,412 21.9% |
35,410 5.8% |
9,081 1.5% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
2019 - 43rd General Election
Electoral district | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Conservative | NDP | Green | PPC | Other | |||||||||
Beaches—East York | Nathaniel Erskine-Smith 32,647 57.20% |
Nadirah Nazeer 8,026 14.06% |
Mae J. Nam 12,196 21.37% |
Sean Manners 3,378 5.92% |
Deborah McKenzie 831 1.46% |
Nathaniel Erskine-Smith | ||||||||
Davenport | Julie Dzerowicz 23,251 43.72% |
Sanjay Bhatia 4,921 9.25% |
Andrew Cash 21,812 41.02% |
Hannah Conover-Arthurs 2,397 4.51% |
Francesco Ciardullo 496 0.93% |
Chai Kalevar (Ind.) 79 0.15% Elizabeth Rowley (Comm.) 138 0.26% Troy Young (Ind.) 86 0.16% |
Julie Dzerowicz | |||||||
Don Valley West | Rob Oliphant 29,148 55.80% |
Yvonne Robertson 16,304 31.21% |
Laurel MacDowell 3,804 7.28% |
Amanda Kistindey 2,257 4.32% |
Ian Prittie 444 0.85% |
John Kittredge (Libert.) 277 0.53% |
Rob Oliphant | |||||||
Eglinton—Lawrence | Marco Mendicino 29,850 53.30% |
Chani Aryeh-Bain 18,549 33.12% |
Alexandra Nash 4,741 8.47% |
Reuben DeBoer 2,278 4.07% |
Michael Staffieri 586 1.05% |
Marco Mendicino | ||||||||
Parkdale—High Park | Arif Virani 28,852 47.39% |
Adam Pham 8,015 13.16% |
Paul M. Taylor 19,180 31.50% |
Nick Capra 3,916 6.43% |
Greg Wycliffe 643 1.06% |
Lorne Gershuny (M-L) 43 0.07% Alykhan Pabani (Comm.) 119 0.20% Terry Parker (Mar.) 119 0.20% |
Arif Virani | |||||||
Spadina—Fort York | Adam Vaughan 33,822 55.77% |
Frank Fang 10,680 17.61% |
Diana Yoon 12,188 20.10% |
Dean Maher 3,174 5.23% |
Robert Stewart 672 1.11% |
Marcela Ramirez (Ind.) 114 0.19% |
Adam Vaughan | |||||||
Toronto Centre | Bill Morneau 31,271 57.37% |
Ryan Lester 6,613 12.13% |
Brian Chang 12,142 22.27% |
Annamie Paul 3,852 7.07% |
Sean Carson (Rhino.) 147 0.27% Bronwyn Cragg (Comm.) 125 0.23% Philip Fernandez (M-L) 54 0.10% Rob Lewin (Animal) 182 0.33% Jason Tavares (Ind.) 126 0.23% |
Bill Morneau | ||||||||
Toronto—Danforth | Julie Dabrusin 27,681 47.68% |
Zia Choudhary 6,091 10.49% |
Min Sook Lee 19,283 33.21% |
Chris Tolley 3,761 6.48% |
Tara Dos Remedios 621 1.07% |
Elizabeth Abbott (Animal) 261 0.45% Ivan Byard (Comm.) 151 0.26% John Kladitis (Ind.) 210 0.36% |
Julie Dabrusin | |||||||
Toronto—St. Paul's | Carolyn Bennett 32,494 54.31% |
Jae Truesdell 12,933 21.61% |
Alok Mukherjee 9,442 15.78% |
Sarah Climenhaga 4,042 6.76% |
John Kellen 923 1.54% |
Carolyn Bennett | ||||||||
University—Rosedale | Chrystia Freeland 29,652 51.67% |
Helen-Claire Tingling 9,342 16.28% |
Melissa Jean-Baptiste Vajda 12,573 21.91% |
Tim Grant 4,861 8.47% |
Aran Lockwood 510 0.89% |
Karin Brothers (SCC) 124 0.22% Drew Garvie (Comm.) 143 0.25% Steve Rutschinski (M-L) 27 0.05% Liz White (Animal) 159 0.28% |
Chrystia Freeland | |||||||
York South—Weston | Ahmed Hussen 25,976 58.42% |
Jasveen Rattan 8,415 18.93% |
Yafet Tewelde 7,754 17.44% |
