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{{POV|date=December 2009}}
[[File:Hubert Lamb Building.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Hubert Lamb Building, University of East Anglia, where the Climatic Research Unit is based]]
[[File:Hubert Lamb Building.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Hubert Lamb Building, University of East Anglia, where the Climatic Research Unit is based]]
The '''Climatic Research Unit hacking incident''' came to light in November 2009 when it was discovered that thousands of e-mails and other documents had been obtained through the [[hacker (computer security)|hacking]] of a server used by the [[Climatic Research Unit]] (CRU) of the [[University of East Anglia]] (UEA) in [[Norwich]], England. The subsequent dissemination of the material caused a controversy, [[Climatic_Research_Unit_hacking_incident#Naming_of_the_incident|dubbed "''Climategate''"]], about whether or not the e-mails indicated misconduct by climate scientists. The University of East Anglia described the incident as an illegal taking of data. The police are conducting a criminal investigation of the server breach and subsequent personal threats made against some of the scientists mentioned in the e-mails.
The '''Climatic Research Unit hacking incident''' came to light in November 2009 when it was discovered that thousands of e-mails and other documents had been obtained through the [[hacker (computer security)|hacking]] of a server used by the [[Climatic Research Unit]] (CRU) of the [[University of East Anglia]] (UEA) in [[Norwich]], England. The subsequent dissemination of the material caused a controversy, dubbed "''Climategate''", regarding whether or not the e-mails indicated misconduct by climate scientists. The University of East Anglia described the incident as an illegal taking of data. The police are conducting a criminal investigation of the server breach and subsequent personal threats made against some of the scientists mentioned in the e-mails.


The [[Information Commissioner's Office]] stated that the UEA had breached the Freedom of Information Act by refusing to comply with requests for data, but as sanctions had to be imposed within six months of the offence it was too late to impose them.<!--in accordance with [[WP:LEAD]], this summarises fully cited statements in the body of the article and is supported by these citations. Please discuss any proposed changes first.-->
Extracts from the e-mails have been publicised and allegations have been made that they indicate misconduct by leading climate scientists such as withholding scientific information, interfering with the peer-review process of scientific papers, deleting information to prevent disclosure under the United Kingdom's [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information Act]], and selecting data to support the case for [[global warming]]. The University of East Anglia and climate scientists have described these interpretations as incorrect and misleading, with the extracts being taken out of context in what has been described as a smear campaign. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]], former [[Chief Scientific Adviser to HM Government]] [[David King (scientist)|David King]] and [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] head [[Rajendra Pachauri]] are among those who have suggested that the incident was intended to undermine the then imminent December 2009 [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Copenhagen global climate summit]].

Though the vast majority of climate data have always been freely available, the incident has prompted general discussion about increasing the openness of scientific data. Scientists, scientific organisations, and government officials have stated that the incident does not affect the overall scientific case for climate change. The [[Information Commissioner's Office]] stated that the UEA had breached the Freedom of Information Act by refusing to comply with requests for data, but as sanctions had to be imposed within six months of the offence it was too late to impose them.<!--in accordance with [[WP:LEAD]], this summarises fully cited statements in the body of the article and is supported by these citations. Please discuss any proposed changes first.-->


The University of East Anglia has announced that an independent review of the allegations will be carried out by Sir [[Muir Russell]] and that the CRU's director, Professor [[Phil Jones (climatologist)|Phil Jones]], would stand aside from his post during the review.
The University of East Anglia has announced that an independent review of the allegations will be carried out by Sir [[Muir Russell]] and that the CRU's director, Professor [[Phil Jones (climatologist)|Phil Jones]], would stand aside from his post during the review.
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The incident began when a person or persons unknown accessed a server used by the Climatic Research Unit and copied 160 [[Megabyte|MB]] of data<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov" /> containing more than 1,000 e-mails and 3,000 other documents.<ref name="WaPo 21 Nov" /> The University of East Anglia stated that the server from which the data were taken was not one that could easily have been accessed and the data could not have been released inadvertently.<ref name="NEN 1 Dec" /> It is not known when the breach occurred.
The incident began when a person or persons unknown accessed a server used by the Climatic Research Unit and copied 160 [[Megabyte|MB]] of data<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov" /> containing more than 1,000 e-mails and 3,000 other documents.<ref name="WaPo 21 Nov" /> The University of East Anglia stated that the server from which the data were taken was not one that could easily have been accessed and the data could not have been released inadvertently.<ref name="NEN 1 Dec" /> It is not known when the breach occurred.


The breach was first discovered on 17 November 2009 after the server of the [[RealClimate]] website was hacked and a copy of the stolen data was uploaded.<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" /> According to [[Gavin Schmidt]] of RealClimate, "At around 6.20am (EST) Nov 17th, somebody hacked into the RC server from an IP address associated with a computer somewhere in Turkey, disabled access from the legitimate users, and uploaded a file ''FOIA.zip'' to our server."<ref name="RealClimate 23 Nov" /> A link to the file on the RealClimate server was posted from a [[Russia]]n [[IP address]] to the [[Stephen_McIntyre#ClimateAudit.org|Climate Audit]] blog at 7.24 am ([[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ''i.e.'' at [[ISO 8601|2009-11-17 12:24Z]]) with the comment "A miracle just happened".<ref name="ClimateAudit 23 Nov" /> Schmidt discovered the hack minutes after it occurred. He temporarily shut down the website and deleted the uploaded file.<ref name="Guardian 27 Nov" /> RealClimate reported that they had notified the University of East Anglia of the incident.<ref name="RealClimate 20 Nov" /> Commenting on the hack of RealClimate, Schmidt said that the hack had needed considerable skill and knowledge, which he believed a merely opportunistic hacker would not have possessed: "That requires some kind of monitoring tool set-up and required them to have more access than you would get by simply logging into the blog."<ref name="Independent 1 Feb" />
The breach was first discovered on 17 November 2009 after the server of the [[RealClimate]] website was hacked and a copy of the stolen data was uploaded.<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" /> According to [[Gavin Schmidt]] of RealClimate, "At around 6.20am (EST) Nov 17th, somebody hacked into the RC server from an IP address associated with a computer somewhere in Turkey, disabled access from the legitimate users, and uploaded a file ''FOIA.zip'' to our server."<ref name="RealClimate 23 Nov" /> A link to the file on the RealClimate server was posted from a [[Russia]]n [[IP address]] to the [[Stephen_McIntyre#ClimateAudit.org|Climate Audit]] blog at 7.24 am ([[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] ''i.e.'' at [[ISO 8601|2009-11-17 12:24Z]]) with the comment "A miracle just happened".<ref name="ClimateAudit 23 Nov" /> Schmidt discovered the hack minutes after it occurred. He temporarily shut down the website and deleted the uploaded file.<ref name="Guardian 27 Nov" /> RealClimate reported that they had notified the University of East Anglia of the incident.<ref name="RealClimate 20 Nov" />


On 19 November an archive file containing the data was uploaded to a server in [[Tomsk]],<ref name="Mail 6 Dec" /> Russia before being copied to numerous locations across the Internet.<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov" /> An anonymous post from a [[Saudi Arabia]]n IP address<ref name="timesonline20091206" /> to the [[Global warming controversy|climate-sceptic]] blog ''The Air Vent'',<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" /> described the material as "a random selection of correspondence, code, and documents" and defended the hacking on the grounds that climate science is "too important to be kept under wraps".<ref name="2009-11-21_BenWebster_TheTimes" />
On 19 November an archive file containing the data was uploaded to a server in [[Tomsk]],<ref name="Mail 6 Dec" /> Russia before being copied to numerous locations across the Internet.<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov" /> An anonymous post from a [[Saudi Arabia]]n IP address<ref name="timesonline20091206" /> to the [[Global warming controversy|climate-sceptic]] blog ''The Air Vent'',<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" /> described the material as "a random selection of correspondence, code, and documents" and defended the hacking on the grounds that climate science is "too important to be kept under wraps".<ref name="2009-11-21_BenWebster_TheTimes" />
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The Norfolk police subsequently confirmed that they were "investigating criminal offences in relation to a data breach at the University of East Anglia" with the assistance of the [[Metropolitan Police]]'s Central e-Crime unit,<ref name="Mail 6 Dec" /> the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) and the [[National Domestic Extremism Team]] (NDET).<ref name="NEN 11 Jan" /> Commenting on the involvement of the NDET, a spokesman said: "At present we have two police officers assisting Norfolk with their investigation, and we have also provided computer forensic expertise. While this is not strictly a domestic extremism matter, as a national police unit we had the expertise and resource to assist with this investigation, as well as good background knowledge of climate change issues in relation to criminal investigations." However, the police cautioned that "major investigations of this nature are of necessity very detailed and as a consequence can take time to reach a conclusion."<ref name="BBC 11 Jan" />
The Norfolk police subsequently confirmed that they were "investigating criminal offences in relation to a data breach at the University of East Anglia" with the assistance of the [[Metropolitan Police]]'s Central e-Crime unit,<ref name="Mail 6 Dec" /> the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) and the [[National Domestic Extremism Team]] (NDET).<ref name="NEN 11 Jan" /> Commenting on the involvement of the NDET, a spokesman said: "At present we have two police officers assisting Norfolk with their investigation, and we have also provided computer forensic expertise. While this is not strictly a domestic extremism matter, as a national police unit we had the expertise and resource to assist with this investigation, as well as good background knowledge of climate change issues in relation to criminal investigations." However, the police cautioned that "major investigations of this nature are of necessity very detailed and as a consequence can take time to reach a conclusion."<ref name="BBC 11 Jan" />


On 27 January 2010, the [[Information Commissioner's Office|ICO]] released a statement finding that UEA had breached the Section 77 of the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information Act]] by refusing to comply with requests for data, but said no legal action could be taken against the university because the six-month limit for prosecution set by the Act had expired.<ref name = "BreachOfFOIA_ToL">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7004936.ece|title=Scientists in stolen e-mail scandal hid climate data|publisher=[[The Times of London|''The Times'' of London]]|first=Ben| last=Webster|date=2010-01-28|accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Climate e-mails row university 'breached data laws' | date=2010-01-28 | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8484385.stm | work =BBC News | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-28 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=University in hacked climate change emails row broke FOI rules | date=2010-01-27 | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/27/uea-hacked-climate-emails-foi | work =The Guardian | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-28 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=University scientists in climategate row hid data | date=2010-01-28 | publisher= | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/7088055/University-scientists-in-climategate-row-hid-data.html | work =The Daily Telegraph | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-28 | language = }}</ref> The statement said the ICO was collecting evidence from this and similar cases to support a proposal to change the [[statute of limitations]]<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> to allow prosecutions if a complaint is made more than six months after a breach.<ref name="BreachOfFOIA_ToL"/>
On 27 January 2010, the [[Information Commissioner's Office|ICO]] released a statement finding that UEA had breached the Section 77 of the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information Act]] by refusing to comply with requests for data, but said no legal action could be taken against the university because the six-month limit for prosecution set by the Act had expired.<ref name = "BreachOfFOIA_ToL">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7004936.ece|title=Scientists in stolen e-mail scandal hid climate data|publisher=[[The Times of London|''The Times'' of London]]|first=Ben| last=Webster|date=2010-01-28|accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Climate e-mails row university 'breached data laws' | date=2010-01-28 | publisher= | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8484385.stm | work =BBC News | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-28 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=University in hacked climate change emails row broke FOI rules | date=2010-01-27 | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/27/uea-hacked-climate-emails-foi | work =The Guardian | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-28 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=University scientists in climategate row hid data | date=2010-01-28 | publisher= | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/7088055/University-scientists-in-climategate-row-hid-data.html | work =The Daily Telegraph | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-28 | language = }}</ref>


==Content of the documents==
==Content of the documents==
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Officials from the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] have stated that the e-mails show that in one specific case requests under the Freedom of Information Act were "not dealt with as they should have been," and the rules were breached by withholding requested information. The UEA's vice chancellor, Edward Acton, said that the ICO's opinion was of "grave concern" to the university.<ref name="EDP 2010-01-28" />
Officials from the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] have stated that the e-mails show that in one specific case requests under the Freedom of Information Act were "not dealt with as they should have been," and the rules were breached by withholding requested information. The UEA's vice chancellor, Edward Acton, said that the ICO's opinion was of "grave concern" to the university.<ref name="EDP 2010-01-28" />

The [[Associated Press]] conducted a review of the e-mails and concluded that they showed scientists fending off sceptics, but did not support claims that global warming science had been faked. They stated that "One of the most disturbing elements suggests an effort to avoid sharing scientific data with critics skeptical of global warming", and mentioned ethical problems with this action due to the fact that "free access to data is important so others can repeat experiments as part of the scientific method". They cited a science policy expert as stating that it was "normal science politics, but on the extreme end, though still within bounds". The AP sent the emails to three climate scientists they selected as moderates, who did not change their view that man-made global warming is a real threat.<ref name="ap_2009-12-12" /> The three scientists are on the record elsewhere supporting an outside, independent review of the allegations of misconduct at both the CRU and [[Pennsylvania State University]].<ref name="WaTimes Dec 28" />

