Talk:Hasekura Tsunenaga

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Former featured articleHasekura Tsunenaga is a former featured article. Please see the links under Article milestones below for its original nomination page (for older articles, check the nomination archive) and why it was removed.
Main Page trophyThis article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on January 25, 2007.
Article milestones
DateProcessResult
July 19, 2006Featured article candidatePromoted
March 31, 2021Featured article reviewDemoted
Did You Know
A fact from this article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page in the "Did you know?" column on November 23, 2004.
The text of the entry was: Did you know ...that the samurai Hasekura Tsunenaga led the first Japanese Embassy to the Americas and Europe in 1615?
Current status: Former featured article

FA in need of review[edit]

This article was promoted in 2006 and have never been reviewed since. The nominator and main contributor user:Per Honor et Gloria has not edited on Wikipedia since 2011.

Issues spotted:

  • the article has several unsourced paragraphs;
  • the article does not have a consistent citation style, with footnotes used as the main "style", and then random parenthetical citations in the text:
  • (November 1620 letter of father Angelis, Japan-China archives of the Jesuits in Rome, quoted in Gonoi's "Hasekura Tsunenaga", p231)
  • (Letter of 17 prominent Japanese Christians from Sendai, to the Pope, 29 September 1621)
  • (Library Capitular Colombina 84-7-19 Memorias..., fol.195)
  • the article relies a lot on lenghthy quotes;
  • the prose in the "Hasekura today" subsection is very choppy, with several small sentences and no connecting narrative;
  • "Today there stands a statue of Hasekura in a park in Manila, the Philippines." - this is not FA-worthy prose;
  • the "Timeline and itenerary" section is not needed at all; all information should be presented as text, with no "summary of events" at the end;
  • I don't think it's necessary to present the kanji for every single Japanese name in the text, just Hasekura's.

The article doesn't look good right now and needs substancial work to rise to current Featured Article standards. RetiredDuke (talk) 19:29, 25 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]

The following is an archived discussion of a featured article review. Please do not modify it. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page or at Wikipedia talk:Featured article review. No further edits should be made to this page.

The article was delisted by Casliber via FACBot (talk) 9:45, 31 March 2021 (UTC) [1].

Hasekura Tsunenaga[edit]

Notified: Per Honor et Gloria, WikiProject Japan, WikiProject Politics, WikiProject Biography Talk page notice

Review section[edit]

This is a 2006 promotion that has never been reviewed since; the main contributor has not edited since 2011. Issues:

  • the article has several unsourced full paragraphs;
  • the article does not have a consistent citation style, with footnotes used as the main "style", and then random parenthetical citations in the text;
  • the article relies a lot on lenghthy quotes;
  • the prose in the "Hasekura today" subsection is not "FA-level";
  • "Timeline and itenerary" is not needed;
  • The notes and the references need work.

RetiredDuke (talk) 17:47, 20 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]

