Filter feeder

Krill feeding under high phytoplankton concentration (slowed down by a factor of 12)

Filter feeders (a sub-group of suspension feeders) are animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feeding are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales, and many fishes (including some sharks). Some birds, such as flamingos, are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can play an important role in clarifying water.

Examples

Fish

See also: Forage fish

Most forage fish are filter feeders. For example, the Atlantic menhaden, a type of herring, lives on plankton caught in midwater. Adult menhaden can filter up to four gallons of water a minute; and play an important role in clarifying ocean water. They are also a natural check to the deadly red tide.

In addition to these bony fish, four shark subclass species are also filter feeders.

• The whale shark sucks in a mouthful of water, closes its mouth and expels the water through its gills. During the slight delay between closing the mouth and opening the gill flaps, plankton is trapped against the dermal denticles which line its gill plates and pharynx. This fine sieve-like apparatus, which is a unique modification of the gill rakers, prevents the passage of anything but fluid out through the gills (anything above 2 to 3 mm in diameter is trapped). Any material caught in the filter between the gill bars is swallowed. Whale sharks have been observed "coughing" and it is presumed that this is a method of clearing a build up of food particles in the gill rakers.
• The megamouth shark has luminous organs called photophores around its mouth. It is believed they may exist to lure plankton or small fish into its mouth.
• The basking shark is a passive filter feeder, filtering zooplankton, small fish and invertebrates from up to 2,000 tons of water per hour. Unlike the megamouth and whale sharks, the basking shark does not appear to actively seek its quarry, but it does possess large olfactory bulbs that may guide it in the right direction. Unlike the other large filter feeders, it relies only on the water that is pushed through the gills by swimming; the megamouth shark and whale shark can suck or pump water through their gills.
• Manta rays, also belonging to the shark subclass, can time their arrival at the spawning of large shoals of fish and feed on the free-floating eggs and sperm. This stratagem is also employed by whale sharks.

Crustaceans

Filter basket of a mysid

• Mysidacea are three cm long shrimps that live close to shore and hover above the sea floor, constantly collecting particles with their filter basket. They are an important food source for herring, cod, flounder, and striped bass. Mysids have a high resistance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators.

• The Antarctic krill manages to directly utilize the minute phytoplankton cells, which no other higher animal of krill size can do. This is accomplished through filter feeding, using the krill's developed front legs, providing for a very efficient filtering apparatus: the six thoracopods form a very effective "feeding basket" used to collect phytoplankton from the open water. In the animation at the top of this page, the krill is hovering at a 55° angle on the spot. In lower food concentrations, the feeding basket is pushed through the water for over half a meter in an opened position, and then the algae are combed to the mouth opening with special setae on the inner side of the thoracopods.

• Porcelain crab species have feeding appendages covered with setae to filter food particles from the flowing water.

• All 1,220 known species of Barnacles are filter feeders, using their highly modified legs to sift plankton from the water.

Baleen whales

The baleen whales, also called whalebone whales or great whales, form the Mysticeti, one of two suborders of the Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises). Baleen whales are characterized by having baleen plates for filtering food from water, rather than having teeth. This distinguishes them from the other suborder of cetaceans, the toothed whales or Odontoceti. The suborder contains four families and fourteen species. The scientific name derives from the Greek word mystidos, which means "unknowable".

Bivalves

External images
	Movie clip of siphon feeding

Bivalves are aquatic molluscs which have two-part shells. Typically both shells (or valves) are symmetrical along the hinge line. The class has 30,000 species, including scallops, clams, oysters and mussels. Most bivalves are filter feeders (although some have taken up scavenging and predation), extracting organic matter from the sea in which they live. Nephridia, the shell fish version of kidneys, remove the waste material. Buried bivalves feed by extending a siphon to the surface.

As an example, oysters draw water in over their gills through the beating of cilia. Suspended food (phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae and other water-borne nutrients and particles) are trapped in the mucus of a gill, and from there are transported to the mouth, where they are eaten, digested and expelled as feces or pseudofeces. Each oyster filters up to five litres of water per hour. Scientists believe that the Chesapeake Bay's once-flourishing oyster population historically filtered the estuary's entire water volume of excess nutrients every three or four days. Today that process would take almost a year, and sediment, nutrients, and algae can cause problems in local waters. Oysters filter these pollutants, and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless.

Sponges

Tube sponges attracting small reef fish

Sponges have no true circulatory system; instead, they create a water current which is used for circulation. Dissolved gases are brought to cells and enter the cells via simple diffusion. Metabolic wastes are also transferred to the water through diffusion. Sponges pump remarkable amounts of water. Leuconia, for example, is a small leuconoid sponge about 10 cm tall and 1 cm in diameter. It is estimated that water enters through more than 80,000 incurrent canals at a speed of 6 cm per minute. However, because Leuconia has more than 2 million flagellated chambers whose combined diameter is much greater than that of the canals, water flow through chambers slows to 3.6 cm per hour. Such a flow rate allows easy food capture by the collar cells. All water is expelled through a single osculum at a velocity of about 8.5 cm/second: a jet force capable of carrying waste products some distance away from the sponge.

Cnidarians

• The moon jellyfish has a grid of fibres which are slowly pulled through the water. The motion is so slow that copepods cannot sense it and don't react with an escape response.

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  An undulating live Aurelia in the Baltic Sea showing the grid in action.

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  Higher magnification showing a prey item, probably a copepod.

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  The prey is then drawn to the body by contracting the fibres in a corkscrew fashion (image taken with an ecoSCOPE.

• Others filter-feeding cnidarians include Sea Pens, Sea Fans, Plumose Anemones, Xenia, and more.

Flamingos

Arcuate bill is well adapted to bottom scooping

Flamingos filter-feed on brine shrimp. Their oddly-shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they eat, and are uniquely used upside-down. The filtering of food items is assisted by hairy structures called lamellae which line the mandibles, and the large rough-surfaced tongue.

Other filter feeders

Other examples of filter-feeding organisms include:

• Brachiopoda (a phylum within the Eumetazoa subkingdom of animals, commonly referred to as lamp shells)
• Branchiopoda (a class within the Arthropod phylum of animals. Branchiopods are primitive crustaceans found mostly in freshwater)
• Bryozoa (a phylum within the Eumetazoa subkingdom of animals, commonly referred to as moss animals or sea mats)
• Canalipalpata (an order of Polychaete ringed worms, commonly referred to as bristle-footed annelids)
• Ctenophora (a phylum within the Eumetazoa subkingdom of animals, commonly referred to as comb jellies)
• Echiura (an order of Polychaete ringed worms, commonly referred to as spoon worms)
• Entoprocta (a phylum within the Eumetazoa subkingdom of animals, commonly referred to as goblet worms)
• Lobodon carcinophagus (a subphylum of the Chordata phylum of animals, commonly referred to as Crabeater seals)
• Holothuroidea (a class within the Echinodermata phylum of animals, commonly referred to as sea cucumbers)
• Phoronida (a phylum within the Eumetazoa subkingdom of animals, commonly referred to as horseshoe worms)
• Sipuncula (a phylum within the Eumetazoa subkingdom of animals, commonly referred to as peanut worms)
• Urochordata (a subphylum of the Chordata phylum of animals, commonly referred to as sea squirts)

See also

• Particle (ecology)
• Spider web - the only terrestrial equivalent of a filter feeder

References

• Bullivant JS (1968). "A Revised Classification of Suspension Feeders". Tuatara 16 (2): 151–160. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio16Tuat02-t1-body-d6.html. 
• Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia. 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 – 286

External links

• Filter feeder of krill