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George Graham

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This article is about the Scottish football manager and former player. For other people, see George Graham (disambiguation).

George Graham
Graham in 1970
Personal information
Full name George Graham[1]
Date of birth (1944-11-30) 30 November 1944 (age 79)[1]
Place of birth Bargeddie, Scotland[1]
Height 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)[2]
Position(s) Midfielder, forward
Youth career
1959–1961 Aston Villa
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1961–1964 Aston Villa 8 (2)
1964–1966 Chelsea 72 (35)
1966–1972 Arsenal 227 (60)
1972–1974 Manchester United 43 (2)
1974–1976 Portsmouth 61 (5)
1976–1977 Crystal Palace 44 (2)
1978 California Surf 17 (0)
Total 472 (106)
International career
1964–1965 Scotland U23 2 (0)
1971–1973 Scotland 12 (3)
Managerial career
1982–1986 Millwall
1986–1995 Arsenal
1996–1998 Leeds United
1998–2001 Tottenham Hotspur
*Club domestic league appearances and goals

George Graham (born 30 November 1944) is a Scottish former football player and manager.

Nicknamed "Stroller",[3] he made 455 appearances in England's Football League as a midfielder or forward for Aston Villa, Chelsea, Arsenal, Manchester United, Portsmouth and Crystal Palace. Approximately half of his appearances were for Arsenal, and he was part of the side that won the Football League Championship and FA Cup double in 1971. Graham also made 17 appearances for California Surf in the NASL in 1978.

He then moved to the coaching staff at Crystal Palace, before joining former Palace manager Terry Venables as a coach at Queens Park Rangers. As a manager, he won numerous honours with Arsenal between 1987 and 1995, including two league titles (in 1989 and 1991), the 1993 FA Cup, two Football League Cups (in 1987 and 1993), as well as the 1994 European Cup Winners' Cup. He also managed Millwall, Leeds United and Tottenham Hotspur.

He was one of the most successful managers in Arsenal's history, remaining in charge for almost a decade until he was sacked by the club's board after being found guilty by the Football Association of taking money from transfers. Graham was banned despite paying back the money, which he always claimed was an "unsolicited gift".[3]

Early life

[edit]

The youngest of seven children, Graham was born at Dykehead Road, Bargeddie, near Coatbridge on Thursday 30 November 1944. He grew up in poverty and was raised by his mother, Janet (26 April 1908 – 27 March 1977), after his father, Robert Young Graham (born 22 June 1900), died of tuberculosis and heart failure on Christmas Day 1944, when George was not yet a month old.[4] His elder sister also died of tuberculosis on 22 February 1950.

While growing up, Graham showed considerable promise as a footballer, and Newcastle United, Chelsea and Aston Villa displayed an interest in signing him.[5]

Playing career

[edit]

Aston Villa

[edit]

Graham received offers from Aston Villa, Chelsea and Newcastle United aged 15, in 1959, and visited all three clubs to see their facilities.[3] He chose Aston Villa mainly as he and his family liked manager Joe Mercer, initially playing for their youth side, he signed professionally in 1961, on his 17th birthday.[3] He spent five seasons at the Birmingham club, but only made ten appearances – though one of them was the club's 1963 League Cup final loss to Birmingham City.[6]

Chelsea

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Chelsea signed Graham in July 1964 for £5,000. He scored 35 goals in 72 league games for the club and won a League Cup medal in 1965 but he, along with several other Chelsea players, increasingly clashed with their volatile manager Tommy Docherty. This culminated in Graham and seven others being sent home and disciplined by Docherty for breaking a pre-match curfew in 1965.[4]

Arsenal

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Bertie Mee's Arsenal were looking for a replacement for Joe Baker, and paid £50,000 plus Tommy Baldwin in 1966 to bring Graham to Highbury.[7] He made his debut on 1 October 1966 at home to Leicester City, and although the result was a 4–2 defeat he immediately became a regular in the Arsenal side. He was Arsenal's top scorer in both 1966–67 and 1967–68, having started out as a centre forward for the club, but later moved back into midfield as an inside forward with John Radford moving from the wing to central striker.