Nicki Ward 1,633 3.67% |
Gerard Racine 685 1.54% |
Ahmed Hussen |
2015 - 42nd General Election
Electoral district | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | NDP | Liberal | Green | Libertarian | Marxist-Leninist | Other | ||||||||||
Beaches—East York | Bill Burrows 9,124 16.43% |
Matthew Kellway 17,113 30.82% |
Nathaniel Erskine-Smith 27,458 49.45% |
Randall Sach 1,433 2.58% |
Roger Carter 105 0.19% |
James Sears (Ind.)[a] 254 0.46% |
Matthew Kellway | |||||||||
Peter Surjanac (Ind.) 43 0.08% | ||||||||||||||||
Davenport | Carlos Oliveira 5,233 10.55% |
Andrew Cash 20,506 41.36% |
Julie Dzerowicz 21,947 44.26% |
Dan Stein 1,530 3.09% |
Miguel Figueroa (Comm.) 261 0.53% |
Andrew Cash | ||||||||||
Chai Kalevar (Ind.) 107 0.22% | ||||||||||||||||
Don Valley West | John Carmichael 19,206 37.60% |
Syeda Riaz 3,076 6.02% |
Rob Oliphant 27,472 53.78% |
Natalie Hunt 848 1.66% |
John Kittredge 325 0.64% |
Sharon Cromwell (Ind.) 75 0.15% |
John Carmichael | |||||||||
Elizabeth Hill (Comm.) 84 0.16% | ||||||||||||||||
Eglinton—Lawrence | Joe Oliver 23,788 42.64% |
Andrew Thomson 3,505 6.28% |
Marco Mendicino 27,278 48.89% |
Matthew Chisholm 799 1.43% |
Ethan Buchman 308 0.55% |
Rudy Brunell Solomonovici (Animal All.) 114 0.20% |
Joe Oliver | |||||||||
Parkdale—High Park | Ian Allen 7,641 13.05% |
Peggy Nash 23,566 40.24% |
Arif Virani 24,623 42.04% |
Adam Phipps 1,743 2.98% |
Mark Jeftovic 610 1.04% |
Lorne Gershuny 100 0.17% |
Terry Parker (Mar.) 191 0.33% |
Peggy Nash | ||||||||
Carol Royer (Ind.) 93 0.16% | ||||||||||||||||
Spadina—Fort York | Sabrina Zuniga 8,673 15.73% |
Olivia Chow 15,047 27.28% |
Adam Vaughan 30,141 54.65% |
Sharon Danley 1,137 2.06% |
Nick Lin 59 0.11% |
Michael Nicula (PACT) 91 0.17% |
Adam Vaughan Trinity—Spadina | |||||||||
Toronto Centre | Julian Di Battista 6,167 12.19% |
Linda McQuaig 13,467 26.61% |
Bill Morneau 29,297 57.90% |
Colin Biggin 1,315 2.60% |
Philip Fernandez 76 0.15% |
Mariam Ahmad (Comm.) 133 0.26% |
Chrystia Freeland‡ | |||||||||
Jordan Stone (Ind.) 147 0.29% | ||||||||||||||||
Toronto—Danforth | Benjamin Dichter 5,478 9.86% |
Craig Scott 22,325 40.17% |
Julie Dabrusin 23,531 42.34% |
Chris Tolley 2,618 4.71% |
Elizabeth Abbott (Animal All.) 354 0.64% |
Craig Scott | ||||||||||
John Richardson (PC) 1,275 2.29% | ||||||||||||||||
Toronto—St. Paul's | Marnie MacDougall 15,376 26.99% |
Noah Richler 8,386 14.72% |
Carolyn Bennett 31,481 55.26% |
Kevin Farmer 1,729 3.03% |
Carolyn Bennett St. Paul's | |||||||||||
University—Rosedale | Karim Jivraj 9,790 17.51% |
Jennifer Hollett 15,988 28.59% |
Chrystia Freeland 27,849 49.80% |
Nick Wright 1,641 2.93% |
Jesse Waslowski 233 0.42% |
Steve Rutchinski 51 0.09% |
David Berlin (TBP) 122 0.22% |
New District | ||||||||
Drew Garvie (Comm.) 125 0.22% | ||||||||||||||||
Simon Luisi (Animal All.) 126 0.23% | ||||||||||||||||
York South—Weston | James Robinson 8,399 19.22% |