Summarising its own analysis, [[FactCheck]] stated that claims by climate sceptics that the emails demonstrated scientific misconduct amounting to fabrication of global warming were unfounded, and emails were being misrepresented to support these claims. While the emails showed a few scientists being rude or dismissive, this did not negate evidence that human activities were largely responsible for global warming, or the conclusions of the 2007 [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] report which used the CRU as just one of many sources of data.<ref name="fc_2009-12-10" />

An editorial in the [[scientific journal]] ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' stated that the e-mails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human caused global warming, or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers. Scientific openness requires public availability of data used to reach conclusions, but researchers had been hampered in this by contractual restrictions on some data, and in certain countries national meteorological services were too slow to provide data sets on request. The e-mail theft highlighted "the harassment that denialists inflict on some climate-change researchers, often in the form of endless, time-consuming demands for information under the US and UK Freedom of Information Acts. Governments and institutions need to provide tangible assistance for researchers facing such a burden." While scientists are human and "unrelenting opposition to their work can goad them to the limits of tolerance", they "should strive to act and communicate professionally, and make their data and methods available to others, lest they provide their worst critics with ammunition."<ref name="Nature_2009-12-03" />

Professor [[Roger A. Pielke|Roger Pielke Sr.]], an atmospheric scientist at [[Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences|CIRES]] at the University of Colorado at Boulder, in an interview said, "Both those who denounce global warming as a hoax and [those who] claim that this is a 'tempest in a teapot' are incorrect. With respect to the role of humans in the climate system, there is incontrovertible evidence that we exert both warming and cooling effects." With respect to the emails in question, he said, "there are serious issues exposed by the emails — including the goal of these scientists to prevent proper scientific disclosure of their data, as well as to control what papers appear in the peer reviewed literature and climate assessments. The IPCC assessment, with which major policy decisions are being made, involves the individuals in the emails who have senior leadership positions."<ref name="PajamasMedia-PielkeSr" />

The IPCC's chairman, [[Rajendra K. Pachauri|Rajendra Pachauri]], described the CRU's scientists "as highly reputed professionals, whose contributions over the years to scientific knowledge are unquestionable" and described their datasets as "totally consistent with those from other institutions, on the basis of which far-reaching and meaningful conclusions were reached in the [2007 IPCC report]."<ref name="Guardian 4 Jan" />
On November 24 the University of East Anglia issued a statement on the contents of the e-mails: "There is nothing in the stolen material which indicates that peer-reviewed publications by CRU, and others, on the nature of global warming and related climate change are not of the highest quality of scientific investigation and interpretation."<ref name="UEA 01 Dec" />

====Jones e-mail of 16 Nov 1999====
An excerpt from one November 1999 e-mail authored by Phil Jones, which the UEA has stated refers to a graph he was preparing as a diagram for the cover of the [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) statement on the status of global climate in 1999:<ref name="UEA 23 Nov" />

:"I've just completed Mike's ''Nature'' trick of adding in the real temps to each series for the last 20 years (ie, from 1981 onwards) and from 1961 for Keith's to hide the decline."<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov" /><ref name="Telegraph 23 Nov" /><ref name="Telegraph" />

The graph showed three series of paleoclimate reconstructions, based on records of tree rings, corals, ice cores, lake sediments, etc., along with historical and instrumental records.<ref name="WMO 1999" /><ref name="UEA 24 Nov" /> "Mike's Nature trick" referred to a paper published by [[Michael E. Mann|Michael Mann]] in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1998, which combined various proxy records with actual temperature records. Mann described the "trick" as simply a concise way of showing the two kinds of data together while still clearly indicating which was which. He said that there was nothing "hidden or inappropriate" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150 years.<ref name="PI Dec 8" /> A press release by the University of East Anglia said that the "trick" was using instrumental data to meet a requirement of showing temperatures more recent than those covered by the proxy based temperature reconstructions, and that the use of the word "trick" was not intended to imply any deception.<ref name="UEA 24 Nov" /> An editorial in ''Nature'' said that 'trick' was slang for a clever (and legitimate) technique.<ref name="Nature_2009-12-03" />

The phrase "hide the decline" referred specifically to the [[divergence problem]] in which post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicate a decline while measured temperatures rise. The reconstruction by [[Keith Briffa]] ''et al.'' was based solely on tree ring data, which shows a strong correlation with temperature from the 19th century to the mid 20th century.<ref name="UEA 24 Nov" /> They had published a statement on the divergence problem in 1998, and had recommended that the post 1960 part of their reconstruction should not be used.<ref name="Briffa97" >{{Cite doi|10.1038/35596}}</ref> Jones stated that the email was "written in haste" and that, far from seeking to hide the decline, CRU had published a number of articles on the problem. The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 6 of the 2007 [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]],<ref name="UEA 24 Nov" /> which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause. It notes that Briffa ''et al.'' specifically excluded the post 1960 data, which is therefore not shown in the graph of their reconstruction in the report.<ref name=IP4ch6>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter6.pdf |title=Chapter 6, Palaeoclimate |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format=PDF |work=IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), |publisher=IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |pages=472–473 |accessdate=}}</ref> In his review comments on the report, [[Stephen McIntyre]] objected to this graph being truncated, and said that the whole reconstruction should be shown with comments to deal with the "divergence problem". The IPCC response was that this would be inappropriate.<ref name="YLETV1" />

[[Richard Lindzen]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], who has in the past said that graphs were prepared dishonestly and expressed doubts about whether there should be serious concern about global warming, has gone on the record accusing Mann of data rigging and outright falsification. Other climatologists disputed Lindzen's comments. Thomas Peterson of the [[National Climatic Data Center]] said he had seen nothing in the emails that called the fundamental science into question, and Andrew Solow of [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] agreed that there was no trickery, saying he would use the word trick to describe some methodological step, but expressed the view that the basis of reconstructions had been unclear.<ref name="PI Dec 8" /> Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.<ref name="UEA 24 Nov" /><ref name="inquirer_20091203" /><ref name="Time 7 Dec" /> Andrew Watson, Royal Society Research Professor at the UEA, said that the scientists had drawn the line to follow the tree-ring reconstruction up to 1960 and the measured temperature after that."<ref name="timesonline 6948008" />

McIntyre said that the "trick to hide the decline" consisted of removing tree-ring data from the later half of the 20th century. He said that since the cause of the divergence problem is unknown, and it may have existed in earlier periods, tree ring records cannot be used to estimate temperatures in the past.<ref name="2009-12-07_Campbell_Brown_CNN_Transcript" />

Before the incident, continuing research had already presented reconstructions based on more proxies, and found similar results with or without the tree ring records.<ref name="Proxy based 2008" >{{Cite doi|10.1073/pnas.0805721105}}</ref>

====Mann e-mail of 11 Mar 2003====
{{Main|Soon and Baliunas controversy}}
In one e-mail, as a response to an e-mail indicating that a paper in the scientific journal [[Climate Research (journal)|''Climate Research'']] had questioned assertions that the 20th century was abnormally warm, Mann wrote:

: "I think we have to stop considering ''Climate Research'' as a legitimate peer-reviewed journal. Perhaps we should encourage our colleagues in the climate research community to no longer submit to, or cite papers in, this journal."<ref name="wsjms" />

Mann told the ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' that he didn't feel there was anything wrong in saying "we shouldn't be publishing in a journal that's activist."<ref name="wsjms" />

Mann was not alone in expressing concern about the peer review process of the journal. Half of the journal's editorial board, including editor-in-chief [[Hans von Storch]], resigned in the wake of controversy surrounding the article's publication. The publisher later admitted that the paper's major findings could not "be concluded convincingly from the evidence provided in the paper. [''Climate Research''] should have requested appropriate revisions of the manuscript prior to publication."<ref name="Climate Research Editorial" />

====Jones e-mail of 8 Jul 2004====
An 8 July 2004 e-mail from Phil Jones to Michael Mann said in part:
:"The other paper by MM is just garbage. [...] I can't see either of these papers being in the next IPCC report. Kevin and I will keep them out somehow — even if we have to redefine what the peer-review literature is!"<ref name="NZ Herald 28 Nov" />

The IPCC has stated that its procedures mean there is "no possibility of exclusion of any contrarian views, if they have been published in established journals or other publications which are peer reviewed."<ref name="fc_2009-12-10" /> In relation to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report]] (AR4), the IPCC chairman Rajendra Pachauri stated that the papers that had been criticised "were actually discussed in detail in chapter six of the Working Group I report of the AR4. Furthermore, articles from the journal ''Climate Research'', which was also decried in the emails, have been cited 47 times in the Working Group I report."<ref name="Guardian 4 Jan" />

A ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' editorial stated that the UEA scientists had been sharply critical of the quality of the two papers, but "neither they nor the IPCC suppressed anything: when the assessment report was published in 2007 it referenced and discussed both papers."<ref name=Nature_2009-12-03/> Peter Kelemen, a professor of [[geochemistry]] at [[Columbia University]]'s Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, said that "If scientists attempted to exclude critics' peer-reviewed papers from IPCC reports, this was unethical in my view."<ref name="popularmech_2009-12-01" /> Rajendra Pachauri responded that the IPCC has "a very transparent, a very comprehensive process which ensures that even if someone wants to leave out a piece of peer reviewed literature there is virtually no possibility of that happening."<ref name="wsj_2009-12-03" />

The independent review commissioned by the University of East Anglia will, ''[[wikt:inter alia|inter alia]]'', evaluate whether CRU's peer-review practices comply with best scientific practice.<ref name="bbc_2009-12-03_russel" />

==== Jones e-mail of 2 Feb 2005====
A 2 February 2005 email from Phil Jones to Michael Mann includes:
:"And don't leave stuff lying around on ftp sites - you never know who is trawling them. The two MMs have been after the CRU station data for years. If they ever hear there is a Freedom of Information Act now in the UK, I think I'll delete the file rather than send to anyone. Does your similar act in the US force you to respond to enquiries within 20 days?—our does! The UK works on precedents, so the first request will test it. We also have a data protection act, which I will hide behind.<ref name="wsj_2009-11-24" />

[[Pro-vice-chancellor|Pro-Vice Chancellor]] of Research at University of East Anglia, Trevor Davies, said that no data was deleted or "otherwise dealt with in any fashion with the intent of preventing the disclosure".<ref name= "NZ Herald 28 Nov" /> In response to allegations that CRU avoided obligations under the [[Freedom of information in the United Kingdom|UK Freedom of Information Act]], independent investigator Muir Russell plans to review CRU's "policies and practices regarding requests under the Freedom of Information Act".<ref name="msnbc_2009-12-03" />

==== Jones e-mail of May 2008====
In one e-mail, Phil Jones writes to Michael Mann, with the subject line "IPCC & FOI"<ref name="RegaloHack" />

:"Can you delete any emails you may have had with Keith re AR4? Keith will do likewise…Can you also email Gene and get him to do the same? I don't have his new email address."<ref name="NZ Herald 28 Nov" />

Critics say that the e-mails showed that scientists were conspiring to delete e-mails and documents to prevent them from being released.<ref name="NZ Herald 28 Nov" /> [[George Monbiot]], a supporter of the scientific consensus, wrote that Jones' resignation is warranted on the basis of his statement in this email alone.<ref name="Monbiot-Guardian" />

The UK [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO) oversees the FOI process there, and issued the following statement:

:"Destroying requested information outside of an organisation's normal policies is unlawful and may be a criminal offence if done to prevent disclosure."<ref name="RegaloUp" />

Trevor Davies responded by saying that despite Jones' suggestion to delete records, no records were actually deleted.<ref name="NZ Herald 28 Nov" />

With reference to FOI requests made by David Holland, a retired engineer in [[Northampton]], the Deputy Information Commissioner Graham Smith issued a statement on 27 January 2010 that "The emails which are now public reveal that Mr Holland's requests under the Freedom of Information Act were not dealt with as they should have been under the legislation. Section 77 of the Freedom of Information Act makes it an offence for public authorities to act so as to prevent intentionally the disclosure of requested information." He also said that as sanctions have to be imposed within six months of the offence it was too late to impose sanctions, but the ICO would be making a case for the law to be changed for future offences. He was advising the university of East Anglia on its legal obligations, and the ICO would be considering whether to take regulatory action once reports of the independent and police investigations were available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/27/uea-hacked-climate-emails-foi |title=University in hacked climate change emails row broke FOI rules &#124; Environment |author=James Randerson |date=27 January 2010 |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2010-01-28}}</ref>

==== Santer e-mail of 12 Nov 2009====
In one e-mail, climate scientist Benjamin Santer of [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] commented on a request for data and correspondence from science blogger [[Stephen McIntyre]] under the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000]] (FOI):<ref name="fc_2009-12-10" />

:"My personal opinion is that both FOI requests [for data related to a 2008 paper and for correspondence dating back to 2006] are intrusive and unreasonable. Steven McIntyre provides absolutely no scientific justification or explanation for such requests. ... McIntyre has no interest in improving our scientific understanding of the nature and causes of climate change. He has no interest in rational scientific discourse....We should be able to conduct our scientific research without constant fear of an "audit" by Steven McIntyre; without having to weigh every word we write in every email we send to our scientific colleagues."<ref name="fc_2009-12-10" />

In an [[Associated Press]] interview, McIntyre disagreed with his portrayal in emails, and said "Everything that I've done in this, I've done in good faith."<ref name="ap_2009-12-12" />

