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Romanian language in Serbia

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Map of the municipalities of Serbia where either Romanian or "Vlach" was declared as native language in the 2002 Serbian census.
  1–5%
  5–10%
  10–15%
  15–25%
  25–35%
  over 35%

The Romanian language is widely spoken in Serbia. This country hosts large native Romanian-speaking populations, which can be divided into the ethnic Romanians in the autonomous region of Vojvodina and the Romanian[1]/Vlachs of the Timok Valley, a geographical region in Central Serbia. The former speak the Banat Romanian, identify as Romanians and have full rights within the autonomous region. Romanian is one of the six officially recognized languages of Vojvodina. Romanian/Vlachs speak archaic varieties of the Banat and Oltenian Romanian. Some of the members of community do not identify as Romanians[2] and their language is not recognized as Romanian within Serbia. A "Vlach language" has gone under attempted standardization in the country, using a Cyrillic alphabet. This has been criticized in Romania, and attempts to bring Romanian-language resources and education to the Timok Vlachs have been blocked by the Serbian authorities.

In January 2020, the Romanian Academy and the Academy of Sciences of Moldova issued a joint "Declaration on Unity of Romanian Language" condemning any attempts which has the aim politicisation of the Romanian language.[3] In February 2020, the Romanian Academy made an appeal to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts to contribute to the "normalisation of the exposed situation" regarding attempts to politicize the Romanian language in Serbia.[4]

Vojvodina

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Ethnic composition of Vojvodina showing areas with a Romanian ethnic majority in red
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Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (2006) stipulates that in the Republic of Serbia the Serbian language and the Cyrillic script shall be officially used. In addition it notes that in the regions inhabited by national minorities, their own languages and scripts shall be officially used, as established by law.

Article 6 of the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (published in the Official Gazette of APV) determines that, together with the Serbo-Croat language and Cyrillic script, and the Latin script as stipulated by the law, the Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and Rusyn languages and their scripts, as well as languages and scripts of other nationalities, shall simultaneously be officially used in the work of the bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, as established by the law. The bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina are: the Assembly, the Executive Council and the Provincial administrative bodies.[5]

The National Council of the Romanian National Minority has a department that attends to the analysis and promotion of the official use of the Romanian language.

Among others, decisions and laws established by the Assembly of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, bulletins and publications of the Assembly and the Executive Council, as well as other acts of provincial interest issued by the authorities of the Republic of Serbia must all be translated into Romanian. Assembly sessions are simultaneously interpreted in Romanian.[6] The Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities, through its sections and departments, collects and analyses data regarding the exercise of the rights of the national minorities in the domains of culture, education, information, the official use of the languages and the alphabets.It also watches the orderliness of the laws that stipulate this. The Secretariat prepares materials that are published in the "Official Gazette of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina", in the Serbian language and in the languages of national minorities that are in official use in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.[7] The Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities also sends Romanian judicial interprets to the district courts in Novi Sad and Pančevo.[8]

At the local level, the Romanian language and script are officially used in Alibunar, Bela Crkva, Žitište, Zrenjanin, Kovačica, Kovin, Plandište and Sečanj. In Vršac, Romanian is official in the villages with ethnic Romanian majority: Vojvodinci (Romanian: Voivodiț), Markovac (Romanian: Marcovăț), Straža (Romanian: Straja), Mali Žam (Romanian: Jamu Mic), Malo Središte (Romanian: Srediștea Mică), Mesić (Romanian: Mesici), Jablanka (Romanian: Jablanka), Sočica (Romanian: Sălcița), Ritiševo (Romanian: Râtișor), Orešac (Romanian: Oreșaț) and Kuštilj (Romanian: Coștei).[9]

The non-governmental organisation "Municipal parliament the "free" city of Vršac" (Romanian: Parlamentul orășenesc orașul "liber" Vârșeț) started a project to encourage the public use of Romanian as an official language. The campaign is included in the program "Minority Rights in Practice in South Eastern Europe", initiated together by the King Baudouin Foundation, Open Society Found Belgrade, Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and the Citizen's Initiatives.

In the 2002 census, Serbia's most recent, 1.45% citizens of Vojvodina declared Romanian as their mother tongue (0.1% of the world's Romanophones).

Religious education and service

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A church in Vojvodina where religious service is performed in the Romanian language (Alibunar).

Vojvodina hosts 40 Romanian historical parishes, with 42 priests.[10] It is under the jurisdiction of the Romanian Orthodox Eparchy "Dacia Felix" based in Vršac and headed by Daniil Partoșanul, vicar bishop of the Archdiocese of Timișoara.