I've started working on cleaning things up, but this one is going to take a while. Once the refs are cleaned up and consolidated (there are a number of duplicate refs that I haven't fixed yet), then we can see more clearly where issues are with existing refs and where we need to add in more. I'll slowly chip away at it as I can.
Regarding your points:
  • There definitely need to be more sources used, though some may already be in the article and not be used fully yet.
  • I'll be cleaning up the citation style so it's consistent and easy to read.
  • I've moved all the quotes into a notes section so they don't clutter up the actual references. If possible, it may be good to see if any of them are on Wikisource, and link to those instead of including large quotes here.
  • As you said, the "Hasekura today" section reads more like an "In popular culture" section right now. I think things could be converted to a "Legacy" section (or something like that), and the language can be cleaned up and made more encyclopedic.
  • I agree, the timeline and itinerary section can be sorted out into the appropriate sections of the article.
  • Already addressed the notes and references.
Thanks for your patience while I carve out time to work on this. You can see my recent work on Manzanar (diff) and Boshin War (diff) to see what I have done before. Diffs are from before I started to when I finished, though others also contributed during those times, so it's not entirely my doing. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 23:30, 20 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]
Thank you for taking on this article. I don't think we are pressed for time at FAR, as long as the article is being worked on. RetiredDuke (talk) 23:47, 20 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]
We are working on an AI to automatically identify statement issues around minor POV problems and missing citations. It has identified some statements that need citations on this article. They are given below:
  • He spent his young adulthood at Kamitate Castle (上楯城)[3] that was constructed in Hasekura Ward, Kawasaki City (ex-Hasekura Village), Miyagi Prefecture, by his grandfather Hasekura Tsunemasa (常正).
  • The embassy was probably, at that time, part of a plan to diversify and increase trade with foreign countries, before the participation of Christians in the Osaka rebellion triggered a radical reaction from the shogunate, with the interdiction of Christianity in the territories it directly controlled, in 1614.
  • The galleon, named Date Maru by the Japanese and later San Juan Bautista by the Spanish, took 45 days work in building, with the participation of technical experts from the Bakufu (the Minister of the Navy Mukai Shōgen, an acquaintance of William Adams with whom he built several ships, dispatched his Chief Carpenter), 800 shipwrights, 700 smiths, and 3,000 carpenters. The daimyō of Sendai, Date Masamune, was put in charge of the project.
If the predictions are relevant, and they could have eased the review burden, we appreciate more feedback here to help evaluate our AI and make it robust. More details can be found on the research page. Sumit (talk) 06:05, 24 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]
Okay, I've cleaned up the refs so they are all using appropriate templates and formatting. Now we can see where we are. @RetiredDuke:, if you will go through the article and add {{cn}} to every place that doesn't have a citation and you think it needs one, that will allow me to know exactly what I need to find. Please ping me here when you've done that. Thanks! ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 23:14, 1 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Oh, my, what a layout, image, MOS:SANDWICH mess. Thank you, again, for taking on a big one, Nihonjoe. Once you are further along, I will volunteer to re-format all the image layout to resolve layout problems. Meanwhile, if you see any that can be deleted ... SandyGeorgia (Talk) 17:58, 2 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Went ahead and sorted what I could on the image mess. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 18:53, 2 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
Yeah, it's definitely a mess (or it was, anyway). ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 19:03, 2 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
  • Hold as work is being actively done, with some discussion on the talk page. Just to give the coords a heads-up. RetiredDuke (talk) 11:57, 3 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
OK, I have now tagged the whole article like User:Nihonjoe asked above. However, I respectfully ask them if they are sure they want to do this. This FAR is going to be a major rescue job, and while I greatly admire the work done rescuing Boshin War and Manzanar, those articles were never this bad. Many of the sources in the Hasekura article are primary sources, documents and letters from historical figures contemporary to Hasekura. The article draws conclusions solely from historical documents in several sections of the article. Lengthy quotes from historical documents are used verbatim as part of the narrative, instead of being paraphrased. I've added 80+ cn tags to the article. At some point this will become a completely different article from the current one. It's like a new FAC. RetiredDuke (talk) 16:32, 3 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
It may take some time, but I think we can do it. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 17:31, 3 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
OK, I will help in what I can, but I truly only realized the scale of the job once I read the article sentence by sentence. There's no rush though. RetiredDuke (talk) 17:48, 3 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

User:Nihonjoe, progress seems stalled. Are you still on this one? Update? SandyGeorgia (Talk) 16:55, 27 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Progress hasn't stalled. It's the holidays, and I have a lot of other things going on. I'm still working on it as I can. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 17:14, 29 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
Some of the references would be easier to find for people in Spain, Italy, Mexico, or Vatican City. I've pinged the following projects to see if they can help find some of those sources: WP:SPAIN, WP:ITALY, WP:MEXICO, and WP:CATHOLICISM. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 00:26, 31 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
Nihonjoe, you may find the Resource Exchange/Resource Request helpful if you're having trouble finding sources. Aza24 (talk) 02:56, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]
@Aza24: Thanks. That was going to be my next stop. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 17:19, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Could we get an update on status here? Nikkimaria (talk) 14:48, 30 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    • @Nikkimaria: I have some stuff next week that I'm preparing for, so I haven't had time to do anything since my last edit. After next week, I should have a little more time to do that. Anyone else is welcome to help, too. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 00:03, 3 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Move to FARC, four months in, there are still 68 citation needed tags, and progress has been stalled for over a month. Moving to FARC does not preclude that further improvements will be made, but will keep FAR on track. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 17:16, 17 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]

FARC section[edit]

