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Ijaw people

Coordinates: 5°21′00″N 5°30′30″E / 5.35000°N 5.50833°E / 5.35000; 5.50833
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Ijaw
Izon
Izon statue depicting "the many faces of your enemies"
Total population
4 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Niger Delta
Languages
Izon languages (Kalabari, kumbo, Kolokuma Obolo, Wakirike, Nkoroo, Ogbian, Kabou, Buseni, Atala, Bille, Kula, Apoi, etc.)
Religion
Christianity 65%
Islam 1%
Traditional 34%
Related ethnic groups
Ekpeye, Oron, Ogoni, Isoko, Igbo, Eleme.

The Izon people or Izon Otu, otherwise known as the Ijaw people due to the historic mispronunciation of the name Izon, are an ethnic group majorly found in the Niger Delta in Nigeria, with significant population[3] clusters in Bayelsa, in Delta, and in Rivers.[4] They are also found in other Nigerian states like Ondo, and Edo State.[5] Many are found as migrant fishermen in camps as far west as Sierra Leone and as far east as Gabon. Population figures for the Ijaws are placed at just over 4 million, accounting for 1.8% of the Nigerian population.[6][7][8][9] They have long lived in locations near many sea trade routes, and they were well connected to other areas by trade as early as the 15th century.[10][11]

Language

Main article: Ijaw languages
Map showing Ijaw (Ijo) area in Nigeria

The Ijaws speak nine closely related Niger-Congo languages, all of which belong to the Ijoid branch of the Niger-Congo tree.[12] The primary division between the Ijo languages is that between Eastern Ijo and Western Ijo, the most important of the former group of languages being Izon, which is spoken by about five million people.

There are two prominent groupings of the Ijaw language. The first, termed either Western or Central Izon (Ijaw) consists of Western Ijaw speakers: Tuomo Clan, Egbema, Ekeremor, Sagbama (Mein), Bassan, Apoi, Arogbo, Boma (Bumo), Kabo (Kabuowei), Ogboin, Tarakiri, and Kolokuma-Opokuma.[13] Nembe, Brass and Akassa (Akaha) dialects represent Southeast Ijo (Izon).[14] Buseni and Okordia dialects are considered Inland Ijo.[15]

It was discovered in the 1980s that a now extinct Berbice Creole Dutch, spoken in Guyana, is partly based on Ijo lexicon and grammar. Its nearest relative seems to be Eastern Ijo, most likely Kalabari.[16][17][18]

Clans

[19]

Name State Alternate Names
Akassa Bayelsa Akaha, Akasa
Andoni Rivers
Apoi (Eastern) Bayelsa
Apoi (Western) Ondo
Arogbo Ondo
Bassan Bayelsa Basan
Bille Rivers Bile, Bili
Bumo Bayelsa Boma, Bomo
Buseni Bayelsa Biseni
Egbema Delta
Operemor Delta/Bayelsa Operemor, Ekeremo,Ojobo
Ekpetiama Bayelsa
Gbaramatu Delta Gbaramatu
Gbaran Bayelsa Gbarain
Iduwini Bayelsa/Delta
Isaba Delta
Kabo Delta Kabowei, Kabou
Kalabari Rivers
Ke Rivers Obiansoama, Kenan City
Kolokuma Bayelsa
Kou Bayelsa
Kula Rivers
Kumbo Delta Kumbowei
Mein Delta/Bayelsa
Obotebe Delta
Odimodi Delta
Ogbe Delta Ogbe-Ijoh
Ogboin Bayelsa
Ogulagha Delta Ogula,Small London
Okordia Bayelsa Okodia, Akita
Olodiama (East) Bayelsa
Opokuma Bayelsa
Oporoma Bayelsa Oporomo
Oruma Bayelsa Tugbene
Oyakiri Bayelsa Beni
Seimbiri Delta
Tarakiri (East) Bayelsa
Tarakiri (West) Delta
Tungbo Bayelsa
Tuomo Delta / Bayelsa