[[FactCheck]] noted that the great majority of CRU's data is already freely available, and the scientists were reluctant to supply their own correspondence, code and data to people whose motives seemed questionable to them. It is not clear that any actual obstruction happened, and emails show the scientists discussing with university officials and lawyers their obligations under the new legislation, informing critics that data is already freely available, or that the information has been sent to them. This question is to form part of the East Anglia investigation.<ref name="fc_2009-12-10" />

====Trenberth e-mail of 12 Oct 2009====
An email written by [[Kevin E. Trenberth|Kevin Trenberth]] discussed gaps in understanding of recent temperature variations:

:"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't,"<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" />

Trenberth told the [[Associated Press]] that the email referred to an article<ref>Trenberth KE (2009) An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' '''1'''(1):19-27. {{doi|10.1016/j.cosust.2009.06.001}}</ref> he authored calling for improvement in measuring global warming to describe unusual data, such as rising sea surface temperatures.<ref name="AP 22 Nov" /> The word ''travesty'' refers to what Trenberth sees as an inadequate observing system that, were it more adequate, would be able to track the warming he believes is there.<ref name="wired 20 Nov" />

In a statement on his NCAR webpage Trenberth states that,

:"It is amazing to see this particular quote lambasted so often. It stems from a paper I published this year bemoaning our inability to effectively monitor the energy flows associated with short-term climate variability. It is quite clear from the paper that I was not questioning the link between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and warming, or even suggesting that recent temperatures are unusual in the context of short-term natural variability."<ref name="Trenberth-NCAR" />

===Code and documentation===
The CRU files also included temperature data processing software written in [[Fortran]] and [[IDL (programming language)|IDL]] as well as [[Comment (computer programming)|programmer comments]] and a [[README|readme file]].<ref name="SMH-12-04" /><ref name ="freesoftware" /> On BBC [[Newsnight]], software engineer [[John Graham-Cumming]] said that the code lacked clear [[Software documentation|documentation]] and an audit history, and included a [[Software bug|bug]] in its [[Exception handling|error handling]] which, if it occurred, would ignore data without warning.<ref name="newsnight-code" /> [[Myles Allen]], head of the Climate Dynamics group at the [[University of Oxford]], said that the code investigated by Newsnight had nothing at all to do with the [[HadCRUT]] temperature record used for climate reconstructions, which is maintained at the [[Met Office]] and not at CRU.<ref name="Myles Allen, guardian" />


==The identity of the hackers==
==The identity of the hackers==
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==Calls for inquiries==
==Calls for inquiries==
In the United Kingdom and United States, there were calls for official inquiries into issues raised by the documents. Guardian columnist George Monbiot, a strong supporter of action to fight man-made global warming, has called for Professor Jones to resign.<ref name="NZ Herald 28 Nov" /><ref name="Monbiot 11-25" /> [[Nigel Lawson|Lord Lawson]], a prominent British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and founder of the [[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] said, "The integrity of the scientific evidence... has been called into question. And the reputation of British science has been seriously tarnished. A high-level independent inquiry must be set up without delay".<ref name="Guardian 23 Nov" /> [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[Jim Inhofe]] also planned to demand an inquiry.<ref name="Inhofe 23 Nov" /> Bob Ward, director of policy and communications at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the [[London School of Economics]], said: "I have sympathy for the climate researchers at the University of East Anglia and other institutions who have been the target of an aggressive campaign by so-called 'sceptics' over a number of years. But I fear that only a thorough investigation could now clear their names.", adding "There needs to be an assurance that these email messages have not revealed inappropriate conduct in the preparation of journal articles and in dealing with requests from other researchers for access to data. This will probably require investigations both by the host institutions and by the relevant journals. There may also be a role for the UK Research Integrity Office to advise on any investigation."<ref name="Guardian 23 Nov" />
In the United Kingdom and United States, there were calls for official inquiries into issues raised by the documents. [[Nigel Lawson|Lord Lawson]], a prominent British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and founder of the [[Global Warming Policy Foundation]] said, "The integrity of the scientific evidence... has been called into question. And the reputation of British science has been seriously tarnished. A high-level independent inquiry must be set up without delay".<ref name="Guardian 23 Nov" /> [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[Jim Inhofe]] also planned to demand an inquiry.<ref name="Inhofe 23 Nov" />

===University of East Anglia response===
===University of East Anglia response===
The University of East Anglia was notified of the possible security breach on 17 November, but when the story was published in the press on 20 November they had no statement ready.<ref name="Monbiot 11-25" /> On 24 November, Trevor Davies, the University of East Anglia pro-vice-chancellor with responsibility for research, rejected calls for Jones' resignation or firing: "We see no reason for Professor Jones to resign and, indeed, we would not accept his resignation. He is a valued and important scientist." The university announced it would conduct an independent review to "address the issue of data security, an assessment of how we responded to a deluge of Freedom of Information requests, and any other relevant issues which the independent reviewer advises should be addressed".<ref name="Guardian 24 Nov" /> [[George Monbiot]] strongly criticised the failure of [[University of East Anglia|UEA]] to present its position promptly when the emails were published, and called it "a total trainwreck: a textbook example of how not to respond." Monbiot continued, "The handling of this crisis suggests that nothing has been learnt by climate scientists in this country from 20 years of assaults on their discipline." He contrasted this with what he called the exemplary media strategy of the "climate change denial industry".<ref name="Monbiot 11-25" />
The University of East Anglia was notified of the possible security breach on 17 November, but when the story was published in the press on 20 November they had no statement ready.<ref name="Monbiot 11-25" /> On 24 November, Trevor Davies, the University of East Anglia pro-vice-chancellor with responsibility for research, rejected calls for Jones' resignation or firing: "We see no reason for Professor Jones to resign and, indeed, we would not accept his resignation. He is a valued and important scientist." The university announced it would conduct an independent review to "address the issue of data security, an assessment of how we responded to a deluge of Freedom of Information requests, and any other relevant issues which the independent reviewer advises should be addressed".<ref name="Guardian 24 Nov" />


The university announced on 1 December that Phil Jones was to stand aside as director of the Unit until the completion of an independent review.<ref name="UEA 01 Dec" /><ref name="Telegraph 01 Dec" /> Two days later, the university announced that Sir [[Muir Russell]] would chair the review, and would "examine e-mail exchanges to determine whether there is evidence of suppression or manipulation of data" as well as review CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice". In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also 'make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds".<ref name="BBC 3 Dec" />
The university announced on 1 December that Phil Jones was to stand aside as director of the Unit until the completion of an independent review.<ref name="UEA 01 Dec" /><ref name="Telegraph 01 Dec" /> Two days later, the university announced that Sir [[Muir Russell]] would chair the review, and would "examine e-mail exchanges to determine whether there is evidence of suppression or manipulation of data" as well as review CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice". In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also 'make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds".<ref name="BBC 3 Dec" />

===Met Office response===
===Met Office response===
On November 23, a spokesman for the [[Met Office]], a [[United Kingdom|UK]] agency which works with the CRU in providing global-temperature information, said there was no need for an inquiry. "The bottom line is that temperatures continue to rise and humans are responsible for it. We have every confidence in the science and the various datasets we use. The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be."<ref name="Guardian 23 Nov" />
On November 23, a spokesman for the [[Met Office]], a [[United Kingdom|UK]] agency which works with the CRU in providing global-temperature information, said there was no need for an inquiry. "The bottom line is that temperatures continue to rise and humans are responsible for it. We have every confidence in the science and the various datasets we use. The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be."<ref name="Guardian 23 Nov" />


On December 5, however, concerned that public confidence in the science had been damaged by leaked e-mails, the Met Office indicated their intention to re-examine 160 years of temperature data,<ref name="times online 05 Dec 09" /> as well as to release temperature records for over 1000 worldwide weather stations online.<ref name="Guardian 05 Dec 09" /><ref name="MetOffice" /> The Met Office remained confident that its analysis will be shown to be correct<ref name="times online 05 Dec 09" /> and that the data would show a temperature rise over the past 150 years.<ref name="Guardian 05 Dec 09" /><ref name="CNN 6 Dec" />
On December 5, however, concerned that public confidence in the science had been damaged by leaked e-mails, the Met Office indicated their intention to re-examine 160 years of temperature data,<ref name="times online 05 Dec 09" /> as well as to release temperature records for over 1000 worldwide weather stations online.<ref name="Guardian 05 Dec 09" /><ref name="MetOffice" /> The Met Office remained confident that its analysis will be shown to be correct<ref name="times online 05 Dec 09" /> and that the data would show a temperature rise over the past 150 years.<ref name="Guardian 05 Dec 09" /><ref name="CNN 6 Dec" />

===Parliamentary response===
===Parliamentary response===
On January 22, 2010, the Science and Technology Committee of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] announced it would conduct an inquiry into the incident, examining the implications of the disclosure for the integrity of scientific research, reviewing the scope of the independent Muir review announced by the UEA, and reviewing the independence of international climate data sets. The Committee plans to hold an oral evidence session in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/science_technology/s_t_pn14_100122.cfm |title=Science and Technology Committee Announcement: The Disclosure of Climate Data from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia |accessdate=2010-01-22 |date=2010-01-22 }}</ref>
On January 22, 2010, the Science and Technology Committee of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] announced it would conduct an inquiry into the incident, examining the implications of the disclosure for the integrity of scientific research, reviewing the scope of the independent Muir review announced by the UEA, and reviewing the independence of international climate data sets. The Committee plans to hold an oral evidence session in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/science_technology/s_t_pn14_100122.cfm |title=Science and Technology Committee Announcement: The Disclosure of Climate Data from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia |accessdate=2010-01-22 |date=2010-01-22 }}</ref>
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[[Pennsylvania State University]] announced it would review the work of [[Michael E. Mann|Michael Mann]], in particular looking at anything that had not already been addressed in an earlier [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] [[Hockey stick controversy#National Research Council Report|review]] which had found some faults with his methodology but agreed with the results.<ref name="NYT 02 Dec" /><ref name="PSU Mann review" /><ref name="AP 03 Dec" /> In response, Mann said he would welcome the review.<ref name="AP 03 Dec" /> As a result of the inquiry, the investigatory committee determined there was no credible evidence Mann suppressed or falsified data, destroyed email, information and/or data related to AR4, or misused privileged or confidential information. However, the committee was unsure if Mann operated within the accepted practices within the academic community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research or other scholarly activities, and a such, referred that charge to an investigatory committee of faculty members.<ref name="PSU Findings" />
[[Pennsylvania State University]] announced it would review the work of [[Michael E. Mann|Michael Mann]], in particular looking at anything that had not already been addressed in an earlier [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] [[Hockey stick controversy#National Research Council Report|review]] which had found some faults with his methodology but agreed with the results.<ref name="NYT 02 Dec" /><ref name="PSU Mann review" /><ref name="AP 03 Dec" /> In response, Mann said he would welcome the review.<ref name="AP 03 Dec" /> As a result of the inquiry, the investigatory committee determined there was no credible evidence Mann suppressed or falsified data, destroyed email, information and/or data related to AR4, or misused privileged or confidential information. However, the committee was unsure if Mann operated within the accepted practices within the academic community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research or other scholarly activities, and a such, referred that charge to an investigatory committee of faculty members.<ref name="PSU Findings" />

==Reactions to the incident==
===Climatologists===

The CRU's researchers said in a statement that the e-mails had been taken out of context and merely reflected an honest exchange of ideas.<ref name="WaPo 21 Nov" /> [[Phil Jones (climatologist)|Phil Jones]], Director of the Climatic Research Unit, called the charges that the e-mails involve any "untoward" activity "ludicrous."<ref name="UEA 23 Nov" /> [[Michael E. Mann|Michael Mann]], director of [[Pennsylvania State University]]'s Earth System Science Center who is among those implicated in the controversy,<ref name="Bailey" /> said that sceptics were "taking these words totally out of context to make something trivial appear nefarious",<ref name="WaPo 21 Nov" /> and called the entire incident a careful, "high-level, orchestrated smear campaign to distract the public about the nature of the climate change problem."<ref name="NYTimes 24 Nov" /> The incident was described as a smear campaign by two other leading climate scientists, [[Eric Steig]] of [[University of Washington]] and [[Richard Somerville]].<ref name="Reuters 25 Nov" /> [[Kevin E. Trenberth]], a researcher at the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] who wrote one of the emails cited by sceptics as controversial,<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" /> stated that climate change sceptics had selectively quoted words and phrases out of context in an attempt to sabotage the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Copenhagen global climate summit]] in December.<ref name="AP 22 Nov" /> Trenberth said he was appalled at the release of the e-mails but thought that it might backfire against climate sceptics, as the messages would show "the integrity of scientists."<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" />

According to the University of East Anglia, the documents and e-mails had been selected deliberately to undermine the strong consensus that human activity is affecting the world's climate in ways that are potentially dangerous. The university said in a statement: "The selective publication of some stolen e-mails and other papers taken out of context is mischievous and cannot be considered a genuine attempt to engage with this issue in a responsible way".<ref name="AP 21 Nov" />

[[Tom Wigley]], a director of the CRU until 1993 and now a senior scientist at the US [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]], condemned the threats that he and other colleagues had received as "truly stomach-turning", and commented: "None of it affects the science one iota. Accusations of data distortion or faking are baseless. I can rebut and explain all of the apparently incriminating e-mails that I have looked at, but it is going to be very time consuming to do so."<ref name="Guardian 8 Dec" /> In relation to the harassment that he and his colleagues were experiencing, he noted: "This sort of thing has been going on at a much lower level for almost 20 years and there have been other outbursts of this sort of behaviour - criticism and abusive emails and things like that in the past. So this is a worse manifestation but it's happened before so it's not that surprising."<ref name="ABC Collins Dec 9" />