Mike Sullivan 13,281 30.39% |
Ahmed Hussen 20,093 45.97% |
John Johnson 892 2.04% |
Stephen Lepone 1,041 2.38% |
Mike Sullivan |
2011 - 41st General Election
Electoral district | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Liberal | NDP | Green | Other | ||||||||
Beaches—East York | Bill Burrows 11,067 22.74% |
Maria Minna 14,967 30.75% |
Matthew Kellway 20,265 41.64% |
Aaron Cameron 2,240 4.60% |
Roger Carter (M-L) 130 0.27% |
Maria Minna | ||||||
Davenport | Theresa Rodrigues 5,573 14.20% |
Mario Silva 10,946 27.89% |
Andrew Cash 21,096 53.74% |
Wayne Scott 1,344 3.42% |
Miguel Figueroa (Comm.) 167 0.43% |
Mario Silva | ||||||
Simon Luisi (AAEVP) 128 0.33% | ||||||||||||
Don Valley West | John Carmichael 22,962 42.93% |
Rob Oliphant 22,351 41.79% |
Nicole Yovanoff 6,280 11.74% |
Georgina Wilcock 1,703 3.18% |
Dimitris Kabitsis (Comm.) 186 0.35% |
Rob Oliphant | ||||||
Eglinton—Lawrence | Joe Oliver 22,652 46.81% |
Joe Volpe 18,590 38.42% |
Justin Chatwin 5,613 11.60% |
Paul William Baker 1,534 3.17% |
Joe Volpe | |||||||
Parkdale—High Park | Taylor Train 7,924 15.55% |
Gerard Kennedy 16,757 32.89% |
Peggy Nash 24,046 47.20% |
Sarah Newton 1,666 3.27% |
Andrew Borkowski (CHP) 251 0.49% |
Gerard Kennedy | ||||||
Lorne Gershuny (M-L) 86 0.17% | ||||||||||||
Terry Parker (Mar.) 215 0.42% | ||||||||||||
St. Paul's | Maureen Harquail 17,864 32.37% |
Carolyn Bennett 22,409 40.60% |
William Molls 12,124 21.97% |
Jim McGarva 2,495 4.52% |
John Kittredge (Libert.) 303 0.55% |
Carolyn Bennett | ||||||
Toronto Centre | Kevin Moore 12,604 22.64% |
Bob Rae 22,832 41.01% |
Susan Wallace 16,818 30.21% |
Ellen Michelson 2,796 5.02% |
Judi Falardeau (Libert.) 277 0.50% |
Bob Rae | ||||||
Philip Fernandez (M-L) 76 0.14% | ||||||||||||
Catherine Holliday (Comm.) 159 0.29% | ||||||||||||
Bahman Yazdanfar (Ind.) 108 0.19% | ||||||||||||
Toronto—Danforth | Katarina von Koenig 6,885 14.32% |
Andrew Lang 8,472 17.62% |
Jack Layton 29,235 60.80% |
Adriana Mugnatto-Hamu 3,107 6.46% |
Marie Crawford (AAEVP) 387 0.80% |
Jack Layton | ||||||
Trinity—Spadina | Gin Siow 10,976 16.81% |
Christine Innes 15,276 23.39% |
Olivia Chow 35,601 54.51% |
Rachel Barney 2,861 4.38% |
Chester Brown (Libert.) 456 0.70% |
Olivia Chow | ||||||
Nick Lin (M-L) 140 0.21% | ||||||||||||
York South—Weston | Jilian Saweczko 8,559 24.32% |
Alan Tonks 11,542 32.79% |
Mike Sullivan 14,122 40.12% |
Sonny Day 975 2.77% |
Alan Tonks |
2008 - 40th General Election
Electoral district | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Liberal | NDP | Green | Marxist-Leninist | Other | |||||||||
Beaches— East York |
Caroline Alleslev 7,907 17.08% |
Maria Minna 18,967 40.97% |
Marilyn Churley 14,875 32.13% |
Zoran Markovski 4,389 9.48% |
Roger Carter 155 0.33% |
Maria Minna | ||||||||
Davenport | Theresa Rodrigues 3,838 11.01% |
Mario Silva 15,953 45.77% |
Peter Ferreira 10,896 31.26% |
