Pichilemu

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Pichilemu City
Pichilemu
—  City  —
Top: A typical craft of the city, in this case, a dog made with seashells.
Center Left: A rockier place on the Infiernillo beach.
Center: A group of teenagers playing on the Main Beach.
Center Right: Las Terrazas Beach.
Bottom: Pichilemu viewed from the surroundings.

Seal
Nickname(s): Surf Capital (Capital del Surf)
Pichilemu City is located in Chile
Pichilemu City
Coordinates: 34°23′31″S 72°0′50″W / 34.39194°S 72.01389°W / -34.39194; -72.01389
Country  Chile
Region O'Higgins
Province Cardenal Caro
Government
 - Mayor Marcelo Cabrera (2008-2009)[1][2]
Roberto Córdova (2009-2012)[3][4]
Area
 - Total 713.8 km2 (275.6 sq mi)
Elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Population (2002)
 - Total 12,392
 - Density 16.54/km2 (42.8/sq mi)
Time zone Chile Time (CLT)[5] (UTC-4)
 - Summer (DST) Chile Summer Time (CLST)[6] (UTC-3)
ZIP codes 3220478
Website http://www.pichilemu.cl

Pichilemu (Mapudungun: Small forest)[7] is a beach resort town located in central Chile.[7][8] It is also the capital of the Cardenal Caro Province.[9] The city hosts 5 historic monuments and was declared a "Typical Zone", by the National Monuments Council in 2004.[10]

The beach of Pichilemu is considered one of the world's best ones for practicing surfing, specifically Punta de Lobos, where competitions are frequently held.[11]

Contents

[edit] Etymology

The name Pichilemu comes from the Mapudungún words pichi (little) and lemu (forest).[7]

[edit] History

[edit] Early exploration

José Toribio Medina.

At the time of Incan and later on Spanish conquest Pichilemu was inhabited by Promaucaes.[12] These natives were gatherers and fishermen that primarily lived along the Cachapoal and Maule rivers.[12] Through colonial times remaining Promaucaes were assimilated into Chilean society by a process of hispanicization and mestization.[13]

According to researcher José Toribio Medina from his book Resto Indígena de Chile, Pedro de Valdivia granted a large territory of what is now central Chile to Mr. Juan Gómez de Almagro on February 24, 1544. Pichilemu was between the territories of Palloquierbico, Topocalma, and Gulaquien.[14]

In the XVII century, Cáhuil was established as the local centre of the place, also having a deputy.[15]

[edit] Ortúzar family

Some of the first land owners of Pichilemu were the Ortúzar family.[15] Daniel Ortúzar is credited as one of the founders of the original village of Pichilemu.[12] The family of Ortúzar Cuevas from the San Antonio de Petrel Hacienda constructed a mid-century maritime dock which served as a fishing port for some years. Along with the dock, they also built homes on what is currently Ortúzar Avenue.

During more recent times, large land owners have included Pedro Pavez Polanco and the Hacienda of San Antonio de Petrel. These large land owning families have constructed historic homes and buildings over the years.

During the 1891 Chilean Civil War, Daniel Ortúzar and the priest of Alcones transferred prisoners to and from Pichilemu via the dock.[16] During the war, the dock was burned down. Later Lauriano Gaete and Ninfa Vargas founded Pichilemu by drawing plans with the engineer Emilio Nichon. The plans originated around Ortúzar Avenue.

[edit] Founding

After the civil war, Pichilemu obtained its formal name and status. By decree of President Jorge Montt and his Interior Minister, Manuel José Irarrázabal, the city was officially established on December 22, 1891.[17]

The first mayor of the city was José María Caro Martínez.[17] He regularized the city plan in 1894.

[edit] Agustín Ross

Agustín Ross, circa 1915.

Agustín Ross Edwards, a Chilean writer, parliamentary, minister and politician, was part of the powerful Ross Edwards family, the same family which founded El Mercurio years earlier.[18] Ross was the administrator of the great Juana Ross de Edwards fortune, the Nancagua Hacienda, located near the city of same name. Based on his European experiences, he bought a 300-hectare tract of land and named it "La Posada" (English: The Inn), or Petren Fund, in 1885. At that time, it was merely a set of thick-walled barracks.[10]

Ross designed a urban setting of high environmental value and landscape, transforming "La Posada" into a hotel (Great Hotel Pichilemu, later Hotel Ross, or Ross Hotel), he built a casino, several chalets, terraces, embankments, stone walls, a balcony in front of the beach and several large homes with imported building materials and furniture from France and England. Additionally, he built a park and a forest of more than 10 hectares.[10][19] Ross, however, was not able to build a dock for the city, as he had planned.[20] Agustín Ross turned Pichilemu into a summer resort town for affluent people from Santiago.