Starting in 2006, religion in the Romanian language is taught in state schools. Textbooks for the first and the second grade were published after they were approved by the Commission of the Government of the Republic of Serbia for Religious Education in Elementary and Middle Schools.[11]

Arts

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On 15 November 2003, the professional Romanian theatre was refounded, after almost 50 years, to perform in Romanian. The theatre is based in Vršac, on the scene of the "Sterija" National Theatre.

Romanian literature is represented in Banat starting with Victor Vlad Delamarina and including more recent writers. The contribution of Vojvodina-based writers is significant within the works published in the entire Banat, through authors such as Vasile Barbu, president of the "Tibiscus" Literary-Artistic Society in Uzdin, Pavel Gătăiantu, Ana Niculina Ursulescu, Virginia Popovici, Slavco Almăjan and Marina Puia Bădescu. The state finances a publishing house, Libertatea. Casa de Presă și Editură Libertatea publishes 20 titles each year. For the 45th edition of the Belgrade Book Fair, the house prepared a CD with the nine most successful titles, under the slogan "3,000 pages for the third millennium" (Romanian: 3.000 de pagini pentru mileniul trei). Other publishers are based in Vojvodina, including Editura Fundației.

Education

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Vojvodina hosts 37 education facilities that use Romanian as their teaching language, including two high schools.[12] 145 Romanian students from Vojvodina and the Timok Valley took part in scholarship interviews in Romanian high schools and universities for school year 2005–2006.[13] An education school operates in Vršac as well as a Romanian language department at the University of Novi Sad. School curricula are offered in the Romanian language from kindergarten to high school; an Institute prepares Romanian language textbooks.[14] Four schools teach exclusively in Romanian, in places with ethnic Romanian majority: Grebenac (Romanian: Grebenaț), Nikolinci (Romanian: Nicolinț), Kuštilj (Romanian: Coștei) and Lokve (Romanian: Sân-Mihai).

Media

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Internet presence of the Romanian weekly Libertatea

Vojvodina provides public information in the Romanian language, as per the Statute of the APV, article 15. The government partially finances daily and weekly newspapers in the languages of the national minorities, among them the Romanian weekly Libertatea (Pančevo). Other Romanian publications include Tinerețea (issued by the Libertatea group) and Cuvântul Românesc (Vršac). Radio Novi Sad[15] and TV Novi Sad[16] each have Romanian language sections, broadcasting Romanian-aimed schedule 6 hours a day on the radio and one to one and a half-hour on TV daily. BBC Romanian is retransmitted by Radio FAR in Alibunar on FM.[17] Vojvodina receives channel 1 (În direct, România) of Radio România Internațional (24/24), and the Romanian national TV station TVR1. Other Romanian-language channels can be received through the DTH service offered by the Serbian subsidiary of the Romanian telecommunications company RCS & RDS (Digi TV),[18] as follows: Antena 1, Minimax Romania, Jetix, UTV, DDTV, OTV, Discovery Civilisation, Discovery Science, Discovery Travel & Living, Animal Planet, Animax, Zone Reality, National Geographic Channel, Eurosport, Viasat History and Viasat Explorer in the basis package, as well as Pro TV Internațional, Antena 3, Realitatea TV, TVS Oradea, TVS Craiova, Etno TV, Favorit TV, Taraf TV in a special Romanian package.

Victoria, a 24-hour Romanian-language radio station, was launched in 2006. It broadcasts on 96.1 FM informative, musical and cultural formats. The radio station can also be streamed.[19]

Timok Valley

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Map of the Romanian-speaking Vlachs of the Timok Valley

Status

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The Romanian language has far less support in the Timok Valley. Although whether the speech of the Vlachs is really Romanian and the endonym limba vlaha ("Vlach language")[20] exists, all linguists consider them to speak Romanian.[21][22][23]

Serbian statistics list Vlach and Romanian languages separately depending on what people declared in the census. This does not mean that the Serbian government has an official position on the matter. ISO has not assigned it a separate language code following the ISO 639 standard. In the 2002 census, 40,054 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs and 54,818 people declared themselves native speakers of the Vlach language.

The Romanian language of Timok does not have official status and it is not standardized. Thus, some members of the Timok Vlach community ask for standard Romanian to be made official in the areas inhabited by Vlachs until the standardization of a proposed"Vlach language".[24]

According to some media sources, Serbia recognized "Romanian" as the native language of the Vlach community, through the act of confirmation of the National Council of the Vlach (Roumanian) National Minority in August 2007; the organization had listed Romanian as the native language of the community in their statute.[verification needed][25][26][27]

Characteristics

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Its two main variants, "Ungurean" and "Țăran", are subordinated forms of the Romanian varieties spoken in Banat and Oltenia, respectively.

The speakers have been isolated from Romania and their speech did not include the neologisms (for some abstract notions, as well as technological, political and scientific concepts) borrowed by Romanian speakers across the Danube from French and Italian and as such, they use Serbian counterparts, as Serbian has been the language of education for nearly two centuries.