T.T Clan

Zarama Bayelsa
Unyeada Rivers Unyeada

Traditional occupations

An Ijaw mask

The Ijaws were one of the first of Nigeria's peoples to have contact with Westerners, and were active as go-betweens in the trade between visiting Europeans and the peoples of the interior, particularly in the era before the discovery of quinine, when West Africa was still known as the "White Man's Graveyard" because of the endemic presence of malaria. Some of the kin-based trading lineages that arose among the Ijaws developed into substantial corporations which were known as "houses"; each house had an elected leader as well as a fleet of war canoes for use in protecting trade and fighting rivals. The other main occupation common among the Ijaws has traditionally been fishing and farming.[21][22]

Being a maritime people, many Ijaws were employed in the merchant shipping sector in the early and mid-20th century (pre-Nigerian independence). With the advent of oil and gas exploration in their territory, some are employed in that sector. Another major occupation is service in the civil service sector of the Nigerian states of Bayelsa and Rivers, where they are predominant.[23]

Extensive state-government sponsored overseas scholarship programs in the 1970s and 1980s have also led to a significant presence of Ijaw professionals in Europe and North America (the so-called Ijaw diaspora). Another contributing factor to this human capital flight is the abject poverty in their homeland of the Niger Delta, resulting from decades of neglect by the Nigerian government and oil companies in spite of continuous petroleum prospecting in this region since the 1950s.[24]

Lifestyle

The Ijaw people live by fishing supplemented by farming paddy-rice, plantains, Cassava, yams, cocoyams, bananas and other vegetables as well as tropical fruits such as guava, mangoes and pineapples; and trading. Smoke-dried fish, timber, palm oil and palm kernels are processed for export. While some clans (those to the east- Akassa, Bille, Kalabari, Okrika, Andoni and Bonny) had powerful kings and a stratified society, other clans are believed not to have had any centralized confederacies until the arrival of the British. However, owing to the influence of the neighbouring Kingdom of Benin, individual communities even in the western Niger Delta also had chiefs and governments at the village level.[25]

Marriages are completed by the payment of a bridal dowry, which increases in size if the bride is from another village (so as to make up for that village's loss of her children). Funeral ceremonies, particularly for those who have accumulated wealth and respect, are often very dramatic. Traditional religious practices center around "Water spirits" in the Niger river, and around tribute to ancestors.[26]

Religion and cultural practices

Although the Ijaw are now primarily Christians (65% profess to be), with Roman Catholicism, Zion Church, Anglicanism and Pentecostal being the varieties of Christianity most prevalent among them, they also have elaborate traditional religious practices of their own.[citation needed]

Veneration of ancestors plays a central role in Ijaw traditional religion, while water spirits, known as Owuamapu figure prominently in the Ijaw pantheon. In addition, the Ijaw practice a form of divination called Igbadai, in which recently deceased individuals are interrogated on the causes of their death. Ijaw religious beliefs hold that water spirits are like humans in having personal strengths and shortcomings, and that humans dwell among the water spirits before being born. The role of prayer in the traditional Ijaw system of belief is to maintain the living in the good graces of the water spirits among whom they dwelt before being born into this world, and each year the Ijaw hold celebrations to honor the spirits lasting for several days. Central to the festivities is the role of masquerades, in which men wearing elaborate outfits and carved masks dance to the beat of drums and manifest the influence of the water spirits through the quality and intensity of their dancing. Particularly spectacular masqueraders are taken to actually be in the possession of the particular spirits on whose behalf they are dancing.[27]

There are also a small number of converts to Islam, the most notable being the founder of the Delta People Volunteer Force, Mujahid Dokubo-Asari.

Notable leaders

Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin and Edwin K. Clarke come from the Izon ethnic group, as does the current Nigerian Minister of State for Agriculture and Rural Development, Heineken Lokpobiri.[28]

Food customs

Like many ethnic groups in Nigeria, the Ijaws have many local foods that are not widespread in Nigeria. Many of these foods involve fish and other seafoods such as clams, oysters and periwinkles; yams and plantains. Some of these foods are:[29]

