Teen dating violence

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Teen dating violence is a pattern of abusive behavior exhibited by one or both[1][2][3] teenagers in a dating relationship. The behavior includes, but is not limited to, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.

Polls in the United States[4] and scientific studies from around the world (see "statistics" section below) show that substantial portions of teenagers have perpetrated and/or experienced dating violence. However, most parents do not recognize teen dating violence as a significant problem.[5]

While there are many similarities between dating violence amongst teens and amongst adults, there are also some differences:[citation needed]

  • Teens are much more likely than adults to become isolated from their peers as the result of controlling behavior by their boyfriend/girlfriend; and
  • For many teens the abusive relationship may be their first dating experience and have never had a "normal" dating experience with which to compare it.

Contents

[edit] Types of abuse

  • Physical abuse - hitting/punching, kicking, slapping, biting, shoving, throwing objects, restraining another, or preventing them from leaving a room or residence;
  • Emotional abuse and verbal abuse - name calling; controlling, humiliating or jealous behaviors[6], humiliation; attempts to undermine self-esteem[7];
  • Sexual abuse - coerced or forced sex;
  • Threats - threatening violence, or threatening to leave the relationship;
  • Isolation - attempts to prevent partner from spending time with others in order to isolate them from friends and family;
  • Harassment - repeated, unwanted and/or excessive phone calls, text messages or other communication.
  • Stalking -- following and/or surveiling a would-be, current, or former partner.

