Chinese pond turtle

Chinese pond turtle
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Sauropsida
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Geoemydidae
Genus:	Mauremys
Species:	M. reevesii
Binomial name
	Mauremys reevesii; (Gray, 1831)
Synonyms
	Emys reevesii — Gray, 1831; Clemmys (Clemmys) reevesii — Fitzinger, 1835; Emys vulgaris picta — Schlegel, 1844; Emys japonica — Duméril & Bibron, 1851; Geoclemys reevesii — Gray, 1856; Damonia reevesii — Gray, 1869; Damonia unicolor — Gray, 1873; Clemmys unicolor — Sclater, 1873; Geoclemys [reevesii] reevesii — Siebenrock, 1907; Geoclemys reevesii unicolor — Siebenrock, 1907; Geoclemmys reevesi — Vogt, 1924 (ex errore); Geoclemys grangeri — Schmidt, 1925; Geoclemys paracaretta — Chang, 1929; Geoclemys reevesi grangeri — Mell, 1929; Chinemys reevesi — Smith, 1931; Geoclemys papacaretta — Fang, 1934 (ex errore); Emys reevesi — Bourret, 1941; Chinemys reevesii — Mertens & Wermuth, 1955; Chinemy reevesi — Mao, 1971; Chinemys grangeri — Pritchard, 1979; Chinemys pani — Tao, 1988; Chinemys reevessi — Obst, 1996 (ex errore); Chinemys reveesii — Fritz, 1996 (ex errore); Mauremys reevesii — Spinks, Shaffer, Iverson & McCord, 2004;

The Chinese pond turtle(Mauremys reevesii),^[1] Reeves' turtle or Chinese three-keeled pond turtle is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae (formerly called Bataguridae). It is found in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan.^[1]^[3] This specific turtle is semi-aquatic so it loves to bask in the sun on rocks or logs and can often be found leaving water to do so. They can usually be found in marshes, relatively shallow ponds, streams and canals with muddy or sandy bottoms.

The Chinese pond turtle is threatened by overhunting (its plastron is used in traditional Chinese medicine)^[4]^[5] and habitat destruction in the wild. The IUCN considers C. reevesii an endangered species.^[3] This species, fortunately, breeds well in captivity, and is at risk the most in China. In many other places, however, the Chinese pond turtle is at little to no risk at all.^{[citation needed]}

Hybridization

This species is notorious for its ability to produce hybrids with other Geoemydidae, even species that are only distantly related. The supposed new species "Mauremys" pritchardi was based on a hybrid of unknown origin between a male of the present species and a female yellow pond turtle (Mauremys mutica). Furthermore, it has hybridized with the Chinese stripe-necked turtle (Ocadia sinensis), female Malayan box turtles (Cuora amboinensis), a male Four-eyed turtle (Sacalia quadriocellata), and the Japanese pond turtle (Mauremys japonica) in captivity.^[6]

Any individuals that are available as pets therefore need to be kept separate from other members of the family.

Farming

M. reevesii is one of the species raised on China's turtle farms. According to a 1998 survey, 548 farms raised this turtle species in four provinces in China. The statistical data from different provinces were in different formats, however: two provinces reported 20,650 turtles living on 26 farms, with 5,000 animals reproduced annually; the other two provinces reported the total weight of their turtles, namely some 260 tons of these animals on 522 farms. Over the 5-year period, 1990–1995, thirteen traditional Chinese medicine factories consumed 430 tons of C. reevesii plastrons.^[7]

Based on a more recent (2002) survey of 684 Chinese turtle farms (less than half of all 1,499 turtle farms that were registered at the time), researchers found that 2.8 million of turtles of this species (reported there as Chinemys reevesii) lived on these farms, with some 566,000 specimens sold by farmers every year. The total weight of the annual product was 320 tons, with the estimated value of over 6 million US dollars. (Which makes the market value of a Chinese Pond Turtle equal to around $12 - about twice as much that of the most common farmed species, Pelodiscus sinensis.) Taking into account the registered farms that did not respond to the survey, as well as the unregistered producers, the total amounts must be considerably higher.^[8]

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (14 December 2010). "Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status". Chelonian Research Monographs. 5: 000.112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Fritz Uwe (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 232–233. ISSN 18640-5755. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ATTWG (2000)
^ da Nóbrega Alves et al. (2008)
^ Subhuti Dharmananda. "Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine".
^ Parham et al. (2001), Buskirk et al. (2005)
^ GUO Yinfeng, ZOU Xueying, CHEN Yan, WANG Di & WANG Sung. "Sustainability of Wildlife Use in Traditional Chinese Medicine". 1998.; also quoted in: Subhuti Dharmananda. "Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine".
^ Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (1 January 2008), "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China", Oryx, vol. 42, Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–150, doi:10.1017/S0030605308000562, retrieved 26 December 2009

References

Template:IUCN2006
Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F. & Feldman, Chris R. (2005): On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia × Mauremys). Salamandra 41: 21-26. PDF fulltext
da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira; Washington Luiz & Gomes Santana, Gindomar (2008): Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(8): 2037–2049. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0 (HTML abstract, PDF first page)
Parham, James Ford; Simison, W. Brian; Kozak, Kenneth H.; Feldman, Chris R. & Shi, Haitao (2001): New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens. Animal Conservation 4(4): 357–367. PDF fulltext Erratum: Animal Conservation 5(1): 86 HTML abstract

External links

[Rhodin-1] Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (14 December 2010). "Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status". Chelonian Research Monographs. 5: 000.112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Fritz_2007-2] Fritz Uwe (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 232–233. ISSN 18640-5755. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[attwg2000-3] ATTWG (2000)

[4] Nóbrega Alves et al. (2008)

[dharma-5] Subhuti Dharmananda. "Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine".

[6] Parham et al. (2001), Buskirk et al. (2005)

[7] GUO Yinfeng, ZOU Xueying, CHEN Yan, WANG Di & WANG Sung. "Sustainability of Wildlife Use in Traditional Chinese Medicine". 1998.; also quoted in: Subhuti Dharmananda. "Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine".

[scale-8] Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (1 January 2008), "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China", Oryx, vol. 42, Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–150, doi:10.1017/S0030605308000562, retrieved 26 December 2009

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