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Overseas Citizenship of India

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Overseas Citizenship of India
Front cover of an OCI card issued on or after 15 April 2021
First issued9 January 2006 (first version)
9 January 2015 (second version)
15 April 2021 (current version)
PurposeVisa, Identification,
permanent residency
Eligibilitysee eligibility
Cost₹15000 (In India)
US $275 (abroad)
Renewal ₹1400 (In India)
Renewal US $25 (abroad)
Data page of an OCI card issued on or after 9 January 2015

Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) is a form of permanent residency available to people of Indian origin and their spouses which allows them to live and work in India indefinitely. Despite its name, OCI status is not citizenship and does not grant the right to vote in Indian elections or hold public office.[1][2] The Indian government can revoke OCI status in a wide variety of circumstances. As of 2020, there are 6 million holders of OCI cards among the Indian Overseas diaspora.[3]

The OCI scheme was introduced by The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005 in response to demands for dual citizenship by the Indian diaspora. It provides overseas citizens many of the rights available to resident citizens.

OCI status is not available to anyone who has ever been a Pakistani or Bangladeshi citizen, or who is a child, grandchild, or great-grandchild of such a person.

History

The Constitution of India does not permit dual citizenship (under article 9). Indian authorities have interpreted the law to mean that a person cannot have a second country's passport simultaneously with an Indian one — even in the case of a child who is claimed by another country as a citizen of that country, and who may be required by the laws of the other country to use one of its passports for foreign travel (such as a child born in United States or in Canada to Indian parents), and the Indian courts have given the executive branch wide discretion over this matter.

On the recommendations of a High-Level Committee on Indian Diaspora, the Government of India decided to register Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) of a certain category, as has been specified in the Section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, as Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) cardholders, by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003.[4]

The OCI program was launched during the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention held in Hyderabad on 9 January 2006.[5][6]

Before 9 January 2015, travelers holding OCI card were required to carry the passport which contained the lifelong "U" visa stamp while traveling to India. This requirement was done away with that day and OCI card holders no longer require the lifetime visa stamp passport. The OCI card (the blue-grey booklet) in conjunction with a valid foreign passport is sufficient to travel to and from India.

In March 2020, visa-free travel granted to OCI holders was put on hold until 15 April due to the coronavirus pandemic.[7]

On 4 March 2021, the rights of OCI holders were slightly curtailed. In order to perform certain activities or visit certain areas in India, OCI holders now require a Protected Area Permit, a requirement for PIO holders which OCI never had since its launch in 2006. Also, OCI holders living in India need to register with the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer (FRRO) via email upon every change of their permanent home address or occupation.

On 15 April 2021, the number of times OCI needs to be renewed got reduced down to only once, when the passport is renewed for the first time after age 20. However, every time the passport is renewed before age 20 and when the passport is renewed for the first time after age 50, a copy of the current passport along with the current passport-sized photo needs to be uploaded onto the OCI online portal. These relaxed OCI renewal guidelines reduce the administrative burden caused by multiple OCI renewals.

Comparison

Comparison of Resident Indians, NRIS and OCIs (inc PIOs)[8]
Category Indian passport
(Indian Citizen)		 Resident in India Expatriate Tax status OCI card Acts Notes
Indian (resident) Yes Yes No Yes No Indian nationality law
Passports Act
Non-resident Indian (NRI) Yes No Yes (of India) No No Indian nationality law
Passports Act
IT Act, 1961[9]
Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) /
inc. Person of Indian Origin (PIO) 		No Yes (in India)
else, No		 Yes (in India) Yes (if resident in India)
else, No		 Yes CA Act, 2005
(Section 7A-B)		 lifetime visa /
permanent
residency

Eligibility

Front cover of an OCI card issued on or after 15 April 2021

The Government of India, on application, may register as an Overseas Citizen of India, any person who:

  • is a citizen of another country, but was a citizen of India on 26 January 1950 or at any time thereafter; or
  • is a citizen of another country, but belonged to a territory that became part of India after 15 August 1947; or
  • is a citizen of another country, but was eligible to become a citizen of India on 26 January 1950; or
  • is a child or a grandchild or a great-grandchild of such a citizen; or
  • is a minor child of such persons mentioned above; or
  • is a minor child and whose both parents are citizens of India or one of the parents is a citizen of India; or
  • is a spouse of foreign origin of a citizen of India or spouse of foreign origin of an Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder registered under section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955 and whose marriage has been registered and subsisted for a continuous period of not less than two years immediately preceding the presentation of the application.