With Arsenal, Graham was a runner-up in both the 1968 and 1969 League Cup finals, before finally winning a medal with the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. He followed it up with being an integral part of Arsenal's Double-winning side of 1970–71, and even had a claim to scoring Arsenal's equaliser in the FA Cup Final against Liverpool, although Eddie Kelly is officially credited with the goal.[4][8]

Winning the Double brought the attention of Scotland and Graham was selected for the national side for the first time against Portugal on 13 October 1971.[4] He would go on to win twelve caps over the next two years for Scotland, scoring three goals, his final one coming against Brazil on 30 June 1973. By then, however, Graham was no longer an Arsenal player. The arrival of Alan Ball midway through 1971–72 had made his place in the Arsenal side less assured. In total, he played 308 matches for Arsenal, scoring 77 goals. His final appearance was on 4th November 1972 when he came on as a substitute against Coventry City.

Manchester United

[edit]

Graham moved for £120,000 to Manchester United in December 1972, where he was soon reunited with Docherty. He spent two years at United and was relegated to Division Two in 1974. He was sold to Portsmouth during the 1974–75 season.

Portsmouth, Crystal Palace and California Surf

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Graham saw out his career in England at Portsmouth and Crystal Palace. He played the summer of 1978 in America for the California Surf.[9]

Managerial career

[edit]

Millwall

[edit]

After retiring from playing in 1978, Graham became the youth team coach[10] at Crystal Palace[4] and then from October 1980 Queens Park Rangers. On 6 December 1982, he was appointed manager of Millwall, who were then bottom of the old Third Division. Graham turned the side around in a short period of time—they avoided relegation that season on the final match of the season with a 1–0 win at Chesterfield. The following season they finished 9th and in 1984–85 they were promoted to the old Second Division. After Graham left the club in 1986 when Millwall finished mid table, they went on to win the Second Division and win promotion to the First in 1987–88.

Arsenal

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Graham's achievements at Millwall attracted attention from First Division clubs, and with the resignation of Don Howe as Arsenal manager in March 1986, their directors first offered the job to FC Barcelona coach Terry Venables, but he rejected their offer and Arsenal switched their attention to Alex Ferguson, the Aberdeen manager, as their new manager with Graham as his assistant. However, Ferguson (then in temporary charge of the Scotland national football team following the death of Jock Stein the previous September, and still in charge of Aberdeen) had decided to wait until after the World Cup that summer before deciding on his future. Graham himself had never even applied for the Arsenal position[11] but on 12 May 1986 his chairman at Millwall, Alan Thorne, told him that Arsenal wanted to speak to him about the manager's job. After an interview with Peter Hill-Wood, David Dein and Ken Friar at Hill-Wood's home, the Arsenal directors appointed Graham as their new manager on 14 May 1986.[12] A month after arriving at Highbury, Graham was himself linked with the Scotland national team, possibly combining it with the Arsenal manager's job,[13] but that role went to Andy Roxburgh instead.

Arsenal had not won a trophy since the FA Cup in 1978–79, and were drifting away from the top teams in the League, having not finished in the top five during any of the previous four seasons, during which the major honours were picked up by an all-conquering Liverpool as well as the likes of Manchester United and Everton.

Graham quickly discarded the likes of Paul Mariner, who already had been released on a free transfer, Tony Woodcock, Stewart Robson and Tommy Caton, and replaced them with new signings and youth team products. He also imposed much stricter discipline than his predecessors, both in the dressing room and on the pitch and told the team he expected them to be dressed in club blazers on match day.[4] Arsenal's form immediately improved, so much so that the club were top of the League at Christmas 1986, the club's centenary, for the first time in a decade. However, Graham said he knew the team weren't ready to mount a sustained title challenge.[14] This was proven to be correct as Arsenal finished fourth in Graham's first season in charge, but they went on to win the 1987 League Cup, beating Liverpool 2–1 at Wembley on 5 April. The key players in the upturn were young defender Tony Adams and high-scoring winger Martin Hayes.