In 1935, the Ross successors ceded to the Illustrious Municipality of Pichilemu all the Ross constructions (streets, avenues, squares, seven hectares of forests, the park in front of the hotel, the perrons and the terraces) with the condition that the municipality hold them for recreation and public access.[10] The old Casino (1905) and its gardens (1885) have since become a important part of the city itself.

[edit] Cardenal Caro Province

Subsequently, Pichilemu became the historic capital of the province called Cardenal Caro which is named for the first Chilean Catholic Church Cardinal.

[edit] Geography and weather

Pichilemu in the Cardenal Caro Province.

Pichilemu is 126 km west of San Fernando, Chile and just east of the Pacific Ocean.[21] It is within a three-hour drive from the Andes Mountains.[22] It is also near the coast mountain range (which has up to 1,000 meters of altitude).

Pichilemu experiences has annual rains during the months of May–September averaging about 700 mm.[23] The rest of the year is dry, often windy, and occasionally sees coastal fog. The average temperature is between 12 °C and 15 °C. Occasionally, it receives winds has high as 150 km/h.[24]

Although the majority of the forest areas around Pichilemu are covered in pine and eucalytus plantations, a native forest (now Municipal Forest) remains contains species such as litres, quillayes, boldos, espinos and peumos.[25]

In summer, the average temperature is between 20 °C and 25 °C.

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Population history

[15][26][27][28]

[edit] Census and polls

According to 2002 census, the community has 12,392 inhabitants, 9,459 urban and 2,933 rural, 6,440 are men, and 5,952 are women. The city of Pichilemu is 9.70 km2 long.[26] The CASEN 2002 poll says that on O'Higgins Region there is a 4,5% of the population living in extremely poverty situation (in Pichilemu: 544 inhabitants) and a 16,1% in regular poverty situation (in Pichilemu: 1.946 inhabitants).[29]

[edit] Government and politics

Top: Aldo Cornejo, Roberto Córdova and Juan Cornejo
Bottom: Viviana Parraguez, Andrea Aranda and Marta Urzúa.

The current Mayor of Pichilemu is Roberto Córdova[30]. The last popularly-elected mayor was Marcelo Cabrera, elected in 2008 with 42.08% of vote,[31] but served from just May[2] until August[32] due to legal actions. The municipal council selected Córdova as the new mayor on September 9, 2009,[30] almost a year after the municipal elections. The current councilors are Aldo Polanco Contreras, Andrea Aranda Escudero, Viviana Parraguez Ulloa, Juan Cornejo Vargas and Marta Urzúa Púa.[30]

Jorge Vargas was the Mayor of Pichilemu for more than 10 years, from 1997[33][34][35] to 2007[36] until a accusation of theft was declared against him. He was succeeded by Victor Rojas, but he was accused of the same thing as Vargas. From 2007 until 2009, Pichilemu had 7 mayors (including 4 temporary).

Pichilemu, along with the communes of Placilla, Nancagua, Chépica, Santa Cruz, Pumanque, Palmilla, Peralillo, Navidad, Lolol, Litueche, La Estrella, Chile, Marchihue and Paredones, is part of the Electoral District N° 35 and belongs to 9th Senatorial Circumscription (O'Higgins).

[edit] National Monuments

The city itself was declared a Typical Zone by the National Monuments Council of Chile, by decree № 1097 on December 22, 2004.[10]

The city has another five National Monuments: The Ross Park, the Ross Casino, El Árbol Tunnel, the Old Rail station, and the Water Horse.[37]

[edit] Ross Casino

Front of the Ross Casino.
Main article: Ross Casino

The old Ross Casino is located on Agustín Ross Avenue, in front of Ross Park. The three-floor casino was constructed with foreign materials in late 1800s by Agustín Ross. Upon its completion, it included the first Mail and Telegraph Service and a large store.