Wayne Scott 3,655 10.49% |
Sarah Thompson 87 0.25% |
Miguel Figueroa (Comm.) 160 0.46% |
Mario Silva | |||||||
Wendy Forrest (Ind.) 172 0.49% | ||||||||||||||
Simon Luisi (AAEVP) 92 0.26% | ||||||||||||||
Don Valley West | John Carmichael 19,441 38.83% |
Rob Oliphant 22,112 44.36% |
David Sparrow 5,102 10.19% |
Georgina Wilcock 3,155 6.30% |
Catherine Holiday (Comm.) 162 0.32% |
Vacant | ||||||||
Eglinton—Lawrence | Joe Oliver 17,073 39.25% |
Joe Volpe 19,113 43.99% |
Justin Chatwin 3,663 8.42% |
Andrew James 3,629 8.34% |
Joe Volpe | |||||||||
Parkdale— High Park |
Jilian Saweczko 5,992 12.44% |
Gerard Kennedy 20,705 42.98% |
Peggy Nash 17,332 35.97% |
Rob Rishchynski 3,601 7.47% |
Lorne Gershuny 110 0.23% |
Andrew Borkowski (CHP) 230 0.48% |
Peggy Nash | |||||||
Terry Parker (Mar.) 209 0.43% | ||||||||||||||
St. Paul's | Heather Jewell 13,948 26.86% |
Carolyn Bennett 26,286 50.61% |
Anita Agrawal 6,666 12.83% |
Justin Erdman 4,726 9.10% |
John Kittredge (Libert.) 312 0.60% |
Carolyn Bennett | ||||||||
Toronto Centre | David Peter Gentili 9,402 18.33% |
Bob Rae 27,462 53.53% |
El-Farouk Khaki 7,741 15.09% |
Ellen Michelson 6,081 11.85% |
Philip Fernandez 92 0.18% |
Johan Boyden (Comm.) 193 0.38% |
Bob Rae | |||||||
Gerald Derome (Ind.) 146 0.28% | ||||||||||||||
Liz White (AAEVP) 187 0.36% | ||||||||||||||
Toronto—Danforth | Christina Perreault 5,287 11.65% |
Andrew Lang 13,336 29.38% |
Jack Layton 20,323 44.78% |
Sharon Howarth 5,955 13.21% |
Marcell Rodden 87 0.19% |
Marie Crawford (AAEVP) 175 0.39% |
Jack Layton | |||||||
John Richardson (Ind.) 130 0.29% | ||||||||||||||
Bahman Yazdanfar (CAP) 54 0.12% | ||||||||||||||
Trinity—Spadina | Christine McGirr 8,249 13.78% |
Christine Innes 20,970 35.02% |
Olivia Chow 24,454 40.84% |
Stephen La Frenie 5,418 9.05% |
Carlos Santos Almeida (Ind.) 164 0.27% |
Olivia Chow | ||||||||
Chester Brown (Libert.) 491 0.82% | ||||||||||||||
Val Illie (Ind.) 132 0.22% | ||||||||||||||
York South—Weston | Aydin Cocelli 7,021 20.36% |
Alan Tonks 16,071 46.60% |
Mike Sullivan 9,641 27.95% |
Andre Papadimitriou 1,757 5.09% |
Alan Tonks |
2006 - 39th General Election
Electoral district | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Conservative | NDP | Green | Marxist-Leninist | Other | |||||||||
Beaches—East York | Maria Minna 20,678 40.39% |
Peter Conroy 9,238 18.04% |
Marilyn Churley 17,900 34.96% |
Jim Harris 3,106 6.07% |
Roger Carter 91 0.18% |
Jim Love (PC) 183 0.36% |
Maria Minna | |||||||
Davenport | Mario Silva 20,172 51.87% |
Theresa Rodrigues 4,202 10.80% |
Gord Perks 12,681 32.61% |
Mark O'Brien 1,440 3.70% |
Sarah Thompson 103 0.26% |
Miguel Figueroa (Comm.) 172 0.44% |
Mario Silva | |||||||
Wendy Forrest (CAP) 122 0.31% | ||||||||||||||
Don Valley West | John Godfrey 28,709 53.36% |
John Carmichael 17,908 33.29% |
David Thomas 4,902 9.11% |
Daphne So 1,906 3.54% |
Paul Barnes (CAP) 151 0.28% |