In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK [[Met Office]] declaring their "utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities."<ref name="Times statement Dec 9" /> Met Office chief executive [[John Hirst (executive)|John Hirst]] and its chief scientist [[Julia Slingo]] asked their colleagues to sign the statement "to defend our profession against this unprecedented attack to discredit us and the science of climate change."<ref name="Times Webster Dec 9" />

[[Patrick Michaels|Patrick J. Michaels]], a climatologist derided in the e-mails for doubting human-influenced global warming,<ref name="Michales" /> said some e-mails showed an effort to block the release of data for independent review. He said some messages discussed discrediting him by claiming he knew his research was wrong in his doctoral dissertation. "This shows these are people willing to bend rules and go after other people's reputations in very serious ways."<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov" />

Climatologist [[James E. Hansen]] said that the controversy has "no effect on the science" and that while some of the e-mails reflect poor judgment, the evidence for human-made climate change is overwhelming.<ref name="Newsweek blog James Hanse 25 Nov" />

Judith Curry, a climatologist at the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] in Atlanta who agrees with the mainstream view of global warming, wrote that the e-mails reflect a problem with scientists lacking openness about their data and attacking those they disagree with:

:"[I]t is difficult to understand the continued circling of the wagons by some climate researchers with guns pointed at sceptical researchers by apparently trying to withhold data and other information of relevance to published research, thwart the peer review process, and keep papers out of assessment reports. Scientists are of course human, and short-term emotional responses to attacks and adversity are to be expected, but I am particularly concerned by this apparent systematic and continuing behavior from scientists that hold editorial positions, serve on important boards and committees and participate in the major assessment reports. It is these issues revealed in the HADCRU emails that concern me the most"<ref name="climatereview" />

In an interview in November, climatologist [[Hans von Storch]] said that the University of East Anglia researchers had "violated a fundamental principle of science" by refusing to share data with other researchers, and that "They play science as a power game".<ref name="wsjms" /> In a later letter to ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' he wrote that "it is critical to point out that no grounds have arisen to doubt the validity of the thermometer-based temperature record since 1850." He considered that "This crucial record remains unchallenged" and showed unequivocally that the Earth was warming, as well as providing the main evidence that this was due to human activity, but the mainstream media had confused it with proxy reconstructions. While some scientists might "have gone too far in promoting particular viewpoints", it was "absurd to suggest that there is some kind of global conspiracy involving all climate scientists" and public confidence should be restored by an independent enquiry and open discussion. While he had previously had disagreements with the scientists concerned, he continued to respect other aspects of their work.<ref name="storchlet8Jan2010" />

[[NASA]] climatologist [[Gavin Schmidt]] stated that the vast majority of the data in the CRU records is available to the public, but that from the first [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information]] request, which was made in 2007, it has continued to be made clear that various [[List of meteorology institutions|national meteorology institutions]] worldwide have imposed restrictions preventing a complete release of all the data used by the CRU. He said that the national meteorology institutions should be pressed to remove these restrictions from CRU.<ref name="RealClimate 23 Nov" />

Author and climatologist [[David Reay]] of the [[University of Edinburgh]] noted that the CRU is:

:"just one of many climate-research institutes that provide the underlying scientific basis for climate policy at national and international levels. The conspiracy theorists may be having a field day, but if they really knew academia they would also know that every published paper and data set is continually put through the wringer by other independent research groups. The information that makes it into the IPCC reports is some of the most rigorously tested and debated in any area of science."<ref name="Guardian 8 Dec" />

The IPCC's head, Rajendra Pachauri, declared his support for the scientists involved: "The persons who have worked on this report and those who have unfortunately been victims of this terrible and illegal act are outstanding scientists." He commented that he could "only surmise that those who carried this out have obviously done it with [the] very clear intention to influence the process in Copenhagen."<ref name="Age Dec 10" /> Stating that "even the allegations made on the basis of the stolen emails have proved incorrect", he criticised "the efforts of skeptics and vested interests, who will do everything possible to maintain the status quo."<ref name="Guardian 4 Jan" />

One of the IPCC's lead authors, [[Raymond Pierrehumbert]] of the [[University of Chicago]], expressed concern at the precedent established by the hack: "[T]his is a criminal act of vandalism and of harassment of a group of scientists that are only going about their business doing science. It represents a whole new escalation in the war on climate scientists who are only trying to get at the truth... What next? Deliberate monkeying with data on servers? Insertion of bugs into climate models?"<ref name="Revkin Nov 22" />

Another IPCC lead author, [[David Karoly]] of the [[University of Melbourne]], reported receiving numerous hate e-mails in the wake of the incident and said that he believed there was "an organised campaign to discredit individual climate scientists". [[Andrew Pitman]] of the [[University of New South Wales]] commented: "The major problem is that scientists have to be able to communicate their science without fear or favour and there seems to be a well-orchestrated campaign designed to intimidate some scientists."<ref name="ABC O'Neill Dec 9" />

===Scientific organizations===
The [[American Meteorological Society]] stated that the incident did not affect the society's position on climate change. They pointed to the breadth of evidence for human influence on climate, stating "For climate change research, the body of research in the literature is very large and the dependence on any one set of research results to the comprehensive understanding of the climate system is very, very small. Even if some of the charges of improper behavior in this particular case turn out to be true — which is not yet clearly the case — the impact on the science of climate change would be very limited."<ref name="AMS clarification" />

The [[American Geophysical Union]] issued a statement expressing concern that the emails were "being exploited to distort the scientific debate about the urgent issue of climate change" and reaffirming their 2007 position statement<ref name="AGU-position" /> with regard to human influences on climate. They stated that "Science and the scientific method is seldom a linear march to the 'correct' and indisputable answer. Disagreement among scientists is part of the energy that moves inquiry forward."<ref name="AGU-hack" />

The [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (AAAS) has "expressed concern that the hacked emails would weaken global resolve to curb greenhouse-gas emissions". [[Alan I. Leshner]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the AAAS and executive publisher of the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', said "AAAS takes issues of scientific integrity very seriously. It is fair and appropriate to pursue answers to any allegations of impropriety. It’s important to remember, though, that the reality of climate change is based on a century of robust and well-validated science."<ref name="WSJ 23 Nov" /><ref name="AAAS" />

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I issued statements explaining that the assessment process, involving hundreds of scientists worldwide, is designed to be transparent and to prevent any individual or small group to manipulate the process. The statement noted that the "internal consistency from multiple lines of evidence strongly supports the work of the scientific community, including those individuals singled out in these email exchanges".<ref name="IPCC WGI" /><ref name="IPCC RKP" />

===Elected representatives and governments===

[[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] rejected the view that the leaked e-mails had damaged the credibility of climate science. Speaking at the Copenhagen conference on climate change, he said: "Nothing that has come out in the public as a result of the recent email hackings has cast doubt on the basic scientific message on climate change and that message is quite clear – that climate change is happening much, much faster than we realized and we human beings are the primary cause."<ref name="Reuters Dec 8" />

British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] said that there is no doubt about the scientific evidence that underpins the Copenhagen conference: "Its landmark importance cannot be wished away by the theft of a few emails from one university research centre." Brown commented that the purpose of the climate change sceptics' campaign was clear, and its timing was no coincidence. "It is designed to destabilise and undermine the efforts of the countries gathering in Copenhagen."<ref name="Gordon Brown 2009-12-06" />

During a press briefing on December 7, [[White House Press Secretary]] [[Robert Gibbs]] said, "I think scientists are clear on the science. I think many on [[United States Capitol|Capitol Hill]] are clear on the science. I think that this notion that there is some debate ... on the science is kind of silly."<ref name="asiaone_20091208" />

[[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia's]] lead climate negotiator Mohammad Al-Sabban said he thought the incident would have a "huge impact" on the Copenhagen conference.<ref name="2009-12-04_BBC" /> "It appears from the details of the scandal that there is no relationship whatsoever between human activities and climate change," he told [[BBC News]] the week before the summit.<ref name="2009-12-04_BBC" />

During the annual [[Speech from the throne|Queen's Speech]] debate in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 24 November 2009, the former [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Cabinet minister [[Peter Lilley]] challenged the [[Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change]] [[Ed Miliband]] over the e-mails. Miliband declined to comment on the content of the e-mails but commented: "We should be cautious about using partial emails that have been leaked to somehow cast doubt on the scientific consensus that there is. That is very dangerous and irresponsible because the scientific consensus is clear."<ref name="BBC 24 Nov" />

The UK government's chief scientist [[John Beddington]] stated that irrespective of allegations of mistakes or wrongdoing by climate scientists, the basic science indicating man-made global warming was very strong, and "the fundamental physics of the science of climate change is correct". He expressed concern about an artificially polarised debate on climate change, and urged increased openness about uncertainties in predictions. He said "I don't think it's healthy to dismiss proper scepticism. Science grows and improves in the light of criticism."<ref name="BBC Jan">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8486440.stm |title= Climate change research sound, chief UK scientist says |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=28 January 2010 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=2010-01-29}}</ref>

===Public reaction===
The incident took place during a time when public certainty in the [[United States]] about the cause of global warming was declining. [[Harris Interactive]], in a Harris Poll conducted shortly before the CRU e-mails came to light, reported that those in the [[United States]] who answered yes to the question "Do you believe the theory that increased carbon dioxide and other gases released into the atmosphere will, if unchecked lead to global warming and an increase in average temperatures, or not?” had declined by 20% between 2007 and 2009 to 51%.<ref name="BW 02 Dec" />. In December, [[Angus Reid Strategies]] conducted a tri-national poll which found that between November, 2009 and December, 2009 those who agreed with "global warming is a fact mostly caused by human activity", declined 11% in [[Canada]] (to 52%), 3% in the U.S. (to 46%), and 4% in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] (to 43%).<ref name="NaPo 06 Jan"/> The same poll found that only about 1 in 5 Canadians had followed the CRU controversy closely, while 57% had not followed to story at all.<ref name="Angus 15 Dec" />
===Other expert commentary===

The [[History of science|science historian]] [[Spencer R. Weart]], interviewed in the ''Washington Post'', suggested parallels with the [[tobacco politics]] covering up the [[health effects of tobacco]] for many years. He did not expect the incident to have much effect on public perceptions of climate and climate scientists, as opinions had become fixed since the 1980s with a group of people repeatedly claiming that climate change was not a problem. He said that in the last decade leading climate scientists "have had to spend more and more of their time answering criticism of the scientific results already established, criticism mostly based on ignorance, fallacious reasoning, and even deliberately deceptive claims", and in recent years "had to spend far too much of their time defending their personal reputations against ignorant or slanderous attacks." He commented that the theft and use of the e-mails was revealing about the social context, "a symptom of something entirely new in the history of science: Aside from crackpots who complain that a conspiracy is suppressing their personal discoveries, we've never before seen a set of people accuse an entire community of scientists of deliberate deception and other professional malfeasance. Even the tobacco companies never tried to slander legitimate cancer researchers."<ref name="WaPo 23 Nov" /> The former [[Chief Scientific Adviser to HM Government]], [[David King (scientist)|David King]], told ''[[The Independent]]'' that he believed the theft and release were designed to destabilize the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]]. <ref name="Independent 1 Feb" />

===Threats===
Following the release of the e-mails, climate scientists at the CRU and elsewhere have received numerous threatening and abusive e-mails.<ref name="Guardian 8 Dec" /> Norfolk Police have interviewed CRU director Phil Jones about death threats made against him following the release of the emails,<ref name="Mail Dec 2" /> and death threats against two scientists also are currently under investigation by the United States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].<ref name="Guardian 8 Dec" /> Global Warming sceptic [[Andrew Bolt]] and climate scientists in Australia have reported receiving threatening e-mails.<ref name="ABC O'Neill Dec 9" />

==Naming of the incident==
Analysis by [[FactCheck]] stated that sceptics who allege that the documents show fabrication of evidence of man-made global warming "are portraying the affair as a major scandal: 'Climategate'."<ref name="fc_2009-12-10" />

Writing in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', Bryan Walsh reported that the controversy was dubbed "Climategate" by sceptics of global warming, with "obvious intimations of scandal and cover-up", while advocates of action on climate change dubbed it "Swifthack" in reference to the 2004 "[[Swiftboating]]" campaign against US Presidential candidate [[John Kerry]], characterising it as "an invented scandal propagated by conservatives and the media that does nothing to change the scientific case for climate change."<ref name="Time 7 Dec" /> ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' entertainment and pop culture writer Patrick Goldstein attributes the origin of the term "Climategate" to the ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name="2010-01-05_PatrickGoldstein_LATimes" /> ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' commentator [[Christopher Booker]] attributes the origin of the term to his colleague, [[James Delingpole]].<ref name="2009-10-29_ChristopherBooker_DailyTelegraph" /> Delingpole, on the other hand, said that "The person who really coined it was a commenter called “Bulldust” on Watts Up With That site ([[Anthony Watts (blogger)|Anthony Watts']] blog)".<ref name="2009-11-29_Telegraph_JamesDelingpole" /> The comment was "Hmmm how long before this is dubbed ClimateGate?"<ref name="2009-11-19_wattsupwiththat_AnthonyWatts" />