A person, who or either of whose parents or grandparents or great grandparents is or had been a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh, is ineligible for registration as an Overseas Citizen of India.[10]

A person who has served as a member of any foreign military, including that of his home country, is ineligible to receive an OCI card, except when bound by their home country to serve under their local law.[11][12] For this reason, Israeli citizens of Indian origin are exempt from this rule and are eligible for OCI even if they served in the Israel Defence Forces.[13]

Dutch nationals of Surinamese origin up to the sixth generation whose forefathers came from India in the 19th century will be eligible for applying for OCI Card.[14]

Revoking the OCI card

Previously, the government could cancel OCI status of people who obtained it by fraud, showed acts of unpatriotism, or broke a law punishable with at least two years in jail before five years of having issued OCI. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 gives the government additional power to strip people of their OCI status if they violate any local law, whether it is a petty misdemeanor or a serious felony. The new act makes the rules much more strict for OCI card holders, however it also has a proviso that gives the person whose OCI status is at stake the right to be heard by the government before they come to a verdict.[15]

Application

Applications for OCI can only be made online at ociservices.gov.in. A person making an application is required to submit a photograph and several identification documents to prove they meet the eligibility criteria, and also must pay an application fee. Applications made from outside India are charged a fee of US$275. Applications submitted in India are charged a fee of ₹15,000 (US$180).

The applicant must provide proof of their current citizenship by presenting a copy of their current passport that has a validity of at least 6 months from the time of application. If the applicant is making their application while within Indian jurisdiction, they must submit a copy of any type of Indian visa (other than missionary and mountaineering visa), or a residential permit with at least 3 months' validity. Applicants must provide evidence that either they or their parents or grandparents or great grandparents meet the eligibility criteria described above. This can be done by presenting a copy of an Indian passport, a copy of the Domicile Certificate issued by the competent authority, a copy of Nativity Certificate from the competent authority, or an OCI/PIO card of parents or spouse along with the base papers/documents upon which the OCI/PIO card was issued. Applicants may also submit any other evidence that may substantiate their claim. Usually, applicants are able to submit a certificate of residence or place of birth of self/parents/grandparents from First Class Magistrate/District Magistrate (DM) of the concerned place.

If the applicant cites their Indian origin as basis for registration as OCI cardholder, they must provide evidence of their relationship with the person cited as parent/grandparent/great grandparent. The document of relationship could be a birth certificate issued from competent authority mentioning both parents' names. In case the birth certificate is issued by a foreign authority, it must be apostilled or endorsed by the concerned Indian diplomatic mission abroad. In the case of a minor child whose parents are both Indian citizens or who has at least one parent holding Indian citizenship, evidence may comprise a copy of the child's birth certificate that mentions its parents, a copy of Indian passport of at least one of the parents or copy of the Domicile Certificate or Nativity Certificate issued by a Competent Authority supporting the Indian origin of at least one parent or any other proof substantiating the status of at least one parent as being either an Indian citizen or being of Indian origin. If the parents are divorced, a court order of dissolution of marriage which specifically mentions that the legal custody of the child is with the parent who is applying for the OCI card must be submitted.

Evidence as spouse of foreign origin of a citizen of India or spouse of foreign origin of an OCI cardholder may be provided in the form of a registered marriage certificate. In the case of spouse of an Indian citizen, a copy of the Indian passport of the spouse or copy of the Domicile Certificate or Nativity Certificate issued by the Competent Authority in respect of the Indian spouse or any other proof substantiating the status of the spouse as being an Indian citizen. In the case of spouse of an OCI cardholder, a copy of the present valid passport of the spouse and copy of the OCI card of the spouse and copies of the documents upon which the OCI card was issued to the spouse.[10]

OCI reissuance advisory upon getting a new passport

  • For an applicant who is 19 years of age or younger, a copy of the current passport and current passport-sized photo must be re-uploaded onto the OCI online portal every time a new passport is issued. There is no need to re-issue OCI. Uploading documents will be provided on gratis basis to the OCI cardholders.
  • For an applicant who is 20 to 49 years of age, OCI must be re-issued the first time a new passport is issued after age 20.
  • For an applicant who is 50 years of age or older, a copy of the current passport and current passport-sized photo must be re-uploaded onto the OCI online portal the first time a new passport is issued after age 50. There is no need to re-issue OCI. Uploading documents will be provided on gratis basis to the OCI cardholders.[16]