John Godfrey | ||||||||
Soumen Deb (Libert.) 226 0.42% | ||||||||||||||
Eglinton—Lawrence | Joe Volpe 26,044 52.89% |
Peter Coy 14,897 30.25% |
Maurganne Mooney 5,660 11.49% |
Patrick Metzger 2,520 5.12% |
John Brian Steele (NA) 123 0.25% |
Joe Volpe | ||||||||
Parkdale—High Park | Sarmite Sam Bulte 18,489 35.94% |
Jurij Klufas 8,777 17.06% |
Peggy Nash 20,790 40.41% |
Robert L. Rishchynski 2,840 5.52% |
Lorne Gershuny 124 0.24% |
Beverly Bernardo (NA) 119 0.23% |
Sarmite Bulte | |||||||
Terry Parker (Mar.) 311 0.60% | ||||||||||||||
St. Paul's | Carolyn Bennett 29,295 50.26% |
Peter Kent 15,021 25.77% |
Paul Summerville 11,189 19.20% |
Kevin Farmer 2,785 4.78% |
Carolyn Bennett | |||||||||
Toronto Centre | Bill Graham 30,874 52.23% |
Lewis Reford 10,763 18.21% |
Michael Shapcott 14,036 23.74% |
Chris Tindal 3,080 5.21% |
Philip Fernandez 66 0.11% |
Johan Boyden (Comm.) 120 0.20% |
Bill Graham | |||||||
Michel Prairie (NA) 101 0.17% | ||||||||||||||
Liz White (AAEVP) 72 0.12% | ||||||||||||||
Toronto—Danforth | Deborah Coyne 17,256 34.23% |
Kren Clausen 4,992 9.90% |
Jack Layton 24,412 48.42% |
Al Hart 3,583 7.11% |
Marcell Rodden 172 0.34% |
Jack Layton | ||||||||
Trinity—Spadina | Tony Ianno 25,067 40.14% |
Sam Goldstein 5,625 9.01% |
Olivia Chow 28,748 46.03% |
Thom Chapman 2,398 3.84% |
Nick Lin 138 0.22% |
Asif Hossain (PC) 392 0.63% |
Tony Ianno | |||||||
John Riddell (CAP) 82 0.13% | ||||||||||||||
York South—Weston | Alan Tonks 22,871 57.06% |
Steve Halicki 6,991 17.44% |
Paul Ferreira 8,525 21.27% |
Maria De Angelis-Pater 1,506 3.76% |
Dragan Cimesa (Ind.) 189 0.47% |
Alan Tonks |
2004 - 38th General Election
2004 election results in the City of Toronto | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Central | Suburban | Pickering— Scarborough East (part)* |
Total | |||||
Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | ||
Liberal | 234,018 | 50.9 | 276,372 | 57.5 | 12,451 | 60.4 | 522,841 | 54.4 | |
New Democratic Party | 125,218 | 27.3 | 64,146 | 13.3 | 2,424 | 11.8 | 191,788 | 20.0 | |
Conservative | 75,063 | 16.3 | 111,637 | 23.2 | 5,086 | 24.7 | 191,786 | 20.0 | |
Green | 21,548 | 4.7 | 14,762 | 3.1 | 640 | 3.1 | 36,950 | 3.8 | |
Christian Heritage | - | - | 2,592 | 0.5 | - | - | 2,592 | 0.3 | |
Progressive Canadian | 531 | 0.1 | 1,931 | 0.4 | - | - | 2,462 | 0.3 | |
Marijuana | 1,578 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | 1,578 | 0.2 | |
Communist | 480 | 0.1 | 469 | 0.1 | - | - | 949 | 0.1 | |
Marxist–Leninist | 506 | 0.1 | 436 | 0.1 | - | - | 942 | 0.1 | |
Canadian Action | 366 | 0.1 | 200 | 0.0 | - | - | 566 | 0.1 | |
Independents | 169 | 0.0 | 8,348 | 1.7 | - | - | 8,517 | 0.9 | |
Total | 459,477 | 480,893 | 20,601 | 960,971 |
Maps
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Notes
References
- ^ "Message from NCP Leader, Dr. James Sears". The New Constitution Party of Canada. Retrieved 22 September 2015.