==Similar incident==
The [[CCCma|Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis]] at the [[University of Victoria]] in [[British Columbia]], has also been targeted by individuals who have attempted to break into climatologists' offices and computer systems. The University's Professor [[Andrew J. Weaver|Andrew Weaver]], who is one of the IPCC's lead authors, commented: "One of the sad realities of being a scientist working in this area is you get targeted. I have had no end of nasty emails and phone calls." He believed that the hackers "were trying to find any dirt they could, as they have done in the UK. If they can't find 'dirt', they manufacture it from out-of-context emails or skewed statistics."<ref name="McCarthy" />


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=


<ref name="PSU_Findings">[http://www.research.psu.edu/orp/Findings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf RA-10 Inquiry Report: Concerning the Allegations of Research Misconduct Against Dr. Michael E. Mann, Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University]</ref>
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Global warming research exposed after hack|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9141258/Global_warming_research_exposed_after_hack?taxonomyId=82|work=[[Computerworld]]|date=20 November 2009
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<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov">{{cite news|last=Revkin|first=Andrew C.|title=Hacked E-Mail Is New Fodder for Climate Dispute|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/science/earth/21climate.html?_r=3|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes 20 Nov">{{cite news|last=Revkin|first=Andrew C.|title=Hacked E-Mail Is New Fodder for Climate Dispute|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/science/earth/21climate.html?_r=3|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 November 2009}}</ref>


<ref name="RealClimate 20 Nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/11/the-cru-hack/ |title=The CRU hack |publisher=[[RealClimate]] |date=2009-11-20 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>
<ref name="RealClimate 20 Nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/11/the-cru-hack/ |title=The CRU hack |publisher=[[RealClimate]] |date=2009-11-20 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

<ref name="wired 20 Nov">{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/11/climate-hack/ |title=Hacked E-Mails Fuel Global Warming Debate | Threat Level | Wired.com |publisher=[[Wired.com]] |accessdate=2009-11-25 }}</ref>


<ref name="WaPo 21 Nov">{{cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=Hackers steal electronic data from top climate research center|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112004093.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="WaPo 21 Nov">{{cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=Hackers steal electronic data from top climate research center|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112004093.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="AP 21 Nov">{{cite news|last=Stringer|first=David|title=Hackers leak e-mails, stoke climate debate|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ikaqlFpp9jCRHWN0zNuamKXfyeMgD9C441LG0|agency=[[The Associated Press]]|date=21 November 2009}}</ref>


<ref name="2009-11-21_BenWebster_TheTimes">{{cite web
<ref name="2009-11-21_BenWebster_TheTimes">{{cite web
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| quote = An anonymous statement accompanying the e-mails said: “We feel that climate science is too important to be kept under wraps. We hereby release a random selection of correspondence, code, and documents. Hopefully it will give some insight into the science and the people behind it.”
| quote = An anonymous statement accompanying the e-mails said: “We feel that climate science is too important to be kept under wraps. We hereby release a random selection of correspondence, code, and documents. Hopefully it will give some insight into the science and the people behind it.”
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

<ref name="climatereview">Curry, Judith, quoted from her e-mail in [http://www.climateaudit.org/?p=7826#more-7826 "Curry: On the credibility of climate research"], blog post, November 22, 2009, ''Climate Review'' blog. Retrieved November 24, 2009.</ref>

<ref name="AP 22 Nov">{{cite news | last=Staff | title=Scientist: Leak of climate e-mails appalling|url=http://www.physorg.com/news178199129.html|agency=[[The Associated Press]]|date=22 November 2009}}</ref>


<ref name="Reuters 23 Nov">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-GreenBusiness/idUSTRE5AM4AH20091123|title=Hacked climate e-mails awkward, not game changer|last=Gardner|first=Timothy|date=Mon Nov 23, 2009 4:07&nbsp;pm EST|work=Green Business|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=24 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Reuters 23 Nov">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-GreenBusiness/idUSTRE5AM4AH20091123|title=Hacked climate e-mails awkward, not game changer|last=Gardner|first=Timothy|date=Mon Nov 23, 2009 4:07&nbsp;pm EST|work=Green Business|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=24 November 2009}}</ref>
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<ref name="Guardian 24 Nov">Hickman, Leo, "and agencies", [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/24/climate-professor-leaked-emails-uea "Climate scientist at centre of leaked email row dismisses conspiracy claims"], November 24, 2009, ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved November 25, 2009.</ref>
<ref name="Guardian 24 Nov">Hickman, Leo, "and agencies", [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/24/climate-professor-leaked-emails-uea "Climate scientist at centre of leaked email row dismisses conspiracy claims"], November 24, 2009, ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved November 25, 2009.</ref>

<ref name="wsjms">{{cite web
| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125902685372961609.html
| title = Lawmakers Probe Climate Emails
| last = Johnson
| first = Keith
| coauthors = Naik, Gautam
| publisher = [[Wall Street Journal]]
| date = 2009-11-24
| accessdate = 2009-01-09
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mf4zh4pc
| archivedate = 2009-01-09
| quote = Dr. Mann wrote, "I think we have to stop considering 'Climate Research' as a legitimate peer-reviewed journal. Perhaps we should encourage our colleagues in the climate research community to no longer submit to, or cite papers in, this journal." […] Dr. Mann said Monday that he didn't think there was anything wrong in telling his colleagues that "we shouldn't be publishing in a journal that's activist." […] Hans von Storch […]East Anglia researchers "violated a fundamental principle of science," he said, by refusing to share data with other researchers. "They built a group to do gatekeeping, which is also totally unacceptable," he added. "They play science as a power game."
}}</ref>


<ref name="Moore 24 Nov">{{cite web
<ref name="Moore 24 Nov">{{cite web
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| quote = said Lord Lawson, Margaret Thatcher's former chancellor who has reinvented himself as a critic of climate change science. "They were talking about destroying various files in order to prevent data being revealed under the Freedom of Information Act and they were trying to prevent other dissenting scientists from having their articles published in learned journals. "It may be that there's an innocent explanation for all this... but there needs to be a fundamental independent inquiry to get at the truth."
| quote = said Lord Lawson, Margaret Thatcher's former chancellor who has reinvented himself as a critic of climate change science. "They were talking about destroying various files in order to prevent data being revealed under the Freedom of Information Act and they were trying to prevent other dissenting scientists from having their articles published in learned journals. "It may be that there's an innocent explanation for all this... but there needs to be a fundamental independent inquiry to get at the truth."
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTimes 24 Nov">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2009/11/24/24climatewire-stolen-e-mails-sharpen-a-brawl-between-clima-19517.html |title=Stolen E-Mails Sharpen a Brawl Between Climate Scientists and Skeptics - NYTimes.com |publisher=www.nytimes.com |accessdate=2009-11-25 }}</ref>

<ref name="Reuters 25 Nov">{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/internal_ReutersNewsRoom_BehindTheScenes_MOLT/idUSTRE5AO4TW20091125 |title=Hacked climate emails called a smear campaign |publisher= [[Reuters]] |accessdate=2009-11-26 }}</ref>


<ref name="2009-12-04_BBC">{{cite web
<ref name="2009-12-04_BBC">{{cite web
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<ref name="wired 20 Nov" /><!-- Why this-->

<ref name="WaPo 23 Nov">{{cite news|last=Freedman|first=Andrew|title=Science historian reacts to hacked climate e-mails|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2009/11/perspective_on_a_climate_scien.html|date=23 November 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Gordon Brown 2009-12-06">{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/dec/06/gordon-brown-climate-change-copenhagen |title=Copenhagen must be a turning point. Our children won't forgive us if we fail|author=Gordon Brown |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 dec 2009|accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref>


<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/20/climate-sceptics-hackers-leaked-emails |title=Climate sceptics claim leaked emails are evidence of collusion among scientists |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/20/climate-sceptics-hackers-leaked-emails |title=Climate sceptics claim leaked emails are evidence of collusion among scientists |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|author=Published: 8:00AM GMT 21 Nov 2009 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/6619796/Climate-scientists-accused-of-manipulating-global-warming-data.html |title=Climate scientists accused of 'manipulating global warming data' |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>


<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov">{{cite news | last = Hickman | first = Leo | last2 = Randerson | first2 = James | title = Climate sceptics claim leaked emails expose collusion by scientists | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = 2009-11-21 | page = 19 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/20/climate-sceptics-hackers-leaked-emails | accessdate = 2009-11-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Guardian 20 Nov">{{cite news | last = Hickman | first = Leo | last2 = Randerson | first2 = James | title = Climate sceptics claim leaked emails expose collusion by scientists | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = 2009-11-21 | page = 19 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/20/climate-sceptics-hackers-leaked-emails | accessdate = 2009-11-24}}</ref>
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<ref name="Guardian 27 Nov">{{cite news|author1=Taylor, Matthew|author2=Arthur, Charles|title=Climate email hackers had access for more than a month|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/27/climate-email-hackers-access-month|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Guardian 27 Nov">{{cite news|author1=Taylor, Matthew|author2=Arthur, Charles|title=Climate email hackers had access for more than a month|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/27/climate-email-hackers-access-month|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 November 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Newsweek blog James Hanse 25 Nov">{{cite web |url=http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thehumancondition/archive/2009/11/25/james-hansen-climate-change-evidence-overwhelming-hacked-emails-indicate-poor-judgement.aspx |title=James Hansen: Climate Change Evidence 'Overwhelming,' Hacked E-mails 'Indicate Poor Judgement' - The Human Condition Blog - Newsweek.com |publisher=[[Newsweek]] |accessdate=2009-11-26 }}</ref>

<ref name="BBC 24 Nov">{{cite news|title=Queen's speech debate: climate change|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/house_of_commons/newsid_8370000/8370940.stm|date=24 November 2009|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>


<ref name="BBC 3 Dec">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8393449.stm Chair for climate e-mail review]", ''[[BBC News]]'', 3 December 2009, accessed 5 December.</ref>
<ref name="BBC 3 Dec">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8393449.stm Chair for climate e-mail review]", ''[[BBC News]]'', 3 December 2009, accessed 5 December.</ref>

<ref name="UEA 23 Nov">{{cite web|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/2009/nov/CRU-update|title=Climatic Research Unit update - 17.45 November 23|publisher=[[University of East Anglia]] – Communications Office|date=23 November 2009|accessdate=2009-12-05|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lnKwmBZL|archivedate= 2009-12-05}}{{Dead link|date=January 2010}}</ref>


<ref name="UEA 01 Dec">{{cite web |url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/2009/nov/CRUupdate |title=CRU Update 1 December |publisher=[[University of East Anglia]] – Communications Office |date=1 December 2009 |accessdate=2009-12-05 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lnKYt5cA |archivedate= 2009-12-05}}</ref>
<ref name="UEA 01 Dec">{{cite web |url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/2009/nov/CRUupdate |title=CRU Update 1 December |publisher=[[University of East Anglia]] – Communications Office |date=1 December 2009 |accessdate=2009-12-05 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lnKYt5cA |archivedate= 2009-12-05}}</ref>

<ref name="AMS clarification">{{cite web|title=Impact of CRU Hacking on the AMS Statement on Climate Change|url=http://www.ametsoc.org/policy/climatechangeclarify.html|publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=25 November 2009|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lnFDGhdZ|archivedate=2009-12-05}}</ref>


<ref name="Monbiot 11-25">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/nov/25/monbiot-climate-leak-crisis-response Pretending the climate email leak isn't a crisis won't make it go away], by George Monbiot, [[The Guardian]], 25 November 2009</ref>
<ref name="Monbiot 11-25">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/nov/25/monbiot-climate-leak-crisis-response Pretending the climate email leak isn't a crisis won't make it go away], by George Monbiot, [[The Guardian]], 25 November 2009</ref>
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<ref name="Guardian 23 Nov">Hickman, Leo, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/23/climate-sceptics-bob-ward-nigel-lawson "Climate change champion and sceptic both call for inquiry into leaked emails"], November 23, 2009, ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved November 25, 2009.</ref>
<ref name="Guardian 23 Nov">Hickman, Leo, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/nov/23/climate-sceptics-bob-ward-nigel-lawson "Climate change champion and sceptic both call for inquiry into leaked emails"], November 23, 2009, ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved November 25, 2009.</ref>

<ref name="Telegraph 23 Nov">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/globalwarming/6636563/University-of-East-Anglia-emails-the-most-contentious-quotes.html|title=University of East Anglia emails: the most contentious quotes|date=23 November 2009|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=25 November 2009}}</ref>
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| title = Hacked climate e-mails awkward, not game changer
| last = Gardner
| first = Timothy
| agency = [[Reuters]]
| date = 2009-11-23
| accessdate = 2009-11-26
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| quote = Already dubbed "Climategate," e-mails
}}</ref>
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<ref name="Climate Research Editorial">[http://www.int-res.com/articles/misc/CREditorial.pdf Climate Research: an article unleashed worldwide storms]</ref>