While Arsenal lost the League Cup final the following year (a shock 3–2 defeat to Luton Town), they remained consistent in the league. Graham's side featured tight defensive discipline, embodied by his young captain Tony Adams, who along with Lee Dixon, Steve Bould and Nigel Winterburn, would form the basis of the club's defence for over a decade. However, contrary to popular belief, during this time Arsenal were not a purely defensive side; Graham also built up an impressive midfield containing David Rocastle, Paul Davis, Michael Thomas and Paul Merson, and striker Alan Smith, whose prolific goal-scoring regularly brought him more than 20 goals per season.[4]

At the end of Graham's third season (1988–89), the club won their first League title since 1971 (when Graham had been an Arsenal player), in highly dramatic fashion, in the final game of the season against holders and league leaders Liverpool at Anfield. Arsenal needed to win by two goals to take the title; Alan Smith scored early in the second half to make it 1–0, but as time ticked by Arsenal struggled to get a second, and with the 90 minutes elapsed on the clock, they still needed another goal. With only seconds to go, a Smith flick-on found Michael Thomas surging through the Liverpool defence; the young midfielder calmly lifted the ball over Bruce Grobbelaar and into the net, and Arsenal were League Champions. However, there was no chance to enter the European Cup just yet for Graham's team, as the ban on English clubs in European competitions (which was imposed by UEFA in 1985 following the Heysel disaster) continued for another season.

After finishing fourth in 1989–90, Graham signed goalkeeper David Seaman and Swedish winger Anders Limpar in the close season; both players proved vital as Arsenal won a second title in 1990–91 and reached the FA Cup semi-finals, losing to arch-rivals Tottenham Hotspur. They lost just one league game all season - their 24th match of the league campaign against Chelsea on 2 February.

Arsenal finished ahead of runners-up Liverpool in the race for the league title that season; in February 1991 the Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish had suddenly announced his resignation as manager, and Graham's name was among those mentioned by the media as a possible successor to Dalglish. However, Graham was quick to rule himself out of the running, and the job instead went to another Scot, Graeme Souness.

In the autumn of 1991, Graham went on to sign a striker who would break the club's all-time top scoring records, Ian Wright from Crystal Palace, and led the club into their first entry in the European Cup for twenty years. However, the continental adventure was short-lived: Arsenal were knocked out by S.L. Benfica in the second round and failed to make the lucrative final stages. 1991–92 brought more disappointment when the Gunners were knocked out of the FA Cup in the third round by lowly Wrexham, though Arsenal did reasonably well in the league, finishing fourth.

After this season, Graham changed his tactics; he became more defensive and turned out far less attack-minded sides, which depended mainly on goals from Wright rather than the whole team. Between 1986–87 and 1991–92, Arsenal averaged 66 League goals a season (scoring 81 in 1991–92), but between 1992–93 and 1994–95 only averaged 48;[15] this included just 40 in 1992–93, when the club finished 10th in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League, scoring fewer than any other team in the division.[16]

Graham's Arsenal became cup specialists, and in 1992–93 they became the first side to win the FA Cup and League Cup double, both times beating Sheffield Wednesday, 2–1 in the League Cup Final and 2–1 in the FA Cup Final replay. The next season they continued in the same vein, winning the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, their second European trophy; in the final Arsenal beat favourites and holders Parma 1–0 with a tight defensive performance and Alan Smith's 21st-minute goal from a left foot volley.

The 1994 Cup Winners' Cup proved to be Graham's last trophy at the club. It was on 21 February 1995 that Graham, who had led Arsenal to six trophies in eight seasons, lost his job after a Premier League inquiry found he had accepted an illegal £425,000 payment from Norwegian agent Rune Hauge following Arsenal's 1992 acquisition of John Jensen and Pål Lydersen, two of Hauge's clients.[4] Graham was eventually banned for a year by the Football Association for his involvement in the scandal, after he admitted he had received an "unsolicited gift" from Hauge.[17] At the time, Arsenal were struggling a little in the league, had lost a League Cup quarter final to Liverpool, been dumped out of the FA Cup after a third round replay by Millwall, and (as Cup Winners' Cup holders) had also lost the Super Cup to AC Milan. Regardless, Graham's sacking was more down to the illegal 'brown envelopes' of money, as the word "bung" embedded itself in the football lexicon.