Issues raised in the review section mostly concern sourcing. Nikkimaria (talk) 02:28, 19 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Delist Improvements have stalled and there are major unaddressed concerns, including the citation needed tags. Z1720 (talk) 17:13, 26 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Delist. Dead external links from September 2017, page number citations needed from November and December 2020, unsourced passages need footnotes from November and December 2020, clarification needed from November and December 2020. Thanks for the improvements, but the article is still far from meeting featured article criteria. DrKay (talk) 10:34, 28 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Delist. Considerable improvements by Nihonjoe, effort recognized, but much remains to be done in this difficult full-rewrite-needed FAR. SandyGeorgia (Talk) 13:42, 30 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Delist - solid effort, but it's been stalled out for some time, and is still a long ways from the criteria. Hog Farm Talk 15:07, 30 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Delist as I don't have the time or the resources to fix all the current issues in a timely manner. Thanks to Zupotachyon for all their efforts, too. The talk page of the article has a very good list of things to work on, however, so anyone who can do so is welcome to work on those issues. If they are all addressed, it's very likely this article could be a FA again. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 16:37, 30 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  • Delist Thanks for the ping Nihonjoe. As it currently stands, it's next to impossible to tell where sourced analysis ends and OR begins. As stated by others: lots of unsourced claims, claims based on primary sources alone, etc... I tried going through the [citation needed] tags, but after a few days it became apparent that simply adding references is not enough. I could cite several claims back-to-back, but it wasn't always clear whether those claims were meaningful or significant. For example, one could reasonably ask whether anything in the 'Background' section provides sufficient or relevant context to Hasekura's journeys. Even if each sentence's claims were cited, the combination of sentences as a paragraph may easily imply a conclusion unsupported by any expert text -- and I haven't figured out if this is the case or not. It's an open question whether the section reflects academic consensus, is pure OR, or something in-between -- and this applies to the entire page. I've done what I can but I've hit my limit, unfortunately... Zupotachyon (talk) 05:42, 31 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@WP:FAR coordinators: it's snowing here, SandyGeorgia (Talk) 13:05, 31 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The above discussion is preserved as an archive. Please do not modify it. No further edits should be made to this page.

Working[edit]

I'm working on this, and anyone else is free to help, too. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 18:02, 23 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Refs needed[edit]

Making a list here to make it a little easier to see them all, and they can be checked off with {{done}} as they are completed. Unless otherwise mentioned, every fact or sentence within each quote needs a reference. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 00:15, 31 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

  1.  Done He spent his young adulthood at Kamitate Castle (上楯城) that was constructed in Hasekura Village (now Hasekura Ward, Kawasaki), Miyagi Prefecture, by his grandfather Hasekura Tsunemasa (常正).
  2. Hasekura and Date Masamune were of roughly the same age, and it is recorded that several important missions were given to Tsunenaga as his representative.
  3. It is also recorded that Hasekura served as a samurai during the Japanese invasion of Korea under the Taikō Toyotomi Hideyoshi, for six months in 1597.
  4. In 1612, Hasekura's father, Hasekura Tsunenari (支倉 常成), was indicted for corruption, and he was put to death in 1613.
    A PhD thesis makes similar claims (p. 84), citing Gonoi (pp. 7-8, 65-72). The book is in Japanese so I can't verify the citation. I might be able to grab a copy of Gonoi from the university library, ping me if needed. Will take a few days because the loan has to ship out from somewhere else. Zupotachyon (talk) 19:01, 12 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    @Zupotachyon: If you can get the Gonoi book and send me scans of those pages, I could verify the claims. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 16:22, 2 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    ...Well, this is awkward. I thought I had access to the book via ILL, but apparently the holding library isn't shipping anything out right now. Sorry about that. Zupotachyon (talk) 04:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  5. His fief was confiscated, and his son should normally have been executed as well. Date, however, gave him the opportunity to redeem his honour by placing him in charge of the Embassy to Europe, and soon gave him back his territories as well.
    See above thesis claim. Zupotachyon (talk) 19:03, 12 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    Same here, as above. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 16:22, 2 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  6. Efforts to expand influence in Japan were met by stiff resistance from the Jesuits, who had started the evangelizing of the country in 1549, as well as by the opposition of the Portuguese and Dutch who did not wish to see Spain participate in Japanese trade.
  7.  Done However, some Japanese, such as Christopher and Cosmas, are known to have crossed the Pacific onboard Spanish galleons as early as 1587.
  8.  Done In 1609, the Spanish Manila galleon San Francisco encountered bad weather on its way from Manila to Acapulco, and was wrecked on the Japanese coast in Chiba, near Tokyo.
    Expanded the information here with the source I found; it might be overly detailed so cut where needed. Zupotachyon (talk) 09:26, 12 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  9. Rodrigo de Vivero drafted a treaty, signed on 29 November 1609, whereby the Spaniards could establish a factory in eastern Japan, mining specialists would be imported from New Spain, Spanish ships would be allowed to visit Japan in case of necessity, and a Japanese embassy would be sent to the Spanish court.
  10. The Japanese ship San Buena Ventura was built on the model of Liefde (depicted here), the ship on which William Adams originally reached Japan.
    Cited Liefde as the ship Adams reached Japan on, but I haven't yet found any source confirming that the San Buenaventura was based on the Liefde. Zupotachyon (talk) 01:01, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  11. Rodrigo de Vivero offered to sail on the Japanese ship in order to guarantee the safety of their reception in New Spain, but insisted that another Franciscan, named Alonso Muños, be sent instead as the shōgun's representative.
  12. In 1610, Rodrigo de Vivero, several Spanish sailors, the Franciscan father, and 22 Japanese representatives led by the trader Tanaka Shōsuke sailed to Mexico aboard the San Buena Ventura, a ship built by the English navigator William Adams for the shōgun.
    interesting tidbit (not sure if worthy of inclusion): "The [San Buenaventura] is recognized as the first Japanese-built vessel ever to cross the Pacific Ocean." (Kimura p. 177) Zupotachyon (talk) 01:35, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    Nuttall (note on ref 17 here) says:

    Iyeyasu generously offered to part with one of the best vessels, which had been constructed for him by William Adams, and likewise to lend him four thousand ducats, with which to man and provision the ship, which was named "San Buenaventura"... On the first of August, 1610, after having enjoyed Japanese hospitality for over a year, Vivero and his countrymen embarked for New Spain with twenty-three Japanese merchants, who were under the leadership of two noblemen named Tanaka Shosake and Shuya Ryusai. (p. 10)

    sotelo is mentioned later on p. 18 alongside vizcaino (so we can discount sotelo being with vivero) but i don't see any mention of muños, or who else was accompanying vivero, in this text. there is some background information about ieyasu and vivero negotiations (pp. 6-8) that might be of interest. Zupotachyon (talk) 01:53, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    also see Mathes (1990) "A Quarter Century of Trans-Pacific Diplomacy: New Spain and Japan, 1592-1617":

    Iyeyasu loaned Vivero four thousand pesos for supplies, as well as the San Buenaventura, a ship built by Will Adams, and during June and July the embassy prepared for the trans-Pacific voyage (p. 11)

    Muños ('Muñoz' in the article) is mentioned several times; I will take a look at it later and see if it matches the claim about Muños being the shogun's representative. Zupotachyon (talk) 02:00, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  13. Once in New Spain, Alonso Muños met with the Viceroy Luis de Velasco, who agreed to send an ambassador to Japan in the person of the famous explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno with the added mission of exploring the "Gold and silver islands" ("Isla de Plata") that were thought to be east of the Japanese isles.
    Kimura, p. 178: "A Spanish return delegation commanded by Sebastián Vizcaino visited Japan with the aim of investigating the commercial prospects for mining metals in the country. In 1611 the viceroy of Mexico sent Sebastián Vizcaino to Japan.". All I have found for now about this claim. Zupotachyon (talk) 18:21, 12 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  14. Vizcaíno arrived in Japan in 1611 and had many meetings with the shōgun and feudal lords. These encounters were tainted by his poor respect for Japanese customs, the mounting resistance of the Japanese towards Catholic proselytism, and the intrigues of the Dutch against Spanish ambitions.
  15. Vizcaíno finally left to search for the "Silver island", during which search he encountered bad weather, forcing him to return to Japan with heavy damage.
  16. Without waiting for Vizcaíno, another ship – built in Izu by the Tokugawa shogunate under the minister of the Navy Mukai Shōgen, and named San Sebastian – left for Mexico on 9 September 1612 with Luis Sotelo onboard as well as two representatives of Date Masamune, with the objective of advancing the trade agreement with New Spain. However, the ship foundered a few miles from Uraga, and the expedition had to be abandoned.
  17. The shōgun had a new galleon built in Japan to bring Vizcaíno back to New Spain, together with a Japanese embassy accompanied by Luis Sotelo.
    Also see first sentence in 'Trans-Pacific voyage' section:

    Upon completion, the ship left on 28 October 1613 for Acapulco with around 180 people on board, including 10 samurai of the shōgun (provided by the Minister of the Navy Mukai Shōgen Tadakatsu), 12 samurai from Sendai, 120 Japanese merchants, sailors, and servants, and around 40 Spaniards and Portuguese, including Sebastián Vizcaíno who, in his own words, only had the quality of a passenger.