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<ref name="NYT 02 Dec">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/02/science/earth/02scientist.html?_r=1&ref=earth | title=Climatologist Leaves Post in Inquiry Over E-Mail Leaks | author=John M. Broder |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=December 1, 2009 | accessdate=2009-12-06 }}</ref>
<ref name="NYT 02 Dec">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/02/science/earth/02scientist.html?_r=1&ref=earth | title=Climatologist Leaves Post in Inquiry Over E-Mail Leaks | author=John M. Broder |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=December 1, 2009 | accessdate=2009-12-06 }}</ref>
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<ref name="timesonline20091206">{{cite news|title=Climategate controversy has echoes of Watergate, UN says|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/copenhagen/article6946281.ece|last=Webster|first=Ben|date=2009-12-06|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>
<ref name="timesonline20091206">{{cite news|title=Climategate controversy has echoes of Watergate, UN says|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/copenhagen/article6946281.ece|last=Webster|first=Ben|date=2009-12-06|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="inquirer_20091203">[[Philadelphia Inquirer]], December 3, 2009: [http://www.philly.com/inquirer/world_us/78395917.html Penn State professor: Research is sound], last accessed 20091207</ref>

<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web | url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2009/1204climate_statement.shtml | title=AAAS Reaffirms Statements on Climate Change and Integrity | publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] | accessdate=2009-12-08 | date=2009-12-04}}</ref>

<ref name="IPCC RKP">{{cite web|title=IPCC Chairman statement on news reports regarding hacking of the East Anglia University email communications|work=[[IPCC]]|date=2009-12-04|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/presentations/rkp-statement-4dec09.pdf|accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>

<ref name="IPCC WGI">{{cite web|title=Statement by Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on stolen emails from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom |work=[[IPCC]]|date=2009-12-04|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/presentations/WGIstatement04122009.pdf|accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>


<ref name="NEN 1 Dec">{{cite news|last=Lowthorpe|first=Shaun|date=2009-12-01|title=Scotland Yard call in to probe climate data leak from UEA in Norwich|url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED01%20Dec%202009%2013%3A17%3A48%3A733|work=[[Norwich Evening News]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NEN 1 Dec">{{cite news|last=Lowthorpe|first=Shaun|date=2009-12-01|title=Scotland Yard call in to probe climate data leak from UEA in Norwich|url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED01%20Dec%202009%2013%3A17%3A48%3A733|work=[[Norwich Evening News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian 8 Dec">{{cite news|last=Ravillious|first=Kate|date=2009-12-08|title=Hacked email climate scientists receive death threats|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/08/hacked-climate-emails-death-threats|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>


<ref name="PI Dec 8">{{cite news|title=Penn State scientist at center of a storm|url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/78665162.html|last=Flam|first=Faye|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=2009-12-08|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mOvPIAez|archivedate=2009-12-30}}</ref>
<ref name="PI Dec 8">{{cite news|title=Penn State scientist at center of a storm|url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/78665162.html|last=Flam|first=Faye|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=2009-12-08|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mOvPIAez|archivedate=2009-12-30}}</ref>

<ref name="Mail Dec 2">{{cite news|title=Professor in climate change scandal helps police with enquiries while researchers call for him to be banned|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1232722/Professor-climate-change-scandal-helps-police-enquiries-researchers-banned.html|last=McCrae|first=Fiona|work=[[The Daily Mail]]|date=2009-12-02}}</ref>

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<ref name="Revkin Nov 22">{{cite news|title=Your Dot: On Science and ‘Cyber-Terrorism’|url=http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/your-dot-on-science-and-cyber-terrorism/|last=Revkin|first=Andrew|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2009-11-22}}</ref>
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<ref name="Reuters Dec 8">{{cite news|title=Human role in climate change not in doubt: U.N.'s Ban|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5B735X20091208|last=Staff|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=2009-12-08}}</ref>

<ref name="ABC O'Neill Dec 9">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/12/09/2766874.htm?site=thedrum|title=The ugly side of climate politics|last=O'Neill|first=Margot|work=The Drum|publisher=ABC|date=2009-12-08}}</ref>

<ref name="ABC Collins Dec 9">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/12/09/2766508.htm|title=Climate scientist receives death threats|last=Collins|first=Antonette|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2009-12-08}}</ref>

<ref name="Time 7 Dec">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1946082,00.html |title=The Stolen E-Mails: Has 'Climategate' Been Overblown?|work=[[Time Magazine]] |last=Walsh |first=Bryan |date=2009-12-07 |accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>

<ref name="UEA 24 Nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/2009/nov/CRUupdate |title=CRU update 2 |publisher=University of East Anglia |date=2009-11-24 |accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>


<ref name="Age Dec 10">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/no-coverup-inquiry-climate-chief-20091209-kk2g.html|title=No cover-up inquiry, climate chief|last=Wilkinson|first=Marian|work=[[The Age]]|date=2009-12-10 |accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Age Dec 10">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/no-coverup-inquiry-climate-chief-20091209-kk2g.html|title=No cover-up inquiry, climate chief|last=Wilkinson|first=Marian|work=[[The Age]]|date=2009-12-10 |accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref>

<ref name="Times Webster Dec 9">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6951029.ece|title=Top scientists rally to the defence of the Met Office|last=Webster|first=Ben|work=[[The Times]]|date=2009-12-09 |accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref>

<ref name="Times statement Dec 9">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6950783.ece|title=Statement from the UK science community|work=[[The Times]]|date=2009-12-09 |accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref>

<ref name="Revkin Nov 22">{{cite news|title=Your Dot: On Science and ‘Cyber-Terrorism’|url=http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/your-dot-on-science-and-cyber-terrorism/|last=Revkin|first=Andrew|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2009-11-22}}</ref>

<ref name="timesonline 6948008">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article6948008.ece |title=Climate change e-mails have been quoted totally out of context |publisher=[[The Times]] |date=2009-12-08 |accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>

<ref name="WMO 1999">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/wcp/wcdmp/statemnt/wmo913.pdf |title=WMO statement on the status of global climate in 1999 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization|accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian 4 Jan">{{cite news|title=Climate change has no time for delay or denial|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/cif-green/2010/jan/04/climate-change-delay-denial|last=Pachauri|first=Rajendra|publisher=The Guardian|date=2010-01-04|accessdate=2010-01-06}}</ref>

<ref name="BW 02 Dec">{{cite web| url=http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20091202005057&newsLang=en|title=Big Drop in Those Who Believe That Global Warming Is Coming|publisher=Business Wire}}</ref>

<ref name="NaPo 06 Jan">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalpost.com/opinion/columnists/story.html?id=e06924ca-91e0-4a18-8165-126656414605&p=2|title=The cool down in climate polls|publisher=National Post}}</ref>

<ref name="Angus 15 Dec">{{cite web|url=http://www.visioncritical.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/2009.12.15_Climate_CAN.pdf|title=Climategate Does Not Alter How Canadians Perceive Global Warming|publisher=Angus Reid}}</ref>

<ref name="wsj_2009-11-24">{{Cite news
| title = Climate Science and Candor
| newspaper = The Wall Street Journal
| pages = 1
| publisher = [[Dow Jones & Company]]
| date = 2009-11-24
| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704779704574553652849094482.html
| accessdate = 10 December 2009
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5m3AzrwzS
| archivedate = 2009-12-15
| quote = Editor's note: The following are emails we've selected from more than 3,000 emails and documents that were hacked last week from computers at the University of East Anglia's Climate Research Unit in the United Kingdom.
}}</ref>

<ref name="msnbc_2009-12-03">{{cite web
| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34257159/ns/us_news-environment/
| title = University in climate flap details inquiry reach – Outside reviewer named, will eye e-mails for data 'manipulation'
| publisher = [[MSNBC]]
| date = 2009-12-03
| accessdate = 2009-12-10
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5m3AamBR3
| archivedate = 2009-12-15
| quote =
}}</ref>

<ref name= "NZ Herald 28 Nov">{{cite web
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/climate-change/news/article.cfm?c_id=26&objectid=10612165&pnum=0
| title = A climate scandal, or is it just hot air?
| last = Gibson
| first = Eloise
| publisher = [[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 2009-11-28
| accessdate = 2009-12-08
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5m33TOj7p
| archivedate = 2009-12-15
| quote =
}}</ref>

<ref name="popularmech_2009-12-01">{{cite web
| url = http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/earth/4338343.html?do=print
| title = What East Anglia's E-mails Really Tell Us About Climate Change
| last = Kelemen
| first = Peter
| publisher = [[Popular Mechanics]]
| date = 2009-12-01
| accessdate = 2009-12-08
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5m33oK4QO
| archivedate = 2009-12-15
| quote =
}}</ref>

<ref name="wsj_2009-12-03">{{cite web
| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703939404574567921682049840.html
| title = The Real Copenhagen Option
| publisher = [[Wall Street Journal]]
| date = 2009-12-03
| accessdate = 2009-12-08
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5m37SsdqB
| archivedate = 2009-12-15
| quote =
}}</ref>

<ref name="bbc_2009-12-03_russel">{{Cite news
| title = Chair for climate e-mail review
| newspaper = [[BBC News]]
| pages = 1
| date = 2009-12-03
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8393449.stm
| accessdate = 2009-12-10
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5m37cXbig
| archivedate = 2009-12-15
| quote =
}}</ref>

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<ref name="dailymail_2009-12-13_dr">{{cite web
| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1235395/SPECIAL-INVESTIGATION-Climate-change-emails-row-deepens--Russians-admit-DID-send-them.html
| title = SPECIAL INVESTIGATION: Climate change emails row deepens as Russians admit they DID come from their Siberian server
| last = Rose
| first = David
| publisher = [[Daily Mail]]
| date = 2009-12-13
| accessdate = 2009-12-20
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5m9JSuhUw
| archivedate = 2009-12-20
| quote =
}}</ref>
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<ref name="Creators 22 Dec">{{cite web
| title = The "Science" Mantra
| last = Sowell
| first = Thomas
| Publisher = [[Creators Syndicate]]
| date = 2009-12-22
| accessdate = 2009-12-22
| archiveurl = http://www.creators.com/conservative/thomas-sowell/the-science-mantra.html
| archivedate = 2009-12-22
| quote =
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<ref name="ap_2009-12-12">{{cite web
<ref name="ap_2009-12-12">{{cite web
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}}</ref>
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<ref name="fc_2009-12-10">{{cite web
| url = http://factcheck.org/2009/12/climategate/
| title = “Climategate”
| publisher = [[FactCheck.org]]
| date = 2009-12-10
| accessdate = 2009-12-29
}}</ref>
-->

<ref name="McCarthy">{{cite news|title=Climate change conspiracies: Stolen emails used to ridicule global warming|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/climate-change-conspiracies-stolen-emails-used-to-ridicule-global-warming-1835031.html|work=The Independent|author1=McCarthy, Michael|author2=Owen, Jonathan|date=2009-12-06}}</ref>

<ref name="fc_2009-12-10">{{cite web
| url = http://factcheck.org/2009/12/climategate/
| title = “Climategate”
| publisher = [[FactCheck.org]]
| date = 2009-12-10, corrected 2009-12-22
| accessdate =2010-01-04
}}</ref>

<ref name="YLETV1">[http://ohjelmat.yle.fi/mot/arkisto/mot_ilmastogate/transcript_english Transcript of "Climategate" documentary], [[YLE TV1]] Finland, first broadcast Dec. 7th, 2009. "He [McIntyre] objected to hiding the decline in one of his comments."</ref>

<ref name="2009-12-07_Campbell_Brown_CNN_Transcript">{{cite web
| url = http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0912/07/ec.01.html
| title = CAMPBELL BROWN Global Warming: Trick or Truth?
| last = Brown
| first = Campbell
| publisher = [[CNN]]
| date = 2009-12-07
| accessdate = 2010-01-06
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5maYuzS8S
| archivedate = 2010-01-06
| quote = STEPHEN MCINTYRE, EDITOR, CLIMATE AUDIT: Sure they are. In discussion of the trick, let's be quite frank about it -- it was a trick. The tree ring records went down in the late part of the 20th century. Instead of disclosing that in the 2001 IPCC report, they did -- they didn't show the decline. […] In another document, the 1999 World Meteorological Report -- that is the subject of the e-mail in question -- they simply substituted temperature information for the tree ring information to show the record going up when it went down. There's nothing mathematically sophisticated about that.
}}</ref>

<ref name="RegaloHack">[http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/11/in-climate-hack.html In Climate Hack Story, Could Talk of Cover-Up Be as Serious as Crime?] by Antoniao Regalado, ''Science Insider,'' November 23, 2009</ref>

<ref name="Monbiot-Guardian">George Monbiot [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/nov/25/monbiot-climate-leak-crisis-response Pretending the climate email leak isn't a crisis won't make it go away] guardian.co.uk 25 November 2009. "If you take the wording literally, in one case he appears to be suggesting that emails subject to a request be deleted, which means that he seems to be advocating potentially criminal activity. Even if no other message had been hacked, this would be sufficient to ensure his resignation as head of the unit."</ref>

<ref name="RegaloUp">[http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/11/climate-hack-up.html Climate Hack Scandal Update] by Antoniao Regalado, ''Science Insider,'' 11/26/2009</ref>

<ref name="Trenberth-NCAR">http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/Trenberth/statement.html</ref>


<ref name="newsnight-code">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8395514.stm|title=CRU's programming 'below commercial standards'|publisher=[[BBC Newsnight]]}}</ref>
<ref name="newsnight-code">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8395514.stm|title=CRU's programming 'below commercial standards'|publisher=[[BBC Newsnight]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SMH-12-04">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-email-mess-hits-australia-20091204-kb39.html|title=Climate email mess hits Australia|publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