The first casino in Chile was opened in this building in 1906.[20][38][39][40] It operated until 1932, when Viña del Mar Casino was opened. After its closing, it became a hotel, which was in business until the 1980s.

Its structure is similar to that of the Grand Trianon from the Tuileries Palace in Paris.

The old casino was recently renovated and opened in 2009 as a cultural arts center. It currently hosts several gallery spaces and the public library. During its restoration, renovators found many historical artifacts, including a copy of Las Últimas Noticias from February 1941 when the Ross Casino served as a hotel; an American telephone battery dating from between 1909 to 1915, and a tile from the casino's ceiling with signatures and drawings by the workers during its construction in 1914.[41]

[edit] Ross Park and Hotel

Ross Hotel, at that times Great Hotel Pichilemu, circa 1930s.

The Ross Park was created by Agustín Ross in 1885, in late 1880s, and remodeled in December 1987, when the community was 96 years old.

“ When he came here, there was nothing. Just a pair of houses, or less. He gave a form to the town, he gave it European looks. Look these balaustrades which decorate the slope or the ones which border the park, are the same which Mr. Agustin saw on Biarritz. ”
 
— Jaime Parra, current administrator of the Ross Hotel.[24]

The park is located on Agustín Ross Avenue, in front of the old Ross Casino. The hotel was originally named Great Hotel Pichilemu (Spanish: Gran Hotel Pichilemu).[24] The once grand Ross Hotel was constructed at the same time. Although the hotel, one of the oldest in Chile, is still partially open to guests, it is in a high degree of disrepair.[10]

The original park boasts 100-year-old native Chilean palms (Phoenix canariensis) and many green spaces. The majority of the grand homes are in use as private homes. Its recent restoration has converted it into a attractive walking destination.[42][43]

Both the park and the ex-casino were named National Monuments on February 25, 1988.[42][44]

[edit] Old rail station

Pichilemu's old rail station

The old rail station, also known as Ex Estación de Ferrocarriles, located in front of the famous Unimarc supermarket near Daniel Ortúzar Avenue and Petrel Lagoon, is a wood construction dated circa 1925. It remained in operation until the 1990s, and became a National Monument on September 16, 1994.[44] It has since become an arts and culture center and tourism information office.[42] It collects decorative and volumetric elements from the 1920s, and features many old suits.

[edit] Railway history

357 kilometers of railway line were constructed in the O'Higgins Region, but only 161 km still exists.[45] The 119=kilometre San Fernando–Pichilemu section was constructed over a period of 57 years between 1869 and 1926. It functioned normally until 1986, and then for load services only until 1995.[45]

In 2006, the Peralillo–Pichilemu section was removed completely.[45][46][47]

[edit] Important places

Martin Gusinde on the Indigenous Midden, 1917.
Villa Los Navegantes.
Cáhuil salines.

Pichilemu has many attractive places, that include the Municipal Forest (Spanish: Bosque Municipal), a forest donated by the family of Agustín Ross in 1935, the main access to the forest is located in front Ross Casino and by Paseo el Sol (dirt road). It has a footpath surrounded with palms, pinos and many other varieties trees .[48] Another important place is the Indigenous Midden (Spanish: Conchal Indígena), an archaeological site, circa pre-hispanic times, located in a place where a fisherman group allegedly lived, 1 km from Punta de Lobos and 300 metres south from Los Curas Lagoon.[49] Los Curas Lagoon (Spanish: Laguna Los Curas) is located 7 km south of Pichilemu, the lagoon is a natural environment, used for various eco-tourist activities. There is a small lagoon often used for fishing. The indigenous Middens live close to the lagoon.[42] the Laguna del Perro (English: The Dog's Lagoon) is located 8.5 km south from Pichilemu, this lagoon is used for recreational activities, and is the most potential lagoon on the place. Is able for fishing and aquatic sports.[42][49]

Villa Los Navegantes (English: Village The Navigators) is a village of Pichilemu, approximately 1.5 km in size, which was founded in 1997. After 5 years of construction approximately 30 houses were built, making it the first in Pichilemu in which the people paid to live there. It has a small sports court in which the inhabitants play football, basketball and tennis. El Alto Lagoon (Spanish: Laguna El Alto) is located in Chorrillos Beach, El Alto Lagoon is a small, rain-fed lagoon located on the beach. Often used for camping and picnics, the lagoon can be accessed from Pichilemu, travelling to the north by the Chorrillos beach, approximately an hour and a half.[42] Poza del Encanto is a lagoon, located 30 km from Pichilemu. It is host to a large variety of unique, native fauna.[50] The Nilahue Lagoon (Spanish: Estero Nilahue) is located at 15 km from Pichilemu. In its valley formed many beaches, including El Bronce, El Maquí, Laguna El Vado, and others. Additionally, there were many farms in this area.[49][50]