  • Polofiyai — A very rich soup made with yams and palm oil
  • Kekefiyai— A pottage made with chopped unripened (green) plantains, fish, other seafood or game meat ("bushmeat") and palm oil
  • Fried or roasted fish and plantain — Fish fried in palm oil and served with fried plantains
  • Gbe — The grub of the raffia-palm tree beetle that is eaten raw, dried, fried in groundnut oil or pickled in palm oil
  • Kalabari "sea-harvest" fulo— A rich mixed seafood soup or stew that is eaten with foofoo, rice or yams
  • Owafiya (Beans Pottage) — A pottage made with Beans, palm oil, fish or bushmeat, Yam or Plantain. Then taken with processed Cassava or Starch.
  • Geisha Soup — This a kind of soup cooked from the geisha fish; it is made with pepper, salt, water and boiling it for some minutes.
  • Opuru-fulou — Also referred to as prawn soup, prepared mainly with prawn, Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis seeds), dried fish, table salt, crayfish, onions, fresh pepper, and red palm oil.
  • Onunu - made with pounded yams and boiled overripe plantains. It is mostly enjoyed by the Okrikans[30]
  • Kiri-igina — Prepared without cooking on fire with Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis seeds), dried fish, table salt, crayfish.[30][31]
  • Ignabeni — A watery soup prepared with either yam or plantain seasoned with teabush leaves, pepper, goat meat, and fish.[31]
  • Pilo-garri — A Bille meal mostly eaten during the raining season. It is prepared with dry garri, red palm oil, salt and eaten with roasted seafoods (fish, Isemi, Ngbe, Ikoli, etc).
  • igbugbai fiyai_ A soup prepared without oil, only fish, onion periwinkle, Bush leaves and other seafood.this soup prepared mostly cooked by odimodi people.
  • kpanfaranran[fry fiyai] a soup prepared by frying the palm oil before adding your fish,meat,crayfish,periwinkle, and other seafood.this food is mostly cooked by the odimodi people

Ethnic identity

Formerly organized into several loose clusters of villages (confederacies) which cooperated to defend themselves against outsiders, the Ijaw increasingly view themselves as belonging to a single coherent nation, bound together by ties of language and culture. This tendency has been encouraged in large part by what are considered to be environmental degradations that have accompanied the exploitation of oil in the Niger delta region which the Ijaw call home, as well as by a revenue sharing formula with the Nigerian Federal Government that is viewed by the Ijaw as manifestly unfair. The resulting sense of grievance has led to several high-profile clashes with the Nigerian Federal authorities, including kidnappings and in the course of which many lives have been lost.

The Ijaw people are resilient and proud. Long before the colonial era, the Ijaw people traveled by wooded boats and canoes to Cameroon, Ghana and other West African countries. They traveled up the River Niger from River Nun.

Ijaw-Itsekiri conflicts

Main article: Warri Crisis

One manifestation of ethnic violence on the part of the Ijaw has been an increase in the number and severity of clashes between Ijaw militants and those of Itsekiri origin, particularly in the town of Warri.[32]

Deadly conflicts had rocked the South-South region, especially in Delta State, where intertribal killings had resulted in death on both sides.[33] [34] In July 2013, local police discovered mutilated corpses of 13 Itsekiris killed by Ijaws, over a dispute on a candidate for a local council chairman. Several Itsekiri villages, including Gbokoda, Udo, Ajamita, Obaghoro and Ayerode-Zion on the Benin river axis, were razed down while several Itsekiris lost their lives.[35]

Oil conflict

Main article: Nigerian Oil Crisis

The December 1998 All Ijaw Youths Conference crystallized the struggle with the formation of the Ijaw Youth Movement (IYM) and the issuing of the Kaiama Declaration. In it, long-held Ijaw concerns about the loss of control of their homeland and their own lives to the oil companies were joined with a commitment to direct action. In the declaration, and in a letter to the companies, the Ijaws called for oil companies to suspend operations and withdraw from Ijaw territory. The IYM pledged “to struggle peacefully for freedom, self-determination and ecological justice,” and prepared a campaign of celebration, prayer, and direct action 'Operation Climate Change' beginning December 28, 1998.[36]

In December 1998, two warships and 10–15,000 Nigerian troops occupied Bayelsa and Delta states as the Ijaw Youth Movement (IYM) mobilized for Operation Climate Change. Soldiers entering the Bayelsa state capital of Yenagoa announced they had come to attack the youths trying to stop the oil companies. On the morning of December 30, 1998, two thousand young people processed through Yenagoa, dressed in black, singing and dancing. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. After a march demanding the release of those detained was turned back by soldiers, three more protesters were shot dead. The head of Yenagoa rebels- Chief Oweikuro Ibe- was burned alive in his mansion on December 28, 1998. Amongst his family members to flee the premises before the complete destruction was his only son, Desmond Ibe. The military declared a state of emergency throughout Bayelsa state, imposed a dusk-to-dawn curfew, and banned meetings. At military roadblocks, local residents were severely beaten or detained. At night, soldiers invaded private homes, terrorizing residents with beatings and women and girls with rape.[37]