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<ref name="WashTimes1127">{{cite web|title=The global-cooling cover-up|url=http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/nov/27/the-global-cooling-cover-up/?feat=home_editorials|publisher=[[Washington Times]]}}</ref>
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<ref name="computerworld">{{cite web|title=Data-leak lessons learned from the 'Climategate' hack|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9141481/Data_leak_lessons_learned_from_the_Climategate_hack?taxonomyId=|publisher=[[Network World]]}}</ref>
<ref name="computerworld">{{cite web|title=Data-leak lessons learned from the 'Climategate' hack|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9141481/Data_leak_lessons_learned_from_the_Climategate_hack?taxonomyId=|publisher=[[Network World]]}}</ref>


<ref name="Myles Allen, guardian">{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/dec/11/science-climate-change-phil-jones |title=Science forgotten in climate emails fuss &#124; Comment is free |author=Myles Allen |authorlink=Myles Allen |date=11 December 2009 |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Myles Allen, guardian">{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/dec/11/science-climate-change-phil-jones |title=Science forgotten in climate emails fuss &#124; Comment is free |author=Myles Allen |authorlink=Myles Allen |date=11 December 2009 |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref>

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<ref name="McCullagh2">[http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/11/24/taking_liberties/entry5761180.shtml Congress May Probe Leaked Global Warming E-Mails] by [[Declan McCullagh]], November 24, 2009</ref>
-->


<ref name="times online 05 Dec 09">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6945445.ece "Met Office to re-examine 160 years of climate data"], ''[[The Times]]'', 5 December 2009, accessed t December 2009.</ref>
<ref name="times online 05 Dec 09">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6945445.ece "Met Office to re-examine 160 years of climate data"], ''[[The Times]]'', 5 December 2009, accessed t December 2009.</ref>
Line 617: Line 175:


<ref name="CNN 6 Dec">[http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/12/05/climate.data.met.office/ "UK Met Office to publish climate record"], [[CNN]], 6 December 2009, accessed 6 December 2009.</ref>
<ref name="CNN 6 Dec">[http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/12/05/climate.data.met.office/ "UK Met Office to publish climate record"], [[CNN]], 6 December 2009, accessed 6 December 2009.</ref>

<ref name="Bailey">Bailey, Ronald. [http://reason.com/archives/2009/12/01/the-scientific-tragedy-of-clim The Scientific Tragedy of Climategate] ''Reason''. 1 December 2009. "Pennsylvania State University has announced that it will investigate the activities of researcher Michael Mann, who worked closely with the CRU and several times expressed in the leaked emails his desire to stifle the scientific work of researchers with whom he disagreed."</ref>

<ref name="PajamasMedia-PielkeSr">{{cite news|url=http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/pielke-sr-climategate-emails-just-a-small-sample-of-a-broad-issue-pjm-exclusive/|title=Pielke Sr.: Climategate Emails Just a Small Sample of a Broad Issue|last=Pielke, Sr.|first=Roger|date=December 2, 2009|publisher=[[Pajamas Media]]|accessdate=22 December 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Michales">"Hacked climate e-mails awkward, not game changer" [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AM4AH20091123 Reuters.com], ''[[Reuters]]'', 23 November 2009, accessed 7 December 2009.</ref>

<ref name="AGU-position">[http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/positions/climate_change2008.shtml Agu.org]</ref>

<ref name="AGU-hack">[http://www.agu.org/news/archives/2009-12-08_hacked-emails-climate-researchshtml.shtml Agu.org]</ref>

<ref name="asiaone_20091208">AsiaOne News, December 8, 2009 [http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/World/Story/A1Story20091208-184594.html Climate-gate global warming doubts 'silly': White House], last accessed 20091208</ref>

<ref name="freesoftware">{{cite web|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/open_science_climategate_ipcc_cru_needs_take_leaf_out_cerns_book|title=Open Science and climategate: The IPCC/CRU needs to take a leaf out of CERN's Book|publisher=Free Software Magazine}}</ref>

<ref name="2010-01-05_PatrickGoldstein_LATimes">{{cite web
| url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-bigpicture5-2010jan05,0,5932910.story
| title = 'Avatar' arouses conservatives' ire Conservatives are blind to the 3-D blockbuster's charms.
| last = Goldstein
| first = Patrick
| authorlink = Patrick Goldstein
| publisher = [[LA Times]]
| date = 2010-01-05
| accessdate = 2010-01-06
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5maTnRt8E
| archivedate = 2010-01-06
| quote = and scientists who allegedly suppressed climate change data that called into question their claims about global warming (a flap the WSJ dubbed "Climategate")
}}</ref>

<ref name="2009-10-29_ChristopherBooker_DailyTelegraph">{{cite web
| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherbooker/6679082/Climate-change-this-is-the-worst-scientific-scandal-of-our-generation.html
| title = Climate change: this is the worst scientific scandal of our generation
| last = Booker
| first = Christopher
| authorlink = Christopher Booker
| publisher = [[Daily Telegraph]]
| date = 2009-10-29
| accessdate = 2010-01-06
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5maVpVRvg
| archivedate = 2010-01-06
| quote = A week after my colleague James Delingpole , on his Telegraph blog, [http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100017393/climategate-the-final-nail-in-the-coffin-of-anthropogenic-global-warming/ coined the term "Climategate"] to describe the scandal revealed by the leaked emails
}}</ref>

<ref name="WaTimes Dec 28">{{cite web|title=Biased reporting on Climategate|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/28/biased-reporting-on-climategate/|publisher=[[Washington Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="2009-11-29_Telegraph_JamesDelingpole">{{cite web
| url = http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100018246/climategate-how-the-greatest-scientific-scandal-of-our-generation-got-its-name/
| title = Climategate: how the 'greatest scientific scandal of our generation' got its name
| last = Delingpole
| first = James
| authorlink = James Delingpole
| publisher = [[Daily Telegraph]]
| date = 2009-11-29
| accessdate = 2010-01-07
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mc2UWuHV
| archivedate = 2010-01-07
| quote = The person who really coined it was a commenter called “Bulldust” on the Watts Up With That site. He wrote: Hmmm how long before this is dubbed ClimateGate?
}}</ref>

<ref name="2009-11-19_wattsupwiththat_AnthonyWatts">{{cite web
| url = http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/11/19/breaking-news-story-hadley-cru-has-apparently-been-hacked-hundreds-of-files-released/#comment-227351
| title = Breaking News Story: CRU has apparently been hacked – hundreds of files released
| last = Watts
| first = Anthony
| authorlink = Anthony Watts (blogger)
| publisher = Watts Up With That?
| date = 2009-11-19
| accessdate = 2010-01-07
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mc2bEhw1
| archivedate = 2010-01-07
| quote = Bulldust (15:52:36) : Hmmm how long before this is dubbed ClimateGate?
}}</ref>


<ref name="NEN 11 Jan">{{cite news|last=Greaves|first=Tara|title=Extremism fears surround Norwich email theft|url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED09%20Jan%202010%2010%3A40%3A22%3A830|work=Norwich Evening News|date=2010-01-11}}</ref>
<ref name="NEN 11 Jan">{{cite news|last=Greaves|first=Tara|title=Extremism fears surround Norwich email theft|url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED09%20Jan%202010%2010%3A40%3A22%3A830|work=Norwich Evening News|date=2010-01-11}}</ref>


<ref name="BBC 11 Jan">{{cite news|title=Police extremist unit helps climate change e-mail probe|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/8453117.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=2010-01-11}}</ref>
<ref name="BBC 11 Jan">{{cite news|title=Police extremist unit helps climate change e-mail probe|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/8453117.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=2010-01-11}}</ref>

<ref name="storchlet8Jan2010">{{cite doi|10.1038/463025a}}</ref>

<ref name="Nature_2009-12-03">{{cite doi|10.1038/462545a}}</ref>


<ref name="EDP 2010-01-28">{{cite news|last=Greaves|first=Tara|title=UEA 'gravely concerned' over data findings request|url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/content/edp24/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=xDefault&itemid=NOED28%20Jan%202010%2020%3A26%3A28%3A433|date=2010-01-28|accessdate=2010-01-29|work=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref>
<ref name="EDP 2010-01-28">{{cite news|last=Greaves|first=Tara|title=UEA 'gravely concerned' over data findings request|url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/content/edp24/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=xDefault&itemid=NOED28%20Jan%202010%2020%3A26%3A28%3A433|date=2010-01-28|accessdate=2010-01-29|work=Eastern Daily Press}}</ref>
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<ref name="Independent 1 Feb">{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Steve|title=Climate emails hacked by spies|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/climate-emails-hacked-by-spies-1885147.html|date=2010-02-01|accessdate=2010-02-01|work=The Independent}}</ref>
<ref name="Independent 1 Feb">{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Steve|title=Climate emails hacked by spies|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/climate-emails-hacked-by-spies-1885147.html|date=2010-02-01|accessdate=2010-02-01|work=The Independent}}</ref>


<ref name="PSU_Findings">[http://www.research.psu.edu/orp/Findings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf RA-10 Inquiry Report: Concerning the Allegations of Research Misconduct Against Dr. Michael E. Mann, Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University]</ref>
}}<!-- end of reflist -->
}}<!-- end of reflist -->


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Climatic Research Unit E-Mail Hacking Incident}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Climatic Research Unit E-Mail Hacking Incident}}
[[Category:Climate change assessment and attribution]]
[[:Category:Climate change assessment and attribution]]
[[Category:Environmental controversies]]
[[:Category:Environmental controversies]]
[[Category:Global warming]]
[[:Category:Global warming]]
[[Category:Environmental skepticism]]
[[:Category:Environmental skepticism]]
[[Category:Ethics of science and technology]]
[[:Category:Ethics of science and technology]]
[[Category:Hacking (computer security)]]
[[:Category:Hacking (computer security)]]
[[Category:2009 in science]]
[[:Category:2009 in science]]
[[Category:2009 in England]]
[[:Category:2009 in England]]




Revision as of 19:44, 3 February 2010

The Hubert Lamb Building, University of East Anglia, where the Climatic Research Unit is based

The Climatic Research Unit hacking incident came to light in November 2009 when it was discovered that thousands of e-mails and other documents had been obtained through the hacking of a server used by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich, England. The subsequent dissemination of the material caused a controversy, dubbed "Climategate", regarding whether or not the e-mails indicated misconduct by climate scientists. The University of East Anglia described the incident as an illegal taking of data. The police are conducting a criminal investigation of the server breach and subsequent personal threats made against some of the scientists mentioned in the e-mails.

The Information Commissioner's Office stated that the UEA had breached the Freedom of Information Act by refusing to comply with requests for data, but as sanctions had to be imposed within six months of the offence it was too late to impose them.

The University of East Anglia has announced that an independent review of the allegations will be carried out by Sir Muir Russell and that the CRU's director, Professor Phil Jones, would stand aside from his post during the review.

Timeline

The incident began when a person or persons unknown accessed a server used by the Climatic Research Unit and copied 160 MB of data[1] containing more than 1,000 e-mails and 3,000 other documents.[2] The University of East Anglia stated that the server from which the data were taken was not one that could easily have been accessed and the data could not have been released inadvertently.[3] It is not known when the breach occurred.