One of the most important places in Pichilemu is definetively the St. Andrew Church of Ciruelos, located at 13 km from Pichilemu, in Ciruelos. It was constructed in 1779 and its altar in the 1940s. It has a harmonium, confessional boxes and very old saint images. The old parish was created by the Archbishop Valdivieso in 1864. It is also where the first Chilean Cardinal was baptized, Monsignor José María Caro Rodríguez, and the original image of St. Andrew made with papier mache. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew and, every November 30, the religious holiday of St. Andrew is held there.[42][49] The Rural Kid Museum (Spanish: Rural Kid Museum) was created as an initiative of the teacher Carlos Leighton and his students. It is a modern building, but features traditional architecture in which three rooms contain a interesting collection of stone tools, arrowheads and clay tools made by aboriginals of the region. Also on display are domestic-use tools used by the first colonists post-hispanic.[51]

El Copao is a hamlet located 14 km east from Pichilemu. It's main industry is the domestic tools productions, which uses clay as a raw material.[52] Pañul (pronounced Pagnul) is a settlement located 17 km from Pichilemu. It's name in Mapudungun means medicinal herb. Pañul produces tools, made with locally obtained clay.[53] Cáhuil is a small settlement located 13 km[42] south of Pichilemu. Its name in mapudungún means "parrot place". The Cahuil lagoon is a great place for fishing, swimming, kayaking and offers kiteboarding lessons on the lagoon. Its bridge is a car crossing, and has a view of the Cahuil zone. It is used to access other places like Curicó, Lolol, Bucalemu, etc.[50][54]

[edit] Surfing

The famous Punta de Lobos rocks.

Surfing is one of the most biggest tourist draws, particularly at Punta de Lobos.[55][56][57] According to travel guide Fodor's,

“ [Pichilemu] is Chile's prime surf spot, and people come from around the world to test their skills. ... [Punta de Lobos] is widely considered the best surfing in South America year-round.[58] ”
 
— Fodor's Chile: Including Argentine Patagonia

Every October and December the International Championship of Surf is held at La Puntilla Beach.[48] Punta de Lobos hosts the Campeonato Nacional de Surf (English: National Surfing Championship) each summer.[19]

The American singer and surfer Jack Johnson recorded the music video for his song Breakdown in Pichilemu, in 2005.

[edit] Beaches

Main Beach, January 2009.
Magdalena Petit on Las Terrazas Beach rocks, 1918.

Pichilemu has many beautiful and expansive dark sand beaches. The water is cool year-round, though many tourists choose to swim in the shore break during the summer months. Bodyboarding, surfing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing can be practiced.

The northernmost of the beaches is San Antonio Beach or Main Beach (Spanish: Playa San Antonio or Playa Principal), which is located in front of the Ross Park and boasts dressing rooms, douches, bathrooms and car parks. It is excellent for surfing. Near the beach and on Ross Park itself are balustrades and long stairs, dating from the early 1900s. There is a balcony over the rocks, located in the southern portion of the beach.[42][59] Las Terrazas Beach (Spanish: Playa Las Terrazas) is busiest during the summer months. Several surf schools, La Ola Perfecta and Lobos del Pacífico, are located nearby, as is the Fisherman Creek, where fisherman sell their fish.[29] Located at the south of the town and around the other side of the Puntilla, Little Hell Beach (Spanish: Playa Infiernillo) is rocky and beautiful. It is perfect for tide-pool lovers and is also widely used for fishing.[29] South of Infiernillo is Beautiful Beach (Spanish: Playa Hermosa), which is great for walking and fishing.[59]

Further south, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Pichilemu, Punta de Lobos features a beach sheltered from the southern winds. It is an increasingly popular destination for tourists and surfer.[48][60] Several surf contests are held there, including an international big-wave contest during the Chilean fall. The size of waves varies throughout the year, but large swells in fall and winter can reach heights of up to 50 feet. It is widely considered one of the best beaches for surfing worldwide.[61][62]

“ I have been here [Punta de Lobos] twice as I have relatives in Chile. However being from Santa Cruz I'd say overall Lobos is a generally mushy, often choppy and very cold wannabe world class wave. ”
 
— Arthur Romero, in WannaSurf.com[11]

[edit] Education

Students of Charly's School, in 2004.