[edit] Statistics of dating violence for teens and preteens

  • In 1983, Henton et al. found that 12.1% of high school students experienced some degree of dating violence, and that such abuse was typically reciprocal.[8]
  • A 1983 study of high school students in the southeastern United States found that girls were three times more likely to slap, and seven times more likely to hit, kick, and bite.[9]
  • In 1983, Bernard and Bernard reported that 21% of female college students and 15% of male students had physically abused an intimate partners.[10]
  • In their 1986 study of high school students in California, U.S.A., O'Keeffe et al.[11] discovered that girls exhibited higher rates of unilateral violence against a non-violent partner (11.9% of girls vs. 7.4% of boys), and higher rates of bidirectional abuse (17.8% of girls vs. 11.6% of boys). The study population was mostly white, middle class, and earned above-average grades in school.
  • A peer reviewed 1986 study of 500 college students by Billingham and Stack[12] found that 9% of female respondents had used severe violence against a boyfriend or husband, while 3% of male respondents had used severe violence against a girlfriend or wife.
  • In 1988, Aizenman and Kelly found that male and female college students did not differ significantly in their self-reported rates of perpetrating physical abuse against an intimate partner.[13]
  • A 1988 study of college students by Burke et al. found that women were more likely to initiate violence in dating (18% vs. 10%), while men were more likely to inflict injury (14% vs. 10%).[14]
  • A 1989 study found that college-aged men are more likely to inflict serious injury on an intimate partner (women sustained 60% of injuries in domestic disturbances; men sustained 40% of injuries).[15]
  • A 1992 study of unmarried college students by Caulfield and Riggs[16] reported that women were more likely than men to use physical aggression, including slapping a partner (19% of women vs. 7% of men), and kicking, biting, or hitting with a fist (13% vs. 3.1%).
  • In their 1992 study of college students, Bookwala et al. reported that, overall, men are slightly more likely to use physical aggression against an intimate partner (38% vs. 36%), and that women were more likely to use unilateral violence against non-violent partners (22% vs. 17%).[17]
  • In 1993, Levy reported that one-third of all students have been in an abusive relationship by the time they graduate from college.[18]
  • A 1994 study of teenagers in rural North Carolina found that girls were substantially more likely to use violence in dating.[19]
  • In 1995, Borden & Shue wrote that 30% of all murdered teenage girls are murdered by a current or former partner[20]
  • A 1996 of study of high school students found that 50.9% of study participants (63% of boys and 39% of girls) had experienced "moderate physical aggression" (e.g., slapping, hair pulling) from a dating partner.[21]
  • A 1996 study of dating teenagers in grades 8 and 9 in rural North Carolina found that 36.5% of dating girls and 39.4% of boys were victimized by a violent partner, while 27.8% of girls and 15.0% of males perpetrated violence against a partner.[22]
  • In 1997, Schwartz et al. found that high school girls were substantially more aggressive than boys: 44% of girls, and 16% of boys, had used severe violence against a partner at least once. The authors suggested that girls are more aggressive, in part, due to cultural prohibitions only against male violence; they cite studies showing that parents tend to more severely punish violent sons than violent daughters.[23]
  • A 1997 study of over 900 high school students found that girls are slightly more likely to use physical aggression against an intimate partner.[24]
  • A 1997 study found that female high school students were nearly three times more likely than males to exhibit physical aggression against an intimate partner.[25]
  • A 1997 study of adolescent dating found that 41.6% of subjects had suffered violence from a partner (26% of males and 8% of females). Violence was reciprocal in 66% of cases. 29% of women and 4% of men reported using unilateral violence.[26]
  • In their 1998 study of high school dating, Molidor and Tolman report that boys experienced slightly more interpersonal violence than girls (37.1% vs. 36.4%), and that men were more likely to experience moderate violence while girls were more likely to experience severe violence.[27]
  • A 1998 study of a high school age group found that males and females inflicted equal amounts of serious injury during domestic/dating altercations.[28]
  • A 1998 study by DeKeseredy and Schwartz found that women in college exhibited higher rates of violence than men, with 46.1% females describing at least one violent act against a boyfriend, husband or partner.[29]
  • In 1999, Billingham et al. reported that overall rates of intimate partner violence amongst college students had declined in the decade prior to their study, and that both men and women agreed that women consistently exhibited higher overall rates of physical aggression.[30]
  • A 1999 study of high school students by Cascardi et al. found that women self-reported higher rates of violence against dating partners than men do (37.8% vs. 22.5%), with women reporting higher rates of slapping a partner (18.1% vs. 4.3%), and higher rates of kicking, biting and hitting (16.9% vs. 5.5%).[31]