Privileges and restrictions

Overseas Citizenship of India allows a holder:[17]

  1. Multiple entry, multi-purpose lifelong visa-free visits to India.
  2. Exemption from registering with the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer (FRRO) of India on their arrival in the country[18] or for any length of stay in India, unless there is a change of permanent home address or occupation.
  3. Parity with Indian citizens for domestic airfares and admission fees for national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, national monuments, historical sites, and museums.[19]
  4. Parity with NRIs for most economic, financial, and educational fields, except in the acquisition of agricultural or plantation properties.
  5. Parity with foreign nationals for any other field not mentioned in 3 and 4.
  6. Visits to India for the purpose of conducting research after obtaining a No Objection/Research Project Clearance Certificate from Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), India and that can be applied at nearest Indian Diplomatic Mission.[20] This includes Scholars awarded Scholarship under Fulbright or any other scheme.[21]

OCI holders are not citizens of India from a constitutional point of view and will not enjoy the following rights even if residing in India:[22]

  • they do not have the right to vote.[23]
  • they do not have the right to hold the offices of Prime Minister, President, Vice President, Judge of Supreme Court and High Court, member of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Legislative Assembly, or Council.
  • they do not have the right to any public services (government jobs).
  • they do not have the right to invest in farmland (agricultural property). However, they can still inherit farmland.[24]
  • they are not eligible for an Inner Line Permit. Overseas Citizens of India need to apply for a protected area permit to perform certain activities and visit certain areas in India.[25]

Though not actual dual citizenship, the privileges afforded by acquiring an OCI card are now such that multi-national companies are finding it simpler to hire OCI cardholders, who enjoy a multiple entry, multi-purpose lifelong visa to visit and reside in India, sparing them the need for permits. OCI holders are treated on par with NRIs for most economic, financial, and educational matters and lack only political rights and rights to buy agricultural or plantation properties.[26]

Since they are exempted from registration with the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer (FRRO) on their arrival in the country and can stay or live in India for as long as they wish, OCI holders can travel at very short notice and take up assignments in India, while others could get caught up in bureaucratic delays over their employment visa. So many companies are following an active policy of moving PIOs to India for business expansion. Indian missions overseas are witnessing a deluge in OCI applications, the number of OCI cards issued by diplomatic missions around the world has been steadily rising, with several Indian diplomatic missions grappling with a huge backlog of applications.[18] However, starting from 4 March 2021, OCI holders living in India need to register with the FRRO upon every change of their permanent home address or occupation.

Research on the effects of Overseas Citizenship of India shows three effects:

(a) It enables overseas citizens by granting special privileges.

(b) It affects expectations about privileges.

(c) It eases the transaction process and reduces actual and expected costs and risks through exemptions from formal requirements and by serving as official proof of entitlement.[19]

Privileges of OCI holders depends on the government policy of the day, and there are instances where they are denied additional rights and conveniences afforded to full Indian citizens including citizen NRIs:

  • During the 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation where non-citizens, including OCI holders, were denied rights to bring rupee notes back into the country contrary to initial indications.[27]
  • OCI holders are sometimes prevented from obtaining admission seats at colleges. In one case this restriction has been overturned by a state high court.[28]

Overseas recognition

Most overseas countries such as United States of America do not recognize the OCI as citizenship of another country.[2] There are however some exceptions.

Statelessness

A stateless person cannot apply for an OCI, however there is an open question if an OCI holder can be considered stateless (if they lose citizenship of the other country), so in countries where citizenship to dual citizens can be revoked, such as Australia[29] or India,[30] an OCI holder may be disadvantaged, however, the lack of precedents in this area means that the issue is uncertain.[original research?]

United Kingdom

In specific circumstances, acquiring Overseas Citizenship of India prevents British National (Overseas) and British Overseas citizens from registering as full British citizens under Section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981 (which requires that they have no other citizenship in order to register).[31] It does not prevent them from acquiring full British citizenship by a different method and it does not revoke their British citizenship if they have already registered under Section 4B.[32] The UK government considers that, for purposes of the British Nationality Act 1981, "OCI is considered to be citizenship of another State".[33] The circumstance where a person can be in this provision is rare, as it means (a) they hold a secondary form of British nationality such as British Overseas citizenship[31] and a passport, (b) they do not hold any other citizenship, and (c) they have been issued an OCI nevertheless.