Media

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Radio Zaječar[28] and Radio Pomoravlje[29] broadcast programmes in the Romanian variant of the Timok Vlachs.

Linguistic atlas of the Romanian Academy

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As a result of more than 20 years of field research, the Romanian Academy published a two-volume atlas of sub-dialects of the Romanian language between Morava, Danube and Timok.[30] The research included almost all settlements inhabited by speakers of the Romanian language in Central Serbia and represents one of the most detailed research of this kind of any area where Romanian speakers live. It was a part of the wider research on dialectology in Europe, and its results will be included in the updated version of the Atlas Linguarum Europae.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Violation of the human rights of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia". assembly.coe.int. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  2. ^ Herman, Jürgen (14 February 2008). "Report 11528 on the situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia". Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  3. ^ Romanian Academy (30 January 2020). "Declaration on Unity of Romanian Language" (PDF). Academia Română. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  4. ^ Romanian Academy (20 February 2020). "Letter to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts" (PDF). Academia Română.
  5. ^ "Official use of languages and scripts in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina". Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  6. ^ "Department of Translations" (in Romanian). Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities. Retrieved 18 October 2010.[failed verification]
  7. ^ "About us" (in Romanian). Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  8. ^ "Judicial interprets" (in Romanian). Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities. Retrieved 18 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ "Official use of the Romanian language in the APV" (XLS). Provincial Secretariat for Regulations, Administration and National Minorities.
  10. ^ Romanian Global News: "PS Daniil Stoenescu va înființa un centru religios la Vârșeț“ Archived 28 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian), published on 17 August 2005
  11. ^ Marinica Ciobanu: "Moise Ianeș, Părintele Vicar al Vicariatului Ortodox Român: Între ciocan și nicovală” Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian) published in Libertatea on 11 March 2007
  12. ^ "Copiii românilor din Serbia-Muntenegru vor învăța la școli din Romania“ Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian), published in the informative bulletin Divers
  13. ^ Marcel Baica: "La studii spre România: Un mare interes pentru înscrierea la facultății“ Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian), published in the weekly Libertatea, on 20 August 2005
  14. ^ Procesul verbal al ședințelor din 3, 4 și 5 decembrie 2002 ale Comisiei pentru Învâțământ, Știință, Tineret și Sport din Cadrul Camerei Deputaților a României (in Romanian)
  15. ^ Radio Novi Sad – Romanian language section[permanent dead link] (in Romanian)
  16. ^ "Filmovi - TV program Srbije". www.krstarica.com.
  17. ^ "BBCRomanian.com | Institutional | Frecvențe pe care ne puteți recepționa". www.bbc.co.uk.
  18. ^ Digi TV Serbia – About Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian)
  19. ^ Fluxul audio "Radio Victoria” Archived 10 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Website of the Federația Vlahilor(Rumânilor) din Sârbie Archived 26 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Gustav Weigand, Linguistischer Atlas des dacorumänischen Sprachgebiets, 1909, Leipzig: Barth
  22. ^ Petru Neiescu, Eugen Beltechi, Nicolae Mocanu, Atlas lingvistic al regiunii Valea Timocului – Contribuții la atlasul lingvistic al graiurilor românești dintre Morava, Dunăre și Timoc, Cluj-Napoca, 2006
  23. ^ Slavoljub Gacović, Od Rimljana i latinskog do Rumuna Timočana i vlaškog, Nacionalni savet vlaške nacionalne manjine, Bor, 2008
  24. ^ Danas "Svedeni smo na vlaško kolo" Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 19 March 2007
  25. ^ "Vlachs of Serbia recognised as a national minority" ("Vlahii din Serbia recunoscuți ca minoritate națională"), published by BBC on 17 August 2007: "Vlachs were finally recognised as a national minority and the Romanian language was accepted as their native language"
  26. ^ Știrile ProTV: "Romanian language recognised as native language in Serbia" ("Limba română recunoscută drept limbă maternă în Serbia"], news report made by Știrile ProTV on 19 August 2007
  27. ^ "Serbia recognised that the Vlachs of Timoc speak Romanian" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ("Serbia a recunoscut că «vlahii» din Timoc vorbesc românește"), published in Gardianul, 3 August 2007
  28. ^ "Danas.rs greška". 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  29. ^ "Radio Valea Moravei - Vlaski Radio Pomoravlje - 100% Vlaski radio". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007.
  30. ^ "Inst-Puscariu". inst-puscariu.ro. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  31. ^ Bejinaru, Silviou-Ioan. "GEOLINGVISTICA ROMÂNEASCĂ ÎN ERA DIGITALĂ" (PDF). Academia Română. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
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