On January 4, 1999 about one hundred soldiers from the military base at Chevron’s Escravos facility attacked Opia and Ikiyan, two Ijaw communities in Delta State. Bright Pablogba, the traditional leader of Ikiyan, who came to the river to negotiate with the soldiers, was shot along with a seven-year-old girl and possibly dozens of others. Of the approximately 1,000 people living in the two villages, four people were found dead and sixty-two were still missing months after the attack. The same soldiers set the villages ablaze, destroyed canoes and fishing equipment, killed livestock, and destroyed churches and religious shrines.[38]

Nonetheless, Operation Climate Change continued, and disrupted Nigerian oil supplies through much of 1999 by turning off valves through Ijaw territory. In the context of high conflict between the Ijaw and the Nigerian Federal Government (and its police and army), the military carried out the Odi massacre, killing scores if not hundreds of Ijaws.[39]

Recent actions by Ijaws against the oil industry have included both renewed efforts at nonviolent action and militarized attacks on oil installations but with no human casualties to foreign oil workers despite hostage-takings. These attacks are usually in response to non-fulfilment by oil companies of memoranda of understanding with their host communities.[40]

Ijaw people

Ijaw organisations

  • Andoni Forum USA (AFUSA)
  • Ijaw Youth Council
  • Ijaw National Congress[45]
  • Ijaw Elders Forum
  • Ijaw Youth Congress
  • Congress of Niger Delta Youths
  • National Union of Izon-Ebe Students
  • Tuomo Youth Congress
  • Sagbama Youth Movement
  • Ekine Sekiapu Ogbo
  • Bomadi Decides
  • Bayelsa Youths Council
  • The Ogbia brotherhood
  • Izon Progressive Congress (IPC)
  • Ogbinbiri Progressive Movement
  • Egbema Youths Progressive Agenda
  • Progressive Youth Leadership Foundation(ND-PYLF)
  • Ijaw Nation Development Group (Ijaw Peoples Assembly)
  • Izon Ladies Association (ILA)
  • Indigenous people of Niger Delta IPND
  • National Association Of Ogulagha Clan Students (NAOCS)