The British Home Office has confirmed that the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's perspective on OCI status is that it is not a form of citizenship. As such, people with OCI are still eligible for consular assistance from the FCO whilst in India.[34]

PIO and OCI documents merge

The predecessor to the OCI was the Persons of Indian Origin Card (PIO card). The PIO card was less effective than the OCI, and there was some criticism that holders of the more expensive PIO card were disadvantaged when the OCI scheme launched barely four years later, that there was confusion of the differences between the two, and administration of the two independent schemes caused complexity and confusion.

Prime minister Narendra Modi announced on 28 September 2014 that PIO and OCI cards would be merged.[35] Ultimately this was implemented as:[36]

  1. A gazetted order published on 30 September 2014 stated a PIO card issued to an applicant shall be valid for their lifetime, provided such applicant has a valid Passport.
  2. A gazetted order published on 9 January 2015, converted all PIO holders on that date to OCI,
  3. That second order stopped further applications of the PIO card, and
  4. Free conversion of PIOs to OCIs was permitted until the extended deadline of 31 December 2017.

PIO cardholders must apply to convert their existing cards into OCI cards. The Bureau of Immigration stated that it would continue to accept the old PIO cards as valid travel documents until 31 December 2022.

Physical appearance

Front cover of an OCI card issued between 9 January 2006 and 8 January 2015
Data page of an OCI card issued between 9 January 2006 and 8 January 2015
Lifelong "U" visa stamped on the OCI holder's passport (for OCIs issued between 9 January 2006 and 8 January 2015)

The OCI document is a passport-like document, even though it is not a passport.

OCI cards issued on or after 15 April 2021 have a blue-grey cover with golden colored printing. The Emblem of India is emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The words 'भारत गणराज्य' (Hindi) and 'Republic of India' (English) are inscribed above the emblem, and the words 'प्रवासी भारतीय नागरिक कार्ड' (Hindi) and 'Overseas Citizen of India Card' (English) are inscribed below the emblem.

OCI cards issued between 9 January 2015 and 14 April 2021 are identical to the 15 April 2021 ones, except that the words 'प्रवासी भारतीय नागरिक कार्ड' (Hindi) and 'Overseas Citizen of India Card' (English) are inscribed above the emblem, and the words 'भारत गणराज्य' (Hindi) and 'Republic of India' (English) are inscribed below the emblem.

OCI cards issued before 9 January 2015 bore a similar physical appearance as those issued afterward, except the cover was blue instead of blue-grey, the lines inscribed above the Emblem of India were 'Certificate of Registration' and 'Overseas Citizen of India' instead of just 'Overseas Citizen of India Card', and they were printed with a separate lifelong “U” visa stamp (which was pasted on the applicant's passport). The proof of lifelong visa is now just any valid OCI card, with or without the "U" stamp, in conjunction with any valid overseas passport, with or without the "U" stamp, which will be accepted by airlines and Indian customs and police at airport counters when traveling to and from India.

OCI contents

First page (identity) contents

  • Number
  • Surname
  • Given name(s)
  • Nationality
  • Gender
  • Date of birth
  • Place of birth
  • Place of issue
  • Occupation
  • Date of issue
  • Photo of holder
  • Signature of the holder
  • The information page ends with the Machine Readable Passport Zone (MRZ).

Second page contents

The OCI certificate contains a note:

This is to certify that the person whose particulars are given in this Certificate has been registered as an Overseas Citizen of India under the provisions of Section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955

The note bearing page is typically stamped and signed by the issuing authority.

Final page contents

  • Name of father or legal guardian
  • Name of mother
  • Address
  • Passport number
  • Date of Issue
  • Place of Issue
  • Visual distinguishing mark
  • File number

Persons of Indian Origin Card

Persons of Indian Origin Card
Issued by India
First issued15 September 2002
PurposeIdentification
Expiration9 January 2015
(merged with OCI)
A stamped PIO card making it a de facto OCI card

Persons of Indian Origin Card (PIO Card) was a form of identification issued to a Person of Indian Origin who held a passport in a country other than Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Accordingly, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003, made provision for acquisition of Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) by the Person of Indian Origin (PIOs) of 16 specified countries. It also omitted all provisions recognizing or relating to the commonwealth citizenship from the principle Act. Later, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005, expanded the scope of grant of OCI for PIOs of all countries except Pakistan as long as their home country allows dual citizenship under their local law in case it recognizes OCI as a second citizenship of India. The OCI is not actually a dual citizenship as the Indian constitution forbids dual nationality (Article 9).