  • In their 2000 study of upstate New York teenagers in rural, urban and suburban locales, Spencer and Bryant found that girls were consistently more aggressive, and that rural populations exhibited the highest rates of overall violence while urban populations were the least violent.[32]
  • A 2000 study of high school students in the United Kingdom found that 15% of boys and 14% of girls had experienced physical aggression from an intimate partner.[33]
  • A 2000 study of New Zealand college students found that 21% of women and 19% of men reported being injured by an intimate partner.[34]
  • Archer's 2000 large-scale meta-analysis of domestic violence studies (aggregate headcount of over 65,000 individuals, including studies of high school and college aged populations) found that men are substantially more likely to inflict injuries (65% of the seriously injured were women), and that overall women are more likely (d = -.05) to use violence including using violence more often; initiating violence; escalating violence; and using violence unilaterally.[35]
  • A 2000 study by Capaldi et al.[36] revealed that during late adolescence and early adulthood, females initiated violence twice as often as males, but by the mid-20s men and women were equally likely to initiate violence.
  • A peer reviewed study from 2001 by Watson et al.[37], of 475 high school students (266 males, 209 females), found that 45.6% of respondents had suffered violence from a boyfriend or girlfriend. However, only 9% had suffered "exclusive victimization" where they had been physically abused, but had never physically abused their partner—most abuse was bidirectional. Watson et al. also reported that female students showed substantially higher rates of overall aggression than male students, and were less likely to tolerate abuse from an intimate partner: females were more likely to fight back when abused (42% vs. 26%), and less likely to do nothing in response to physical abuse (24% of boys in the study never fought back against abusive girlfriends, vs. 6% of girls who never fought back against abusive boyfriends). Watson et al. also reported that girls were more likely to break up with an abuser (28% vs. 21%).
  • In their 2001 study of high school students, (475 subjects, 56% male) Watson et al. found that 45.6% of subjects had suffered violence from a boyfriend or girlfriend. Amongst ethnic/racial groups, girls were more violent than boys in white, black and Asian populations, while Hispanic/Latin boys were more violent.[38]
  • A 2002 study of South African teenagers discovered that 43.5% of girls and 35.3% of boys had committed at least one act of physical violence against an intimate partner in the previous 12 months.[40]
  • In 2003, Callahan et al. found that 22% of female high school students reported being injured by a boyfriend/partner, while 17% of high school boys reported being injured by a girlfriend/partner.[41]
  • For their 2004 study of adolescents' dating practices, Arriaga and Foshee interviewed their subjects (526 teenagers, 53% female, median age of 13) on two occasions, six months apart. In the first interview, 28% of girls and 11% of boys reported committing acts of physical aggression towards an intimate partner, while 33% of girls and 38% of boys reported suffering physical aggression. During the second interview, 42% of girls and 21% of boys reported physical aggression towards a partner, while 47% of girls and 49% of boys reported victimization.[42]
  • A 2005 study reports that 33% of all teens have been affected by Teen Dating Violence.[43]
  • A 2007 study of Spanish university students [44] found that emotional abuse was so common that it could be regarded as a normalized element of dating. Additionally, this study reports that women exhibit substantially higher overall rates of both physical and psychological aggression, but that men are more likely to inflict injuries.
  • A 2007 study by the National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline[45] reports that:
  • 20% of children between the ages of 11 and 14 say their friends are victims of dating violence
  • 40% of children between the ages of 11 and 14 in relationships know friends who are verbally abused
  • 34% of teens that are sexually active by age 15 have been physically abused
  • 20% of all teens in relationships have been physically abused
  • A 2007 study of over 2,400 Spanish high school students found that girls are substantially more likely than boys to exhibit physical aggression (41.9% vs. 31.7%), including higher rates of hitting/kicking (13.4% vs 5.3%), slapping (12.4% vs 3.1%) and shoving/grabbing (22.5% vs 11.9%).[46]
  • A 2007 study 8080 of high school students (51% females) in New York City asked if, during the previous 12 months, participants had been deliberately hit, slapped, or otherwise physically hurt by a boyfriend/girlfriend. 10.6% of girls and 9.5% of boys reported suffering such abuse.[47]
  • A research study in the July 2008 issue of the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine shows that 44% of students were abused by an intimate partner by the time they graduate from college (22% males and at least 50% of females). This study also found that men exhibited more sexual aggression (2.6% of men vs. 1% of women), but that women exhibited more physical aggression (7.3% vs 1.8%) [48]
  • A 2008 study of high school students in New York, U.S.A., found that girls were substantially more physically aggressive than boys (40% of girls used physical aggression against a boyfriend, while 24% of boys used physical aggression against a girlfriend).[49]