    The citation for that is 'Gonoi p.?'; for the time being I've also found this quote, from Nuttall, Zelia (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico And Japan: From Original Documents Preserved In Spain And Japan. Berkeley: The University Press. pp. 39–40.:

    Agents sent by Lord Masumane arrived, and offered to employ [Viscaino] and his men to build a vessel and to navigate it, when ready, to New Spain... The friar was no less a personage than Friar Luis Sotelo, whose previous expedition as the shogun's ambassador had ended so disastrously. This time he and a Japanese nobleman, named Hasekura Rokuyemon, set out as co-ambassadors for Masumane, the Lord of Oxo, with a suite of one hundred and eighty Japanese, including sixty Samurai and several merchants. They were provided with letters not only to the viceroy of Mexico, but also to the King of Spain and to Pope Paul V.

    Zupotachyon (talk) 00:14, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  18. The galleon, named Date Maru by the Japanese and later San Juan Bautista by the Spanish, took 45 days work in building, with the participation of technical experts from the Bakufu (the Minister of the Navy Mukai Shōgen, an acquaintance of William Adams with whom he built several ships, dispatched his chief carpenter), 800 shipwrights, 700 smiths, and 3,000 carpenters. The daimyō of Sendai, Date Masamune, was put in charge of the project.
  19. The objective of the Japanese embassy was both to discuss trade agreements with the Spanish crown in Madrid, and to meet with the Pope in Rome.
    Bottomley (2004) says the visit to Spain was ostensibly to ask for missionary help, but in reality was for improved trading relations with Portugal/Spain, and inter-Japan economic politics (p. 13). I find this part a bit questionable as I don't see any citations in the text for the claim (although maybe it is synthesis from the other sources in the paper), and also because Arms & Armour is not a place I would expect this claim to be made first. There is also other information about the gifts Tsunenaga brought to Europe that might be interesting to include. Zupotachyon (talk) 19:38, 12 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  20. In his letter to the Pope, brought by Hasekura, he wrote: "I'll offer my land for a base of your missionary work. Send us as many padres as possible."
  21. In the Japanese of the era, the sound now transcribed as h was pronounced as an f before all vowels, not just u.
  22. Likewise s was sometimes pronounced sh before /e/, not only before /i/, and the syllable ゑ (now read as e), was pronounced ye.
  23. On the other hand, the use of x to represent the sh sound is specific to the older pronunciations of Spanish and Portuguese.
    1. Personally, I would remove the note as it adds nothing to the article. This note is also technically incorrect. "the use of x to represent the sh sound" is medieval; by the time Hasekura was living, it had already transformed into a voiceless velar fricative.[2] (CC) Tbhotch™ 21:12, 17 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  24. The embassy was probably, at that time, part of a plan to diversify and increase trade with foreign countries, before the participation of Christians in the Osaka rebellion triggered a radical reaction from the shogunate, with the interdiction of Christianity in the territories it directly controlled, in 1614.
  25. The ship first reached Cape Mendocino in today's California, and then continued along the coast to arrive in Acapulco on 25 January 1614 after three months at sea. The Japanese were received with great ceremony, but had to wait in Acapulco until orders were received regarding how to organize the rest of their travels.
    1. According to the Embassy of Japan in Mexico, they arrived on 14 January.[3] My original research is that this was caused by the Gregorian calendar shift. (CC) Tbhotch™ 21:30, 17 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]
    2. This source verifies the "after three months at sea". It doesn't mention the remaining but says that they were greeted by the representative of the viceroy. (CC) Tbhotch™ 22:31, 17 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  26. Fights erupted between the Japanese and the Spaniards, especially Vizcaíno, apparently due to some disputes on the handling of presents from the Japanese ruler.
    Mathes (1990) gives an account of the dispute between the Japanese and the Spanish on pp. 22-23. Zupotachyon (talk) 05:25, 5 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  27.  Done A contemporary journal, written by the historian Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, a noble Aztec born in Amecameca (ancient Chalco province) in 1579, whose formal name was Domingo Francisco de San Anton Muñon,...
    Reworded to remove all the extraneous information about Chimalpahin, it should be clear now that the quote is from him (don't think it is necessary to cite the basics about him? If ref required, citation is p.3 in 'Introduction' written by eds.). Zupotachyon (talk) 01:06, 13 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  28. The ultimate mission for the embassy was to go on to Europe. The embassy spent some time in Mexico, and then went to Veracruz to board the fleet of Don Antonio Oquendo.