Leeds United

[edit]

After serving his ban, Graham's return to football management came with Leeds United in September 1996. After the fifth game of the season he replaced the long serving Howard Wilkinson. Graham was swiftly appointed but found himself unable to make an immediate impact, leading Leeds to five losses from his first six in the league and another defeat to Aston Villa in the League Cup.

Going into November, Leeds hovered just above the relegation zone and no side in the division had conceded more goals. Graham's miserable start to the job was compounded with a 3–0 defeat away to Arsenal, one of Arsène Wenger's first games in charge. But soon enough, the Scottish coach's methods started to bear fruit in a brutally efficient fashion.

By the turn of the year, Leeds were unmistakably a George Graham team – risk-averse to the point of parody, yet unarguably solid as a rock. Before Christmas, they went a club-record five games without conceding, with goalless draws in successive outings against Middlesbrough, Tottenham and Everton. Packing the defence with as many bodies as possible, with Lucas Radebe becoming a top-class operator and Nigel Martyn offering a strong argument to be England's No. 1. Leeds had become a defensive powerhouse. It was The Graham Way: at least eight of Leeds' 11 men were focused first and foremost on nullifying the opposition. It invariably worked. They ended the season with 20 clean sheets – a club record for a 38-game season that's unlikely to be broken. In the end, Leeds scored just 28 goals. Not only did they stay up, but they somehow finished 11th.

Where Leeds scored 28 goals in the 1996–97 season, they notched 57 in the 1997–98 season. That one season would prove useful in laying solid organisational foundations for the years to come. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink was signed in the summer of 1997, scoring 16 Premier League goals, and 22 in all competitions, as Leeds finished 5th during Graham's one full season in charge, while the club continued their ascent under his former assistant and successor David O'Leary.[18] Graham left Leeds in acrimonious circumstances, returning to London to take over at Tottenham on 1 October 1998.

The move came at Leeds' hotel on the island of Madeira following Leeds UEFA Cup first round penalty shootout victory over Portuguese League side Maritimo 29 September 1998. Spurs' Alan Sugar telephoned Leeds chairman Peter Ridsdale, who admitted that after a brief telephone conversation a deal was done, with compensation agreed which would allow Graham to fulfil his wish of returning to London. Graham made no secret of his desire to head back to the capital following Leeds' 3–3 draw with Tottenham in North London on 26 September 1998. He cited family and personal reasons.[19]

Tottenham Hotspur

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Five months after taking charge of Tottenham Hotspur, he guided the club to victory over Leicester City in the 1999 League Cup Final, and with it a place in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup. Despite guiding the club to its first trophy in eight seasons, Graham could not achieve a finish higher than tenth in the Premier League.

Tottenham reached the last four of the 2000–01 FA Cup with a 3–2 victory over West Ham United on 11 March 2001 and Graham was looking forward to pitting his wits against his former club Arsenal in the semi-finals. He was sacked five days later, on 16 March 2001, soon after the club had been purchased by ENIC, for alleged breach of contract.[20] The club stated that Graham had been issued "several written warnings prior to his sacking for giving out what was deemed by the club as being private information" before, earlier that week, apparently informing the media he had "a limited budget" for new players and expressing his disappointment with it. This led to his being summoned to a meeting with Spurs executive vice-chairman David Buchler, after which he was dismissed. Buchler subsequently questioned whether Graham had the interests of the club at heart and described his conduct in the meeting as "aggressive and defiant". Graham's legal representatives issued a statement expressing he was "shocked and upset to have been sacked and could not believe such a flimsy excuse was given". It went on to say that Graham "believes ENIC always intended to sack him."[20][21]

Since 2001

[edit]

After Spurs, Graham never returned to management. He was a pundit on Sky TV for several years, in particular their PremPlus channel. He also commentated on the 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2005 FA Cup Finals featuring Arsenal.