There are many schools in Pichilemu:

Schools
  • Charly's School
  • Escuela Digna Camilo Aguilar
  • Liceo Agustín Ross Edwards
  • Colegio Libertadores
  • Colegio Preciosa Sangre
  • Colegio Divino Maestro
  • Escuela Pueblo de Viudas
Children's gardens
  • Jardín Amanecer

[edit] Famous people

Cardinal José María Caro Rodríguez.
Main article: Category:People from Pichilemu
“ ¡Que Lindo es Pichilemu! (English: How beautiful Pichilemu is!) ”

[edit] Gallery

The old public library of Pichilemu

Pichilemu's Main Beach in 2004

Jorge Vargas González

José Arraño, historian

A family in Plaza Arturo Prat, or Plaza de Armas, in Pichilemu

A kiosk in Pichilemu

Roberto Córdova with the winners of the Coup Ilustre Municipalidad de Pichilemu 2009

Roberto Córdova

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ El Rancahuaso Team (2009-02-17). "Hasta 3 años de Cárcel arriesga el Alcalde de Pichilemu" (in Spanish). El Rancahuaso. http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/17884. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
  2. ^ a b El Rancahuaso Correspondents (2009-05-19). "Marcelo Cabrera asumió como alcalde de Pichilemu" (in Spanish). El Rancahuaso. http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/19000. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
  3. ^ "Concejal Roberto Córdova es elegido nuevo alcalde de Pichilemu" (in Spanish). PichilemuChile.com. 2009-09-01. http://www.pichilemuchile.com/?p=381. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
  4. ^ Washington Saldías (2009-09-01). "ALCALDE TITULAR “HABEMUS” EN PICHILEMU: ROBERTO CÓRDOVA CARREÑO ELEGIDO TRAS RESOLUCIÓN DEL TRICEL" (in Spanish). PichilemuNews.cl. http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2009/09/03107-alcalde-titular-habemus-en-pichilemu-roberto-cordova-carreno-elegido-tras-resolucion-del-tricel.html. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
  5. ^ "Chile Time". World Time Zones .org. http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-05. 
  6. ^ "Chile Summer Time". World Time Zones .org. http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-05. 
  7. ^ a b c "Cardenal Caro Province, Chile". Grupo Visiting. http://www.visitingchile.com/eng/regions/center-region/region-libertador-ohiggins/province-cardenal-caro/province-cardenal-caro.php. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  8. ^ "Chile Destination Pichilemu". GoChile.com. http://www.gochile.cl/attr/htm/pichilemu.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
  9. ^ "Cardenal Caro" (in Spanish). VI.cl. http://www.vi.cl/secciones/turismo/cardenal_caro.html. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f Chrisitian Matzner (2004-12-22). "Sector de Pichilemu". National Monuments Council. http://www.monumentos.cl/OpenSupport_Monumento/asp/PopUpFicha/ficha_publica.asp?monumento=595. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  11. ^ a b "Punta de Lobos". WannaSurf. http://www.wannasurf.com/spot/South_America/Chile/Central_Santiago/punta_de_los_lobos/. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 
  12. ^ a b c "Pichilemu...¡capital del surf!" (in Spanish). Vamos a Chile. 2006-08-20. http://www.vamosachile.com/publico/article_142.shtml. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  13. ^ "Conflicto y armonías de las razas en América" (in Spanish). Internet Archive. http://www.archive.org/stream/conflictoyarmo00sarm/conflictoyarmo00sarm_djvu.txt. Retrieved 2009-12-16. 
  14. ^ "Hoteles en Pichilemu". Hoteles Chilenos. http://www.hoteleschilenos.cl/hoteles/datos_VIregion/hoteles_pichilemu.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  15. ^ a b c "Reseña Histórica de Pichilemu" (in Spanish). DePichilemu. http://www.depichilemu.cl/historia.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  16. ^ Jorge Núñez P. (May 2003). 1891, crónica de la guerra civil. ISBN 956-282-527-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=n71SIc6IZE8C&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=pichilemu+guerra+civil+1891&source=bl&ots=grEcV_m78m&sig=NTp6v8tfzPlhUrdUodmv8bsK0_0&hl=es&ei=n2kpS--VOtSPtgfRptXKCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Pichilemu&f=false. Retrieved 2009-12-16. 