    1. [4] "...in May, the delegation left Mexico City and in June, in Puebla, Hasekura and 20 crew left toward the Port of San Juan de Ulúa, Veracruz, in route to Seville, Spain, via Havana." (CC) Tbhotch™ 22:31, 17 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  29. In other words, the Keichō Embassy commenced during Keichō, which was a time period spanning the years from 1596 through 1615.
  30. Hasekura headed the Keichō Embassy (慶長使節), a diplomatic mission to Pope Paul V and Europe from 1613 through 1620.
  31. On the return trip, Hasekura and his companions re-traced their route across New Spain in 1619, sailing from Acapulco for Manila, and then sailing north to Japan in 1620.
  32. He is conventionally considered the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Spain.
  33. The Keichō Embassy was, in fact, preceded by a Sengoku period mission headed by Mancio Itō with Alessandro Valignano in 1582–1590. Although less well-known and less well-documented, this historic mission is sometimes referred to as the "Tenshō Embassy" because it was initiated in the Tenshō era. This venture was organized by three daimyōs of Western Japan – Ōmura Sumitada, Ōtomo Sōrin and Arima Harunobu.
  34. The Japanese embassy met with King Philip III in Madrid on 30 January 1615. Hasekura remitted to the King a letter from Date Masamune, as well as offer for a treaty. The King responded that he would do what he could to accommodate these requests.
  35.  Done Hasekura was baptized on 17 February by the king's personal chaplain, and renamed Felipe Francisco Hasekura.
  36. The baptism ceremony was to have been conducted by the Archbishop of Toledo, Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, though he was too ill to actually carry this out, and the Duke of Lerma – the main administrator of Phillip III's rule and the de facto ruler of Spain – was designated as Hasekura's godfather.
    Have not found anything about the 'Archbishop of Toledo', found two equivalent citations for the godparents (Duke of Lerma, and Countess of Barajas): Lee (2008) p.359 or Mathes (1990) p.25. However I'm not sure this is necessary to be included at all. Zupotachyon (talk) 20:51, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  37.  Done The embassy stayed eight months in Spain before leaving the country for Italy.
  38. After traveling across Spain, the embassy sailed on the Mediterranean aboard three Spanish frigates towards Italy. Due to bad weather, they had to stay for a few days in the French harbour of Saint-Tropez, where they were received by the local nobility, and made quite a sensation on the populace.
  39. The visit of the Japanese Embassy is recorded in the city's chronicles as led by "Philip Francis Faxicura, Ambassador to the Pope, from Date Masamunni, King of Woxu in Japan".
  40. The visit of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Saint-Tropez in 1615 is the first recorded instance of France–Japan relations.
  41.  Done The Japanese Embassy went on to Italy where they were able to meet with Pope Paul V in Rome in November 1615, the same year Galileo Galilei was first confronted by the Roman Inquisition regarding his findings against geocentricism.
    Removed the part about Galileo, cited the rest. Zupotachyon (talk) 21:21, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  42. Hasekura remitted to the Pope two gilded letters, one in Japanese and one in Latin, containing a request for a trade treaty between Japan and Mexico and the dispatch of Christian missionaries to Japan.
  43. These letters are still visible in the Vatican archives.
  44. The Pope agreed to the dispatch of missionaries, but left the decision for trade to the King of Spain.
  45. The Roman Senate also gave to Hasekura the honorary title of Roman Noble and Roman Citizen, in a document he brought back to Japan, and which is preserved today in Sendai.
  46. For the second time in Spain, in April 1616 Hasekura met again with the King, who declined to sign a trade agreement, on the ground that the Japanese Embassy did not appear to be an official embassy from the ruler of Japan Tokugawa Ieyasu, who, on the contrary, had promulgated an edict in January 1614 ordering the expulsion of all missionaries from Japan, and started the persecution of the Christian faith in Japan.
  47. The embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga was the subject of numerous publications throughout Europe. The Italian writer Scipione Amati, who accompanied the embassy in 1615 and 1616, published in 1615 in Rome a book titled History of the Kingdom of Woxu. This book was also translated into German in 1617. In 1616, the French publisher Abraham Savgrain published an account of Hasekura's visit to Rome: "Récit de l'entrée solemnelle et remarquable faite à Rome, par Dom Philippe Francois Faxicura" ("Account of the solemn and remarkable entrance in Rome of Dom Philippe Francois Faxicura").
  48. Hasekura stayed in Mexico for 5 months on his way back to Japan.
  49. To avoid too much silver leaving Mexico for Japan, the Spanish king requested that the Viceroy ask for the proceeds to be spent on Mexican goods, except for an amount of 12,000 pesos and 8,000 pesos in silver, which Hasekura and Yokozawa respectively were allowed to bring back with them.