However, he was linked with several managerial vacancies after leaving Tottenham. In October 2001, following the dismissal of Peter Taylor at Leicester City, he was linked with that vacancy, but it was filled by Dave Bassett instead.[22]

The following season, with Glenn Roeder under fire at the helm of a West Ham United side heading for Premier League relegation, Graham's name was mentioned as a possible replacement,[23] but Roeder actually lasted until the opening weeks of the 2003–04 season and this time there was little mention of Graham's name in the hunt for a successor, which ended with the appointment of Alan Pardew. In the 2003 close season, the resignation of Graham Taylor at Aston Villa saw Graham's name mentioned by the media as a possible successor, but again nothing came of it, with this vacancy being filled by David O'Leary, who had played under Graham at Arsenal and worked as his assistant at Leeds.[24] He and O'Leary had both been mentioned as candidates for the job at Sunderland twice during the 2002–03 season following the departure of Peter Reid in October[25] and Howard Wilkinson in March.[26]

Personal life

[edit]

On 16 September 1967, Graham married model Marie Zia at Marylebone Register Office; his close friend Terry Venables acted as his best man and the two players took to the field the same afternoon for opposing teams in a North London derby; the groom's team won 4–0.[27][28] The couple had two children. The marriage ended in 1988.[29]

Graham married Susan Schmidt on 13 December 1998[30] in Marlow, Buckinghamshire, and live in Hampstead, London.[3][29][30][31]

Graham revealed in 2009 that he suffers from arthritis. "I love my golf but because of my arthritis, I've not played much in the last two years, if any. When I was a player, when I had a lot of time on my hands, I got down to an eight handicap. But when I was manager, I went back to 12. I've just taken up tennis and have to say I'm not very good."[32]

Career statistics

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Club

[edit]
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition[33][34][35]
Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Europe Total
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Aston Villa 1961–62 First Division 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0
1962–63 First Division 2 1 0 0 2 0 — 4 1
1963–64 First Division 6 1 0 0 0 0 — 6 1
Total 8 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 10 2
Chelsea 1964–65 First Division 30 17 5 0 7 4 — 42 21
1965–66 First Division 33 17 6 3 0 0 11 3 50 23
1966–67 First Division 9 1 — 1 1 — 10 2
Total 72 35 11 3 8 5 11 3 102 46
Arsenal 1966–67 First Division 33 11 4 1 — — 37 12
1967–68 First Division 38 16 5 0 8 5 — 51 21
1968–69 First Division 26 4 1 0 5 0 — 32 4
1969–70 First Division 36 7 2 0 4 2 11 5 53 14
1970–71 First Division 38 11 6 1 5 1 8 1 57 14
1971–72 First Division 40 8 9 0 4 1 6 1 59 10
1972–73 First Division 16 2 — 3 0 — 19 2
Total 227 59 27 2 29 9 25 7 308 79
Manchester United 1972–73 First Division 18 1 1 0 — — 19 1
1973–74 First Division 24 1 1 0 1 0 — 26 1
1974–75 Second Division 1 0 — 0 0 — 1 0
Total 43 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 46 2
Portsmouth 1974–75 Second Division 19 3 1 0 0 0 — 20 3
1975–76 Second Division 39 2 4 0 4 1 — 47 3
1976–77 Third Division 3 0 — 1 0 — 4 0
Total 51 5 5 0 5 1 0 0 61 6
Crystal Palace 1976–77 Third Division 23 2 3 1 — — 26 3
1977–78 Second Division 21 0 0 0 4 1 — 25 1
Total 44 2 3 1 4 1 0 0 51 4
California Surf 1978 NASL 17 0 — — — 17 0
Career total 472 106 48 6 49 16 36 10 605 138

