Znamya (newspaper)
| Type | newspaper |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Pavel Krushevan |
| Editor | same |
| Founded | 1902 |
| Language | Russian |
| Ceased publication | 1903 |
| Headquarters | Petersburg |
| The Protocols |
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First publication of The Protocols |
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Writers, editors, and publishers associated with The Protocols |
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Debunkers of The Protocols |
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Commentaries on The Protocols |
Znamya ("Banner", Russian: Знамя) — a newspaper established by ultra-nationalist journalist Pavel Krushevan in Petersburg. Known for publishing of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" in August—September 1903.[1]
Contents |
[edit] Bibliographical controversies
There is no consensus regarding the start time of the newspaper. The main source of controversy is "Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary", a Russian analogue of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Article "Znamya, a newspaper in St.-Petersburg" ("Russian: Знамя, с.-петербургская газета") says that this newspaper was established by its editor and publisher Krushevan in 1902 and describes the position of this edition as "extreme misoneism and anti-Semitism".[2]
- However, the article "Krushevan, Pavel Alexandrovich" says that "Znamya" was established at the end of 1903, and that "this newspaper was short-lived".[3]
Given the fact, that the issues containing the scandalous publication of "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" came out of print in August–September, assertion about the end of 1903 is a misprint. Additional indirect indication favouring this assumption is the numbering of these issues (nn.190–200). De Michelis and Richard Newhouse also claim that "the Nilus version with its preface was published for the first time in the St.Petersburg newspaper Znamja (1903)".[1]
As for the discrepancy between the "end of 1902" and the "beginning of 1903", it is a trivial case for dating events in pre-revolutionary Russian Empire. Only in 1918 the Soviets abandoned the Julian calendar (which lagged behind in the 20th century already by 13 days) and introduced Gregorian calendar, as in USA and Europe.
Minor controversy may arise due to confusion caused by similararity of the names of newspapers, which were subsequently founded by the same Pavel Krushevan, and which reflected in that or another way his same anti-Semitic bias. These are the abovementioned "Znamya" (end 1902 — 1903) and "Russkoye Znamya" (Template:"Russian Banner", lang-ru, 1905 — 1917).
"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary" says that "Russkoye Znamya" was started in December 1905 as a weekly, and in January 1906 became daily. Publisher is Alexander Dubrovin, editor is I. S. Durnovo, and from March 1906 — P. B. Bulatsel’. Krushevan in this article is not mentioned.[4]
[edit] Protocols’ publication
According to Cesare G. De Michelis in The Non-Existent Manuscript: A Study of the Protocols of the Sages of Zion (2004), the first publicly published edition of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion was in August (13 days later in September by the ) of 1903 in Znamya.
The text was serialized into nine issues, each carrying a headline "The Jewish Programme of the Conquest of the World" (Russian: Программа завоевания мира евреями). Actually the document itself was entitled "The Protocols of the Sessions of the World Alliance of Freemasons and of the Sages of Zion", however by giving such a headline the editor anticipated, if not imposed, perceptions and conclusions of the readers.
Articles in the newspaper were serialized as follows:
- No.190 (10 September [O.S. 28 August] 1903): 2; 2,
- No.191 (11 September [O.S. 29 August] 1903): 2; 3,
- No.192 (12 September [O.S. 30 August] 1903): 2; 4,
- No.193 (13 September [O.S. 31 August] 1903): 1-2; 5,
- No.194 (14 September [O.S. 1 September] 1903): 1-2; 6,
- No.195 (15 September [O.S. 2 September] 1903): 1-2; 7,
- No.196 (16 September [O.S. 3 September] 1903): 2; 8,
- No.197 (17 September [O.S. 4 September] 1903): 2; 9,
- No.200 (20 September [O.S. 7 September] 1903): 2.
[edit] External links
- History of The Protocols (Russian)
[edit] Literature
- Cesare G. De Michelis, Richard Newhouse (2004). The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion. Studies in Antisemitism Series. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 419. ISBN 0-8032-1727-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=9uG1jsrOenwC&dq=The+Non-Existent+Manuscript&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Cesare G. De Michelis, Richard Newhouse. The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion. p. 19. http://books.google.com/books?id=9uG1jsrOenwC&dq=The+Non-Existent+Manuscript&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ^ (in (Russian)) Знамя, с.-петербургская газета [Znamya, a newspaper in St.-Petersburg]. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/042/42225.shtml. "— ежедневная газета, издается в СПб. с 1902 г. Издатель-редактор П. А. Крушеван. Орган крайнего ретроградства и антисемитизма."
- ^ (in (Russian)) Крушеван Павел Александрович [Krushevan, Pavel Alexandrovich]. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/056/56599.shtml. "— В конце 1903 г. К. основал недолго продержавшуюся газету «Знамя»."
- ^ (in (Russian)) Русское Знамя [Russkoye Znamya]. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/089/89133.shtml. "— еженедельный орган союза русского народа (с января 1906 г. — ежедневный), выходит в СПб. с декабря 1905 г. Издатель А. И. Дубровин, редакторы И. С. Дурново и П. Ф. Булацель (последний с марта 1906 г.)"
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