References

  1. ^ "Ethnic groups of Nigeria, Ijaw/Izon is 1.8%". US Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  2. ^ Ibile, Fagbo (2021-01-04). "Ijaw population". JoshuaProject.net. Retrieved 2022-01-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "population | Definition, Trends, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  4. ^ "Being Izon in the UK: An oddity among fellow Nigerian youth". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  5. ^ "Our Story". Indigenous People of Biafra USA. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  6. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 596. ISBN 9780195337709.
  7. ^ Gedicks, Al (2001). Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations. South End Press. pp. 50. ISBN 9780896086401. ijaw million.
  8. ^ Bob, Clifford (2005-06-06). The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780521607865.
  9. ^ Shoup III, John A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 9781598843637.
  10. ^ "Showcasing The Ijaw Culture and People of Bayelsa from South-South Nigeria - Courtesy The Scout Association of Nigeria | World Scouting". sdgs.scout.org. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  11. ^ "Ijo People – Ijo Information". Arts & Life in Africa Online. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2006.
  12. ^ "Ijo | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  13. ^ "Ijoid languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  14. ^ "A Brief Walk into the Lives of Ijaw People". Pulse Nigeria. 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  15. ^ "The Origination of Ijaw Nation". Creekvibes. 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
  16. ^ Smith, Norval S. H.; Robertson, Ian E.; Williamson, Kay (1987). "The Ịjọ Element in Berbice Dutch". Language in Society. 16 (1): 49–89. doi:10.1017/S0047404500012124. JSTOR 4167815. S2CID 146234088.
  17. ^ Kouwenberg, Silvia (1994). A Grammar of Berbice Dutch Creole. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  18. ^ Kouwenburg, Silvia (2012). "The Ijo‑derived Lexicon of Berbice Dutch Creole: An A‑typical Case of African Lexical Influence". In Bartens, A.; Baker, P. (eds.). Black Through White: African Words and Calques Which Survived Slavery in Creoles and Transplanted European Languages. London: Battlebridge. pp. 135–153.
  19. ^ "Ijo | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  20. ^ Ijaw National Congress (INC) Constitution
  21. ^ "Rivers Ijaw…Unique people, great culture, endless prospects". The Nation Newspaper. 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  22. ^ National African Language Resource Center. "IJAW-National African Language Resource Centre". National African Language Resource Center: 2.
  23. ^ Alex-Hart, Biebele (May 2016). What's Ethnicity got to do with it? The Workplace Lived Experience of Ethnic Minority (IJAW) Women in the Nigerian Civil Service (phd thesis). University of East London. doi:10.15123/pub.5533.
  24. ^ "Ijaw: Managing the ethnic question in Nigeria's politics". Vanguard News. 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  25. ^ "Showcasing The Ijaw Culture and People of Bayelsa from South-South Nigeria - Courtesy The Scout Association of Nigeria | World Scouting". sdgs.scout.org. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  26. ^ "mask for the ijaw water spirit". masksoftheworld.com. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  27. ^ "mask for the ijaw water spirit". masksoftheworld.com. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  28. ^ "ijaw political system". www.ozonetestinglab.com. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  29. ^ Atulegwu, David (2020-06-01). "List of Traditional Foods in Nigeria". Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  30. ^ a b Benjamin, Amadi; Dikhioye, Peters; Emmanuel, Agomuo; Peter, Amadi; Grace, Denson (2018). "Nutrient Composition of Some Selected Traditional Foods of Ijaw People of Bayelsa State". Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. 33 (1): 59–74.
  31. ^ a b "Nigerian Arts and Culture Directory". Bayesla State Cuisines. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  32. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: The conflict between Itsekiri and Ijaw ethnic groups in Warri, Delta region (March 1997-September 1999)". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  33. ^ "Communal Clash Causes Tension In Delta As Ijaw Youths Kill Four Itsekiri". Information Nigeria. 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  34. ^ "Brother Against brother: Reigniting Itsekiri, Ijaw Tensions". The Nation Nigeria. 2014-11-23. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  35. ^ "Ijaw/Itsekiri Crisis: Police Recover Gory Corpses of Slain Uduaghan Kinsmen". Sahara Reporters. 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  36. ^ "Kaiama Declaration". www.unitedijaw.com. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  37. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: 4 and 8 October 1998 seizeure of flow stations of Shell Petroleum Development at Forcados by Ijaw youths, reaction of authorities and treatment of suspects involved". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  38. ^ "NIGERIA". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  39. ^ "INTERVIEW: Odi 1999 Massacre: Why we will never forgive Obasanjo, Alamieyeseigha – Odi Community Chairman". 2019-11-23. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  40. ^ "Ijaw Coalition Threatens Legal Action Over Marginal Oil Fields Bid Round". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
  41. ^ "Goodluck Jonathan | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  42. ^ "The Art In The Artist TIMI DAKOLO". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2019-11-24. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  43. ^ "Who Is Tompolo? Biography and Net Worth of the Billionaire Militant". BuzzNigeria.com. 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  44. ^ Athletic, The. "Tammy Bakumo-Abraham - Premier League Attacker - News, Stats, Bio and more". The Athletic. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  45. ^ "Ijaw National Congress". Ijaw Nation Forum. Retrieved 2022-02-11.

Other sources

  • Human Rights Watch, “Delta Crackdown,” May 1999
  • Ijaw Youth Movement, letter to “All Managing Directors and Chief Executives of transnational oil companies operating in Ijawland,” December 18, 1998
  • Project Underground, "Visit the World of Chevron: Niger Delta", 1999
  • Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel. 2004. A reference grammar of Degema. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  • Hlaváčová, Anna: Three Points of View of Masquerades among the Ijo of the Niger River Delta.In: Playful Performers: African Children's Masquerades. Ottenberg, S.- Binkley, D. (Eds.)

5°21′00″N 5°30′30″E / 5.35000°N 5.50833°E / 5.35000; 5.50833

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