  50. In April 1618, the San Juan Bautista arrived in the Philippines from Mexico, with Hasekura and Luis Sotelo on board. The ship was acquired by the Spanish government there, with the objective of building up defenses against incursions from Protestant powers.
  51. By the time Hasekura came back, Japan had changed quite drastically: an effort to eradicate Christianity had been under way since 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu had died in 1616 and been replaced by his more xenophobic son Tokugawa Hidetada, and Japan was moving towards the "Sakoku" policy of isolation. Because news of these persecutions arrived in Europe during Hasekura's embassy, European rulers – especially the King of Spain – became very reluctant to respond favorably to Hasekura's trade and missionary proposals.
  52. Hasekura reported his travels to Date Masamune upon his arrival in Sendai. It is recorded that he remitted a portrait of Pope Paul V, a portrait of himself in prayer (shown above), and a set of Ceylonese and Indonesian daggers acquired in the Philippines, all preserved today in the Sendai City Museum.
  53. What Hasekura said or did to bring about such a result is unknown. As later events tend to indicate that he and his descendants remained faithful Christians, Hasekura may have made an enthusiastic – and to a certain extent, disturbing – account of the greatness and might of Western countries and the Christian religion. He may also have encouraged an alliance between the Church and Date Masamune to take over the country (an idea advertised by the Franciscans while in Rome), which, in 1620 Japan, would have been a totally unrealistic proposition. Lastly, hopes of trade with Spain evaporated when Hasekura communicated that the Spanish King would not enter an agreement as long as persecutions were occurring in the rest of the country.
  54. Date Masamune suddenly chose to distance himself from the Western faith. The first executions of Christians started 40 days later.
  55. Spain, with a colony and an army in the nearby Philippines, was a source of concern for Japan at that time. Hasekura's eyewitness accounts of Spanish power and colonial methods in New Spain (Mexico) may have precipitated the shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada's decision to sever trade relations with Spain in 1623, and diplomatic relations in 1624, although other events such as the smuggling of Spanish priests into Japan and a failed Spanish embassy also contributed to the decision.
  56. What became of Hasekura is unknown and accounts of his last years are numerous. Contemporary Christian commentators could rely only on hearsay, with some rumours stating that he abandoned Christianity, others that he was martyred for his faith, and others that he practised Christianity in secret. The fate of his descendants and servants, who were later executed for being Christians, suggests that Hasekura remained strongly Christian and transmitted his faith to the members of his family.
  57. Hasekura also brought back to Japan several Catholic artifacts, but he did not give them to his ruler, and instead kept them on his own estate.
  58. Hasekura Tsunenaga died of illness (according to Japanese as well as Christian sources) in 1622, but the location of his grave is not known for certain. Three graves are claimed as Hasekura's in Miyagi. The most likely is in the outskirts of Ōsato town (大郷町) in the temple of Saikō-ji (西光寺). Another is visible in the Buddhist temple of Enfuku-ji (円福寺) in Kawasaki town. Another is clearly marked (along with a memorial to Sotelo) in the cemetery of the temple of Kōmyō-ji (光明寺) in Kitayama Aoba-ku (Sendai).
  59. Hasekura had a son, named Rokuemon Tsuneyori.
    Batts (2017) says in a footnote on p.280 that "The family's fortunes in the seventeenth century, including the execution of Tsuneyori and his wife, are discussed in more depth in Gonoi, Hasekura Tsunenaga, 243-248." Zupotachyon (talk) 01:40, 15 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
  60. Two of his son's servants, Yogoemon (与五右衛門) and his wife, were convicted of being Christian but refused to recant their faith under torture (reverse hanging, called "tsurushi") and as a result died in August 1637. In 1637, Rokuemon Tsuneyori himself also came under suspicion of Christianity after being denounced by someone from Edo, but escaped questioning because he was the master of the Zen temple of Komyoji (光明寺).
  61. The privileges of the Hasekura family were abolished at this point by the Sendai fief, and their property and belongings seized. It is at this time, in 1640, that Hasekura's Christian artifacts were confiscated, and they were kept in custody in Sendai until they were rediscovered at the end of the 19th century.
  62. Altogether, around fifty Christian artifacts were found in Hasekura's estate in 1640, such as crosses, rosaries, religious gowns, and religious paintings. The artifacts were seized and stored by the Date fief. An inventory was made again in 1840 describing the items as belonging to Hasekura Tsunenaga. Nineteen books were also mentioned in the inventory, but they have been lost since. The artifacts are today preserved in the Sendai City Museum and other museums in Sendai.