  17. ^ a b "Don José María Caro Martínez, Primer Alcalde de Pichilemu". PichilemuChile. 2009-05-12. http://www.pichilemuchile.com/?p=94. Retrieved 2009-12-16. 
  18. ^ Matt (2009-04-01). "Pichilemu Puts Valparaiso To Shame". Corrugated City. http://www.corrugatedcity.com/2009/04/pichilemu-puts-valparaiso-to-shame.html. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 
  19. ^ a b Charlotte Beech, Jolyon Attwooll, Thomas Kohnstamm, and Andrew Dean Nystrom (2006-05-01). Chile and Easter Island. Footscray, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781740599979. http://books.google.com/books?id=mw0KeQWVtsEC&pg=PT138#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
  20. ^ a b "Casino (antiguo) de Pichilemu y los Jardínes del Parque Agustin Ross" (in Spanish). National Monuments Council. http://www.monumentos.cl/OpenSupport_Monumento/asp/PopUpFicha/ficha_publica.asp?monumento=1173. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 
  21. ^ "Pichilemu". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2008. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459359/Pichilemu. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 
  22. ^ "Pichilemu to San Fernando". Google Maps Chile. http://maps.google.cl/maps?f=d&source=s_d&hl=es&geocode=&saddr=pichilemu&daddr=san+fernando&sll=-34.584006,-70.987426&sspn=0.065435,0.154324&g=san+fernando&ie=UTF8&z=10. Retrieved 2009-12-16. 
  23. ^ "Clima de Chile Región Libertador Gral. Bernardo O´Higgins" (in Spanish). Castor y Polux Ltda.. http://www.mapasdechile.com/clima_region06/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 
  24. ^ a b c Revista Sábado, El Mercurio. "Balnearios con Historia (III)" (in Spanish). http://melisa-recorridoporlasextaregion.blogspot.com/2008/01/el-que-fuera-el-ms-glamoroso-de-los.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  25. ^ "Bosque Municipal de Pichilemu". Mapas de Chile. 2009-11-03. http://www.mapasdechile.com.ar/blog/?p=880. Retrieved 2009-12-16. 
  26. ^ a b National Statistics Institute of Chile. "O'Higgins Region Statistics 2002 census" (in Spanish). http://alerce.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo2002/mapa_interactivo/sexta.swf. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  27. ^ Carmen del Río Pereira and Blanca Tagle Arduengo (in Spanish). Región de O'Higgins: Breve Relación del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural. http://www.pro-ohiggins.cl/libro/cuerpo/3_1_4.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  28. ^ Washington Saldías (2009-11-11). "Censo de 1787: La Superintendencia y el Diputado de Cáhuil, José González" (in Spanish). PichilemuNews. http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2009/11/03185-censo-de-1787-la-superintendencia-y-el-diputado-de-cahuil-jose-gonzalez.html. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  29. ^ a b c "PICHILEMU: Historia, estadísticas, mapas" (in Spanish). Mi Balcón. http://mibalcon.cl/vi-reg/hist156.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-05. 
  30. ^ a b c "Autoridades" (in Spanish). Pichilemu.cl. http://pichilemu.cl/municipalidad/saludo/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  31. ^ "Votación Candidatos por Comuna Pichilemu Alcaldes 2008" (in Spanish). Ministerio del Interior. http://elecciones.gob.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/2008/alcaldes/comunas/candidatos/total/4801.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  32. ^ El Rancahuaso Correspondents (2009-08-19). "¡Increíble!, Pichilemu otra vez se quedó sin alcalde" (in Spanish). El Rancahuaso. http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/20179. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
  33. ^ "Votación Candidatos por Comuna Pichilemu Municipales 1996" (in Spanish). Ministerio del Interior. http://elecciones.gob.cl/SitioHistorico/paginas/1996/municipales/comunas/candidatos/total/4801.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-15. 
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Coordinates: 34°23′31″S 72°00′50″W / 34.39194°S 72.01389°W / -34.39194; -72.01389

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