On 9 January 2015, the Person of Indian Origin Card scheme was withdrawn by the Government of India and was merged with the Overseas Citizen of India card scheme.[37] All currently held PIO cards are treated as OCI cards. PIO card holders will get a special stamp in their existing PIO card, saying "lifelong validity" and "registration not required", thus making them equal to existing OCI cards.[38] An extended deadline was given where the card could be converted for free to an OCI until 31 December 2017.[36]

PIO card holders can use their PIO card to travel to India until 31 December 2022. Effective 1 January 2023, PIO card holders' entry to India will be refused.

Conditions

The conditions for issuing a PIO card to a person were:[39]

  1. Any person who has ever held an Indian passport, or
  2. The person's parents, grandparents, or great grandparents were born in and were permanent residents of India and never moved to (i.e., were never nationals of) Bangladesh and Pakistan, or
  3. The person is the spouse of a citizen of India or of a PIO and has been so for two years or more, and
  4. The person and his/her parents, grandparents, or great grandparents must not have been a national of Bangladesh or Pakistan at any point of time.

The PIO card programme came into effect on 15 September 2002.

Uses

The various benefits available to a PIO cardholders were:

  • Visa-free entry into India during the 15-year period of validity of PIO card.
  • Exemption from the requirement of registration if stay in India does not exceed six months. Should the continuous stay exceed six months, registration with the FRRO is required.
  • Parity with non-resident Indians in respect of facilities available to the latter in economic, financial, and educational fields.
  • All facilities in the matter of acquisition, holding, transfer, and disposal of immovable properties in India except in matters relating to the acquisition of agricultural/plantation properties.
  • Facilities available to children of non-resident Indians for getting admission to educational institutions in India including medical colleges, engineering colleges, Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management etc. under the general categories.
  • Facilities available under the various housing schemes of LIC, State Governments, and other Government agencies.

Persons with a PIO were not:

Registration/Residential Permit

Earlier, PIO card holders needed to register with the appropriate FRRO if they were planning to stay in India for more than 180 days. This requirement was not applicable for minors.[40] However, on 30 September 2014, this requirement was removed.

The FRRO used to issue a "Residential Permit For PIO" which was typically valid till the expiry of the PIO card holder's passport. On 28 September 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced at Madison Square Garden (New York) that PIO card holders would be granted lifelong visas.[41]

It is important to note that while an Indian citizen can enjoy unlimited visa free visits to Nepal and Bhutan, this is not possible for a PIO/OCI card holder.

  • OCI cards need to be reissued periodically, even though they are termed as lifelong.[42][43]
  • OCI holders are not eligible for repatriation privilege from the Government of India.[44][45]
  • OCI holders eligible through marriage lose OCI status upon divorce.[46]

List of notable people with OCI status

So far about 37.72 lakh OCI cards have been issued by the Government of India as of March 2021.[47]

PIO OCIs

Name Profession Nationality References
Akshay Kumar Actor Canadian [48]
Akhil Akkineni Actor American [49]
Sunny Leone Actor Canadian-American [50]
Soni Razdan Actor British [51]
Alia Bhatt Actor British [52]
Imran Khan Actor American [53]
Ileana D'Cruz Actor Portuguese [54]
Deepti Naval Actor American [55]
Tony Fernandes Businessperson Malaysian [56]
C. Mohan Computer Scientist American [57]
Muttiah Muralitharan Cricketer Sri Lankan [58]
Monty Panesar Cricketer British [59]
António Costa Prime Minister of Portugal Portuguese [60]
Salma Agha Actor British [61]
Gita Gopinath IMF Chief Economist American [62]
Salman Rushdie Writer British-American [63]
Michael Chopra Footballer British [64]
Yan Dhanda Footballer British [64]
Danny Batth Footballer British [64]
Tanvie Hans Footballer British [65]
Omid Singh Footballer Iranian [64]