Things to add[edit]

Refs removed[edit]

These were removed as they are only pictures with no context:

Removed as it's a link to a page listing pages tagged with a keyword:

Content removed[edit]

From the "Works based on his life" section:

  • The 1991 film Journey of Honor (aka Kabuto, aka Shogun Mayeda) starring Sho Kosugi was loosely based on Hasekura's expedition and recounts the adventures of a samurai journey from Japan to Spain. – I'm unable to find any reliable sources that discuss this film. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 23:37, 16 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

From the "Legacy" section:

Timeline and itinerary[edit]

Moved this section here as it needs to be incorporated into the main text of the article. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 18:56, 23 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Inline citations[edit]

Nihonjoe, I've started cn tagging the article as you asked at Wikipedia:Featured article review/Hasekura Tsunenaga/archive1. I've replied here so as to not burden the FAR page with our back-and-forth.

Adding to what I'm tagging, I have some notes:

  • In the first paragraph of "Background: early contacts between Japan and Spain", I don't know if the provided source (Hayes) covers the full paragraph;
  • Second paragraph, the source there (http://www.kufs.ac.jp/toshokan/50/zos.htm) only covers the elephant quote, so the rest needs citations. Also just maybe quick-check if that's the Kyoto University of Foreign Studies Library website? I can't read Japanese, sorry;
  • I'm not tagging "First Japanese expeditions to the Americas", there's zero citations there so it goes without saying that it needs inline references;

(will continue, work in progress) RetiredDuke (talk) 21:59, 2 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

Feel free to tag everything, or I may not notice it. Tags make it easier to find such things. Regarding KUFS, yes. I fixed up all the refs to use citation templates properly, and that was one of them. I visited every site in every ref. Thanks for all the cn tagging. ···日本穣 · 投稿 · Talk to Nihonjoe · Join WP Japan! 00:30, 3 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]
OK, thanks for that.
  • Check if Don Antonio Oquendo is Antonio de Oquendo and link;
  • That "New Spain (Mexico)" section is very, very confusing:
  • "The embassy spent some time in Mexico, and then went to Veracruz", but Veracruz is in Mexico. They spent some time in Mexico City;
  • In the same section, clarify if "Chimalpahin gives some account of the visit of Hasekura." is about Veracruz, Mexico City or Mexico in general;
  • Then the rest of the section is about Mexico City again, right? Because the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico's seat is in Mexico City and the Archbishop is mentioned baptizing people;
  • Is the Church of San Francisco, maybe Convent of San Francisco, Madero Street, Mexico City? It's the only San Francisco that I can find in List of colonial churches in Mexico City;
  • This whole section needs a bit more attention because I feel it's summarizing a lot of information and travelling to the point that I can't follow it.

(will continue, work in progress) RetiredDuke (talk) 11:48, 3 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

  • The whole New Mexico part is sourced to Chimalpahin, which is a contemporary source to Hasekura. Maybe check if there's a modern source that can also be used here. RetiredDuke (talk) 12:04, 3 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]

I don't wish to tread on anyone's toes; I've just realized that my citation style is probably all over the place. Is there a preferred template I should be using for now or will there be a later format pass done on the citations? Zupotachyon (talk) 18:16, 12 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Oh, and I have been putting the specific page in the citation that is referenced for the claim, rather than the entire page interval for the article/chapter. which is preferable? Zupotachyon (talk) 20:15, 12 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Potential citations[edit]

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