[edit] Warning signs and traits of abusive relationships

According to the non-profit advocacy group Jennifer Ann's Group,[50] the following are warning signs of abusive relationships:

  • History of legal or discipline problems
  • Blames partner for his/her anger
  • Serious drug or alcohol use
  • History of violent behavior
  • Threatens others regularly
  • Insults or calls partner names
  • Trouble controlling feelings like anger
  • Tells partner what to wear, what to do or how to act
  • Threatens or intimidates in order to get their way
  • Prevents partner from spending time with their friends or family

Strauss (2005)[51] argues that while men inflict the greater share of injuries in domestic violence, researchers and society at large must not overlook the substantial minority of injuries inflicted by women. Additionally, Strauss notes that even relatively minor acts of physical aggression by women are a serious concern:

'Minor' assaults perpetrated by women are also a major problem, even when they do not result in injury, because they put women in danger of much more severe retaliation by men. [...] It will be argued that in order to end 'wife beating,' it is essential for women also to end what many regard as a 'harmless' pattern of slapping, kicking, or throwing something at a male partner who persists in some outrageous behavior and 'won't listen to reason.'

Similarly, Deborah Capaldi [52] reports that a 13-year longitudinal study found that a teenager or woman's aggression towards a man was equally important as the man's tendency towards violence in predicting the likelihood of overall violence: "Since much IPV [Inter-personal violence] is mutual and women as well as men initiate IPV, prevention and treatment approaches should attempt to reduce women's violence as well as men's violence. Such an approach has a much higher chance of increasing women's safety."

[edit] Legal action

  • In 2006 Idaho Senator Mike Crapo authored legislation declaring the first week in February as National Teen Dating Violence Awareness Week.[53] For 2009, National Teen Dating Violence Awareness and Prevention Week is February 2 - 6, 2009.[54]
  • On July 19, 2007 Texas Governor Rick Perry signed HB 121 requiring all school districts in Texas to adopt formal policies regarding Teen Dating Violence. The law was prompted by the murders of high school students Jennifer Ann Crecente and Ortalla Mosley.[55]
  • At the 2008 Summer Meeting of the National Association of Attorneys General, Attorneys General from across the nation passed a resolution encouraging schools to develop teen dating violence awareness curriculum. It was inspired by the death of Lindsay Ann Burke, a 23-year-old Rhode Islander murdered by her ex-boyfriend in 2005.[56]
  • On July 2, 2008 Florida Governor Charlie Crist signed legislation giving dating violence victims the same rights under the law as domestic abuse victims. The new law is named for Tiffany Barwick, 19, and friend, Michael Ruschak, 22, who were murdered by Barwick's ex-boyfriend Andrew Allred.[57]
  • On September 18, 2008 Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott announced that his office is helping fund a National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline campaign to raise awareness of unhealthy dating behaviors and signs of emotional and physical abuse.[58] Wallet cards with warning signs are available to schools and non-profit organizations for no charge through Jennifer Ann's Group.