Non-PIO OCIs

Name Profession Nationality References
Shaun Tait Cricketer Australian [66]
Stephen Alter Writer American [67]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Overseas Citizenship of India Scheme". Ministry of External Affairs, India. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  2. ^ a b "Dual Nationality". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India, US State Department, US Government. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  3. ^ Vivek Menezes (11 May 2020). "Overseas Citizens of India feel abandoned, betrayed". Mint. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  4. ^ "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Cardholder - Introduction" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2009-09-26.
  6. ^ "Diaspora Services: Overseas Citizenship of India Scheme". Archived from the original on 2012-05-04.
  7. ^ "India suspends visas in attempt to contain coronavirus spread". Al Jazeera. March 2020.
  8. ^ Comparative Chart on NRI/PIO/PIO CARD HOLDERS/OCI (PDF), 15 June 2020, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2009, retrieved 15 June 2020
  9. ^ Income Tax Act, 18 December 2012, archived from the original on 18 December 2012, retrieved 9 September 2012
  10. ^ a b "Eligibility criteria" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 16 April 2016.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ "No OCI card to people with military background". The Economic Times. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  12. ^ "Indian Visa | India Visa Application | Faqs | Oci | General Oci Questions | Who Is Not Eligible To Apply For An Oci Card". www.in.ckgs.us. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  13. ^ PTI (2017-07-06). "Indians in Israel to get OCI card despite their army training: Narendra Modi". mint. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  14. ^ "Dutch nationals of Suriname origin". Embassy of India, The Hague, The Netherlands. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  15. ^ "Why India's new citizenship bill is controversial". BBC News. 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  16. ^ "Consulate General of India, San Francisco, California : OCI (Overseas Citizenship of India) cards". www.cgisf.gov.in. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  17. ^ "OCI". passport.gov.in. Government of India. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  18. ^ a b OCI cardholders are hot for Indian assignments; 15 Nov 2009, Ishani Duttagupta, ET Bureau; The Economic Times; India, Growing demand among NRIs to become overseas citizens of India; 24 Mar 2009, IANS; The Economic Times, India
  19. ^ a b Daniel Naujoks. 2013. Migration, Citizenship, and Development. Diasporic Membership Policies and Overseas Indians in the United States. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  20. ^ "Consulate General of India Houston Texas, USA (Official website)". www.cgihouston.org. Consulate General of India, Houston, Government of India. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Welcome to Consulate General of India, New York (USA)". www.indiacgny.org. Consulate General of India, New York, Government of India. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  22. ^ "India Visa Information - Australia - Long Term Visas - Overseas Citizen of India(OCI)". www.vfsglobal.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017. Benefits to which OCI is not entitled to: The OCI is not entitled to vote, be a member of Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council or Parliament, cannot hold constitutional posts such as President, Vice President, Judge of Supreme Court or High Court etc. and he/she cannot normally hold employment in the Government.
  23. ^ "Supreme Court Dismisses Plea For Voting Rights of Overseas Citizens". NDTV.com. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  24. ^ "Embassy of India, Moscow (Russia)". indianembassy-moscow.gov.in. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  25. ^ "PROTECTED AND RESTRICTED AREAS" (PDF). www.mha.gov.in. Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  26. ^ "oifc.in". www.oifc.in. Archived from the original on 2009-12-16. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  27. ^ "Govt Says Only NRIs Can Exchange Notes Till June, Grace Period Is Not For Others Living Abroad". indiatimes.com. India Times. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  28. ^ Correspondent, Special. "High Court allows 3 OCI students to join MBBS counselling for non-govt. seats". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 June 2017. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  29. ^ "How can you lose your citizenship? Let me count the ways". ABC News. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  30. ^ "Cruel ministers have made citizenship a tool of dirty politics | Zoe Williams". TheGuardian.com. 8 December 2021.
  31. ^ a b "British Nationality Act 1981". www.legislation.gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  32. ^ "Page cannot be found". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on October 17, 2005.
  33. ^ "Nationality Instructions, Chapter 14, Annex H, Section 7.5" (PDF). United Kingdom Border Agency.
  34. ^ "UK Border Agency Freedom Of Information Request". www.whatdotheyknow.com. Government of the United Kingdom via What Do They Know Website. 28 August 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  35. ^ Sharma, Reetu (2 March 2016). "Modi announces merging of OCI and POI cards, but how will it help: Explained". www.oneindia.com. One India. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  36. ^ a b "Person Of Indian Origin (PIO)". boi.gov.in. Bureau of immigration India, Government of India. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  37. ^ "Website of Consulate General of India". Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  38. ^ "indembassybern.ch". indembassybern.ch. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  39. ^ "LONG TERM VISAS INFORMATION - OCI". vfs-in-au.net. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  40. ^ "Last sentence of 2nd point under registration". boi.gov.in. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  41. ^ "PMO India on Twitter". Retrieved 28 Sep 2014.
  42. ^ "Press release on Relaxation in OCI Guidelines till 30th June 2020". Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  43. ^ "Decision Expected to Facilitate OCI Card Holders". Retrieved 15 April 2021.
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