Managerial statistics

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Managerial record by team and tenure
Team From To Record
P W D L Win %
Millwall 6 December 1982 14 May 1986 201 91 51 59 045.3
Arsenal 14 May 1986 21 February 1995 460 225 133 102 048.9
Leeds United 10 September 1996 1 October 1998 95 37 27 31 038.9
Tottenham Hotspur 1 October 1998 16 March 2001 108 40 30 38 037.0
Total 844 373 241 230 044.2

Honours

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Player

[edit]

Chelsea

Arsenal

Manager

[edit]

Millwall

Arsenal

Tottenham Hotspur

Individual

Inductions

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "George Graham". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  2. ^ George Graham. Romford: A&BC. p. 91.
  3. ^ a b c d e Davies, Hunter (12 February 2000). "George Graham: after the fall". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Interview: George Graham on tough upbringing and spending £1000 on shoes, The Scotsman, 13 October 2018
  5. ^ A Face-lift For Firhill, Evening Times, 13 June 1959, via Partick Thistle History Archive
  6. ^ "George Graham - Career Statistics". Aston Villa Player Database. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  7. ^ "George Graham snubs Anfield for Highbury". 30 September 1966.
  8. ^ "1971 – King George of Wembley". BBC Sport. 10 May 2001. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  9. ^ "NASL Stats". Nasljerseys.com. 30 November 1944. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  10. ^ "George Graham: After the fall". The Guardian. 12 February 2000.
  11. ^ "The George Graham Story | Making the Dream Come True 1989". YouTube.
  12. ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson turned down Arsenal job back in 1986". Mirror Football.10 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  13. ^ "Fergie Steps down". Evening Times. 16 June 1986. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  14. ^ The Glory and the Grief 1995
  15. ^ Statistics sourced from "Arsenal". Football Club History Database. 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
  16. ^ "England 1992/93". RSSSF. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
  17. ^ Collins, Roy (18 March 2000). "Rune Hauge, international man of mystery". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
  18. ^ "Leeds United F.C. History". 16 October 2021.
  19. ^ "irishtimes". The Irish Times. 16 October 2021.
  20. ^ a b "Graham sacked by Tottenham". BBC Sport. 10 May 2001. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  21. ^ Wallace, Sam; Davies, Christopher (16 March 2001). "Hoddle set to return 'home' as Spurs end Graham era". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  22. ^ Staniforth, Mark (6 October 2001). "City could turn to Graham". The Herald. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012.
  23. ^ "The gossip column". BBC News. 11 October 2002.
  24. ^ "Who's next for the Foxes hot-seat?". BBC News. 1 October 2001. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  25. ^ "Graham rules out Black Cats job". BBC News. 8 October 2002.
  26. ^ "Stadium of Light contenders". BBC News. 10 March 2003.
  27. ^ Lawrence, Gary (1 May 2018). "Highbury Hero: Arsenal's Suave 007 "Stroller" George Graham". Gunners Town. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  28. ^ Lawrence, Gary (13 June 2018). "Part 2: George Graham, The Manager – The Early Years". Gunners Town. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  29. ^ a b Spurling, Jon (2 November 2012). Rebels for the Cause: The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club. Random House. ISBN 978-1-78057-486-8.
  30. ^ a b "SOCCER BOSS GEORGE SNUBS CHILDREN FOR HIS WEDDING. - Free Online Library". The Sunday Mirror. 6 December 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2021 – via www.thefreelibrary.com.
  31. ^ George, Graham. "Graham second marriage". Retrieved 12 July 2021 – via Twitter.
  32. ^ "George Graham". Metro. 27 October 2009.
  33. ^ "George Graham". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  34. ^ George Graham: Club Stats, 11v11.com
  35. ^ "The English National Football Archive". enfa.co.uk.
  36. ^ a b Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6.
  37. ^ "Nielsen nicks it for Spurs". BBC Sport. 22 March 1999. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  38. ^ "Manager profile: George Graham". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  39. ^ Mullen, Scott (18 October 2015). "Ally MacLeod one of five inducted into Scottish Football Hall of Fame". Evening Times. Herald & Times Group. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
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