[edit] References

  1. ^ According to Watson, J. M., et al. (2001), the most common pattern of dating aggression amongst high school students is bidirectional aggression, with both partners exhibiting roughly equal rates of abusive behavior towards one another.
  2. ^ Aizenman, M., & Kelley, G. (1988) report that male and female students exhibit essentially equal rates of physical aggression in dating.
  3. ^ A 1983 study of high school students found that most abuse in dating relationships is reciprocal. Henton, J., Cate, R., Koval, J., Lloyd, S., & Christopher, S. (1983). Romance and violence in dating relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 4, 467-482
  4. ^ Children Now/Kaiser Permanente "National Poll on Kids Health and Safety," December 1995
  5. ^ “Women’s Health,” Family Violence Prevention Fund and Advocates for Youth, June/July 2004
  6. ^ Marina J. Muñoz-Rivas, et al. PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION IN DATING RELATIONSHIPS IN SPANISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Psicothema 2007. Vol. 19, nº 1 , p. 102-107
  7. ^ Emotional and Verbal Abuse
  8. ^ Henton, J., Cate, R., Koval, J., Lloyd, S., & Christopher, S. (1983). Romance and violence in dating relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 4, 467-482.
  9. ^ Plass, M. S., & Gessner, J. C. (1983). Violence in courtship relations: a southern sample. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 11, 198-202.
  10. ^ Bernard, M. L., & Bernard, J. L. (1983). Violent intimacy: The family as a model for love relationships. Family Relations, 32, 283-286.
  11. ^ O'Keeffe, N. K., Brockopp, K., & Chew, E. (1986). Teen dating violence. Social Work, 31, 465-468.
  12. ^ R. E. Billingham and A. R. Stack, “Courtship Violence and the Interactive Status of the Relationship.” Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol 1, 1986, pp. 315-325
  13. ^ Aizenman, M., & Kelley, G. (1988). The incidence of violence and acquaintance rape in dating relationships among college men and women. Journal of College Student Development, 29, 305-311.
  14. ^ Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender identity, self-esteem, and physical and sexual abuse in dating relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 272-285.
  15. ^ Makepeace, J. M. (1989). Dating, living together, and courtship violence. In M. A. Pirog-Good & J. E. Stets (Eds.), Violence In Domestic Relationships (pp. 94-107). New York: Praeger.
  16. ^ Caulfield, M. B., & Riggs, D. S. (1992). The assessment of dating aggression: Empirical evaluation of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 549-558.
  17. ^ Bookwala, J., Frieze, I. H., Smith, C., & Ryan, K. (1992). Predictors of dating violence: A multi variate analysis. Violence and Victims, 7, 297-311.
  18. ^ Barrie Levy, "In Love and In Danger." Seattle, WA, Seal Press, 1993
  19. ^ Symons, P. Y., Groer, M. W., Kepler-Youngblood, P., & Slater, V. (1994). Prevalence and Predictors of Adolescent Dating Violence, Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 7 (3) 14-23.
  20. ^ Borden, Sally; Shue, Karen. Teen Dating Violence memorandum, 1995
  21. ^ Jezl, D. R., Molidor, C. E., & Wright, T. L. (1996). Physical, sexual, and psychological abuse in high school dating relationships: Prevalence rates and self-esteem issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 13 (1), 69-87
  22. ^ Foshee, V. A. (1996). Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse prevalence, types and injuries. Health Education Research, 11 (3), 275-286.
  23. ^ Schwartz, M., O'Leary, S. G., & Kendziora, K. T. (1997). Dating aggression among high school students. Violence and Victims, 12, 295-305.
  24. ^ O'Keefe, M. (1997). Predictors of dating violence among high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 546-568.
  25. ^ Malik, S., Sorenson, S. B., & Aneshensel, C. S. (1997). Community and dating violence among adolescents: perpetration and victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 21, 291-302.
  26. ^ Gray, H. M. & Foshee, V. (1997). Adolescent dating violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 126-142.
  27. ^ Molidor, C., & Tolman, R. M. (1998). Gender and contextual factors in adolescent dating violence. Violence against Women, 4 (2), 180-194.
  28. ^ Molidor, C., & Tolman, R. M. (1998). Gender and contextual factors in adolescent dating violence. Violence Against Women, 4(2), 180-194.
  29. ^ DeKeseredy, W. S. & Schwartz, M. D. (1998). Woman abuse on campus. Results from the Canadian National survey. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  30. ^ Billingham, R. E., Bland, R., & Leary, A. (1999). Dating Violence at three time periods: 1976, 1992, 1996. Psychological Reports, 85, 574-578.
  31. ^ ascardi, M., Avery-Leaf, S., O'Leary, K. D., & Slep, A. M. S. (1999). Factor Structure and convergent validity of the Conflict Tactics Scale in high school students. Psychological Assessment, 11, 546-555.
  32. ^ Spencer, G. A., & Bryant, S. A. (2000). Dating violence: A comparison of rural, suburban and urban teens. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25 (5), 302-305.
  33. ^ Hird, M. J. (2000). An empirical study of adolescent dating aggression in the U.K. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 69-78.
  34. ^ Jackson, S. M., Cram, F. & Seymour, F. W. (2000). Violence and sexual coercion in high school students' dating relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 23-36.
  35. ^ Archer, John. (2000) Sex Differences in Aggression Between Heterosexual Partners: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 126, No. 5, pages 651-680.
  36. ^ Capaldi, D. M., Kim, H. K., & Shortt, J. W. (2007). Observed initiation and reciprocity of physical aggression in young at-risk couples. Journal of Family Therapy, 22 (2) 101-111.
  37. ^ Watson, J. M., Cascardi, M., Avery-Leaf, S., & O'Leary, K. D. (2001). "High school students' responses to dating aggression." Violence and Victims, 16, pp. 339-348.
  38. ^ Watson, J. M., Cascardi, M., Avery-Leaf, S., & O'Leary, K. D. (2001). High school students' responses to dating aggression. Victims and Violence, 16 (3), 339-348.
  39. ^ Jay G. Silverman et Al, “Dating Violence Against Adolescent Girls and Associated Substance Use, Unhealthy Weight Control, Sexual Risk Behavior, Pregnancy, and Suicidality.” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 286, 572, 576-577
  40. ^ Swart, L. A., Stevens, M. S. G., & Ricardo, I. (2002). Violence in adolescents' romantic relationships: findings from a survey amongst school-going youth in a South African community. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 385-395.
  41. ^ Callahan, M. R., Tolman, R. M., & Saunders, D. G. (2003). Adolescent dating violence victimization and psychological well-being. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(6), 664-681.
  42. ^ Arriaga, X. B., & Foshee, V. A. (2004). Adolescent dating violence. Do adolescents follow in their friends' or their parents' footsteps? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 162-184.
  43. ^ Liz Claiborne, Conducted by Teenage Research Unlimited, February 2005
  44. ^ Muñoz-Rivas, et al., 2007
  45. ^ National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline, July 2008 "Tween and Teen Dating Abuse Survey" (PDF)
  46. ^ Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Grana, J. L., O'Leary, K. D., & Gonzalez, M. P. (2007). Aggression in adolescent dating relationships: prevalence, justification, and health consequences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 298-304.
  47. ^ Olshen, E., McVeigh, K. H., Wunsch-Hitzig, R. A., & Rickert, V. I. (2007). Dating violence, sexual assault and suicide attempts among urban teenagers. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 161, 539-545.
  48. ^ Violence Is Common Among The Young
  49. ^ O'Leary, K. D., Slep, A. M. S., Avery-Leaf, S., & Cascardi, M. (2008). Gender differences in dating aggression among multiethnic high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 473-479.
  50. ^ Jennifer Ann's Group: Ten Warning Signs of an Abusive Relationship
  51. ^ Strauss, Murray A. (2005) "Women's Violence Towards Men Is A Serious Social Problem." In D.R. Loeske, et al., eds. Current controversies in family violence. Newbery Park: Sage Publications.
  52. ^ "quoted in Sacks, Glenn. (2009) Researcher Says Women's Initiation of Domestic Violence Predicts Risk to Women." on HuffingtonPost.com, 06 July 2009. URL retrieved 09 September 2009.
  53. ^ Teen Dating Violence Awareness Week
  54. ^ 2009 National Teen Dating Violence Awareness and Prevention Week
  55. ^ KAUZ TV: Perry Signs Teen Dating Violence Bill - July 19, 2007
  56. ^ Abuse among teens is called widespread
  57. ^ Crist signs new anti-dating violence law
  58. ^ Texas gives boost to teen dating violence prevention

[edit] External links

UK resources

US resources

Canadian resources

  • RespectED, Provided by the Canadian Red Cross, give information to teens, parents, and teachers about abuse in dating relationships.
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