The breach was first discovered on 17 November 2009 after the server of the RealClimate website was hacked and a copy of the stolen data was uploaded.[4] According to Gavin Schmidt of RealClimate, "At around 6.20am (EST) Nov 17th, somebody hacked into the RC server from an IP address associated with a computer somewhere in Turkey, disabled access from the legitimate users, and uploaded a file FOIA.zip to our server."[5] A link to the file on the RealClimate server was posted from a Russian IP address to the Climate Audit blog at 7.24 am (EST i.e. at 2009-11-17 12:24Z) with the comment "A miracle just happened".[6] Schmidt discovered the hack minutes after it occurred. He temporarily shut down the website and deleted the uploaded file.[7] RealClimate reported that they had notified the University of East Anglia of the incident.[8]

On 19 November an archive file containing the data was uploaded to a server in Tomsk,[9] Russia before being copied to numerous locations across the Internet.[1] An anonymous post from a Saudi Arabian IP address[10] to the climate-sceptic blog The Air Vent,[4] described the material as "a random selection of correspondence, code, and documents" and defended the hacking on the grounds that climate science is "too important to be kept under wraps".[11]

The Norfolk police subsequently confirmed that they were "investigating criminal offences in relation to a data breach at the University of East Anglia" with the assistance of the Metropolitan Police's Central e-Crime unit,[9] the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) and the National Domestic Extremism Team (NDET).[12] Commenting on the involvement of the NDET, a spokesman said: "At present we have two police officers assisting Norfolk with their investigation, and we have also provided computer forensic expertise. While this is not strictly a domestic extremism matter, as a national police unit we had the expertise and resource to assist with this investigation, as well as good background knowledge of climate change issues in relation to criminal investigations." However, the police cautioned that "major investigations of this nature are of necessity very detailed and as a consequence can take time to reach a conclusion."[13]

On 27 January 2010, the ICO released a statement finding that UEA had breached the Section 77 of the Freedom of Information Act by refusing to comply with requests for data, but said no legal action could be taken against the university because the six-month limit for prosecution set by the Act had expired.[14][15][16][17]

Content of the documents

The material comprised more than 1,000 e-mails, 2,000 documents, as well as commented source code, pertaining to climate change research covering a period from 1996 until 2009.[18] Some of the e-mails which have been widely publicised included discussions of how to combat the arguments of climate change sceptics, unflattering comments about sceptics, queries from journalists, and drafts of scientific papers.[4] There have been assertions that these discussions indicated efforts to shut out dissenters and their points of view,[19] and included discussions about destroying files in order to prevent them from being revealed under the UK Freedom of Information Act 2000.[20] A review by the Associated Press of all the e-mails found that they did not support claims of faking of science, but did show disdain for sceptical critics. Scientists had discussed avoiding sharing information with critics, but the documents showed no evidence that any data was destroyed. Researchers also discussed in e-mails how information they had released on request was used by critics to make personal attacks on researchers.[21] In an interview with The Guardian, Phil Jones said "Some of the emails probably had poorly chosen words and were sent in the heat of the moment, when I was frustrated. I do regret sending some of them. We've not deleted any emails or data here at CRU." He confirmed that the e-mails that had sparked the most controversy appeared to be genuine.[22]

The quality of some of the source code included in the documents has been criticised,[23] and an associated README file has been interpreted as suggesting that some data was simply made up.[24] Myles Allen of the Climate Dynamics group at Oxford has said that the code under discussion is not that used in actual climate reconstructions, which is maintained elsewhere.[25]

E-mails

Most of the e-mails concerned technical and mundane aspects of climate research, such as data analysis and details of scientific conferences. The controversy has focused on a small number of e-mails, particularly those sent to or from climatologists Phil Jones, the head of the CRU, and Michael E. Mann of Pennsylvania State University (PSU), one of the originators of the graph of temperature trends dubbed the "hockey stick graph".[26]

Officials from the Information Commissioner's Office have stated that the e-mails show that in one specific case requests under the Freedom of Information Act were "not dealt with as they should have been," and the rules were breached by withholding requested information. The UEA's vice chancellor, Edward Acton, said that the ICO's opinion was of "grave concern" to the university.[27]

The identity of the hackers

Gavin Schmidt, co-founder and editor of RealClimate, stated that the hacking operation against RealClimate required considerable skill and knowledge that an opportunistic hacker would not have had. He said that the hackers had penetrated deep into the website's database software and it required several attempts before the operation could be disabled. Schmidt stated, "That requires some kind of monitoring-tool set-up and required them to have more access than you would get by simply logging into the blog."[28] Steve Connor, Science Editor for The Independent, called for an investigation to find the perpetrators.[29]

Calls for inquiries

In the United Kingdom and United States, there were calls for official inquiries into issues raised by the documents. Lord Lawson, a prominent British Conservative politician and founder of the Global Warming Policy Foundation said, "The integrity of the scientific evidence... has been called into question. And the reputation of British science has been seriously tarnished. A high-level independent inquiry must be set up without delay".[30] United States Senator Jim Inhofe also planned to demand an inquiry.[31]

University of East Anglia response

The University of East Anglia was notified of the possible security breach on 17 November, but when the story was published in the press on 20 November they had no statement ready.[32] On 24 November, Trevor Davies, the University of East Anglia pro-vice-chancellor with responsibility for research, rejected calls for Jones' resignation or firing: "We see no reason for Professor Jones to resign and, indeed, we would not accept his resignation. He is a valued and important scientist." The university announced it would conduct an independent review to "address the issue of data security, an assessment of how we responded to a deluge of Freedom of Information requests, and any other relevant issues which the independent reviewer advises should be addressed".[22]

The university announced on 1 December that Phil Jones was to stand aside as director of the Unit until the completion of an independent review.[33][34] Two days later, the university announced that Sir Muir Russell would chair the review, and would "examine e-mail exchanges to determine whether there is evidence of suppression or manipulation of data" as well as review CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice". In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also 'make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds".[35]

Met Office response

On November 23, a spokesman for the Met Office, a UK agency which works with the CRU in providing global-temperature information, said there was no need for an inquiry. "The bottom line is that temperatures continue to rise and humans are responsible for it. We have every confidence in the science and the various datasets we use. The peer-review process is as robust as it could possibly be."[30]

On December 5, however, concerned that public confidence in the science had been damaged by leaked e-mails, the Met Office indicated their intention to re-examine 160 years of temperature data,[36] as well as to release temperature records for over 1000 worldwide weather stations online.[37][38] The Met Office remained confident that its analysis will be shown to be correct[36] and that the data would show a temperature rise over the past 150 years.[37][39]

Parliamentary response

On January 22, 2010, the Science and Technology Committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom announced it would conduct an inquiry into the incident, examining the implications of the disclosure for the integrity of scientific research, reviewing the scope of the independent Muir review announced by the UEA, and reviewing the independence of international climate data sets. The Committee plans to hold an oral evidence session in March 2010.[40]

Other responses

Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC that he considered the affair to be "a serious issue and we will look into it in detail."[41] He later clarified that the IPCC would review the incident to identify lessons to be learned, and he rejected suggestions that the IPCC itself should carry out an investigation. The only investigations being carried out were those of the University of East Anglia and the British police.[42]

Pennsylvania State University announced it would review the work of Michael Mann, in particular looking at anything that had not already been addressed in an earlier National Academy of Sciences review which had found some faults with his methodology but agreed with the results.[43][44][45] In response, Mann said he would welcome the review.[45] As a result of the inquiry, the investigatory committee determined there was no credible evidence Mann suppressed or falsified data, destroyed email, information and/or data related to AR4, or misused privileged or confidential information. However, the committee was unsure if Mann operated within the accepted practices within the academic community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research or other scholarly activities, and a such, referred that charge to an investigatory committee of faculty members.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Climate sceptics claim leaked emails are evidence of collusion among scientists". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-11-24. Cite error: The named reference "Guardian 20 Nov" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (21 November 2009). "Hackers steal electronic data from top climate research center". The Washington Post.
  3. ^ Lowthorpe, Shaun (2009-12-01). "Scotland Yard call in to probe climate data leak from UEA in Norwich". Norwich Evening News.
  4. ^ a b c Revkin, Andrew C. (20 November 2009). "Hacked E-Mail Is New Fodder for Climate Dispute". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Schmidt, Gavin (23 November 2009). "The CRU hack: Context". RealClimate.
  6. ^ McIntyre, Steve (23 November 2009). ""A miracle just happened"". Climate Audit.
  7. ^ Taylor, Matthew; Arthur, Charles (27 November 2009). "Climate email hackers had access for more than a month". The Guardian.
  8. ^ "The CRU hack". RealClimate. 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  9. ^ a b Stewart, Will; Delgado, Martin (2009-12-06). "Emalis that rocked climate change campaign leaked from Siberian 'closed city' university built by KGB". Daily Mail.
  10. ^ Webster, Ben (2009-12-06). "Climategate controversy has echoes of Watergate, UN says". The Times.
  11. ^ Webster, Ben (2009-11-21). "Sceptics publish climate e-mails 'stolen from East Anglia University'". The Times. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-01-06. An anonymous statement accompanying the e-mails said: "We feel that climate science is too important to be kept under wraps. We hereby release a random selection of correspondence, code, and documents. Hopefully it will give some insight into the science and the people behind it."
  12. ^ Greaves, Tara (2010-01-11). "Extremism fears surround Norwich email theft". Norwich Evening News.
  13. ^ "Police extremist unit helps climate change e-mail probe". BBC News. 2010-01-11.
  14. ^ Webster, Ben (2010-01-28). "Scientists in stolen e-mail scandal hid climate data". The Times of London. Retrieved 2010-02-02. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ "Climate e-mails row university 'breached data laws'". BBC News. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2010-01-28. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ "University in hacked climate change emails row broke FOI rules". The Guardian. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2010-01-28. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ "University scientists in climategate row hid data". The Daily Telegraph. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2010-01-28. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Gardner, Timothy (Mon Nov 23, 2009 4:07 pm EST). "Hacked climate e-mails awkward, not game changer". Green Business. Reuters. Retrieved 24 November 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Johnson, Keith (November 23, 2009). "Climate Emails Stoke Debate:Scientists' Leaked Correspondence Illustrates Bitter Feud over Global Warming". U.S. NEWS. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
  20. ^ Moore, Matthew (2009-11-24). "Climate change scientists face calls for public inquiry over data manipulation claims". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2010-01-08. said Lord Lawson, Margaret Thatcher's former chancellor who has reinvented himself as a critic of climate change science. "They were talking about destroying various files in order to prevent data being revealed under the Freedom of Information Act and they were trying to prevent other dissenting scientists from having their articles published in learned journals. "It may be that there's an innocent explanation for all this... but there needs to be a fundamental independent inquiry to get at the truth."
  21. ^ "Climategate: Science Not Faked, But Not Pretty". Associated Press. 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
  22. ^ a b Hickman, Leo, "and agencies", "Climate scientist at centre of leaked email row dismisses conspiracy claims", November 24, 2009, The Guardian. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  23. ^ "CRU's programming 'below commercial standards'". BBC Newsnight.
  24. ^ "Data-leak lessons learned from the 'Climategate' hack". Network World.
  25. ^ Myles Allen (11 December 2009). "Science forgotten in climate emails fuss | Comment is free". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  26. ^ Flam, Faye (2009-12-08). "Penn State scientist at center of a storm". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2009-12-30.
  27. ^ Greaves, Tara (2010-01-28). "UEA 'gravely concerned' over data findings request". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
  28. ^ Connor, Steve (2010-02-01). "Climate emails hacked by spies". The Independent. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  29. ^ The Indepedent (UK), 1 Feb. 2010, "We Should Know Who Leaked the Emails on Climate Change; Claims that Intelligence Services Were Involved Should Be Investigated" http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-we-should-know-who-leaked-the-emails-on-climate-change-1885182.html
  30. ^ a b Hickman, Leo, "Climate change champion and sceptic both call for inquiry into leaked emails", November 23, 2009, The Guardian. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  31. ^ Matt Dempsey (November 23, 2009). "Listen: Inhofe Says He Will Call for Investigation on "Climategate" on Washington Times Americas Morning Show". The Inhofe EPW Press Blog. U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Archived from the original on 2009-12-05. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
  32. ^ Pretending the climate email leak isn't a crisis won't make it go away, by George Monbiot, The Guardian, 25 November 2009
  33. ^ "CRU Update 1 December". University of East Anglia – Communications Office. 1 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-12-05. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
  34. ^ "Professor at centre of climate change email row stands down temporarily". The Daily Telegraph. 2009-12-01. Archived from the original on 2009-12-04. Retrieved 2009-12-01. Professor Phil Jones, the director of a research unit at the centre of a row over climate change data, has said he will stand down from the post while an independent review takes place.
  35. ^ "Chair for climate e-mail review", BBC News, 3 December 2009, accessed 5 December.
  36. ^ a b "Met Office to re-examine 160 years of climate data", The Times, 5 December 2009, accessed t December 2009.
  37. ^ a b David Batty and agencies, "Met Office to publish climate change data amid fraud claims", The Guardian, 5 December 2009, accessed 6 December 2009.
  38. ^ "Release of global-average temperature data", Met Office press release, accessed December 6, 2009.
  39. ^ "UK Met Office to publish climate record", CNN, 6 December 2009, accessed 6 December 2009.
  40. ^ "Science and Technology Committee Announcement: The Disclosure of Climate Data from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia". 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  41. ^ "UN body wants probe of climate e-mail row". BBC. 2009-12-04. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-01-06. Dr Pachauri told BBC Radio 4's The Report programme that the claims were serious and he wants them investigated. "We will certainly go into the whole lot and then we will take a position on it," he said. "We certainly don't want to brush anything under the carpet. This is a serious issue and we will look into it in detail. […] Saudi Arabia's lead climate negotiator has said the e-mail row will have a "huge impact" on next week's UN climate summit in Copenhagen. […] Mohammad Al-Sabban told BBC News that he expects it to derail the single biggest objective of the summit - to agree limitations on greenhouse gas emissions. […] "It appears from the details of the scandal that there is no relationship whatsoever between human activities and climate change," he told BBC News."
  42. ^ Wilkinson, Marian (2009-12-10). "No cover-up inquiry, climate chief". The Age. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  43. ^ John M. Broder (December 1, 2009). "Climatologist Leaves Post in Inquiry Over E-Mail Leaks". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  44. ^ "University Reviewing Recent Reports on Climate Information". College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-06. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  45. ^ a b Genaro C. Armas, Associated Press (December 3, 2009). "Penn St. prof. welcomes climate change scrutiny". Google. Archived from the original on 2009-12-06. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  46. ^ Cite error: The named reference PSU Findings was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "PSU_Findings" is not used in the content (see the help page).

External links

  • "The Great Climategate Debate". A video of a lecture held at the MIT School of Science on December 10, 2009. The moderator was Henry D. Jacoby (MIT). Speakers were Kerry Emanuel (MIT), Judith Layzer (MIT), Stephen Ansolabehere (MIT and Harvard), Ronald G. Prinn (MIT), and Richard Lindzen (MIT).


Category:Climate change assessment and attribution Category:Environmental controversies Category:Global warming Category:Environmental skepticism Category:Ethics of science and technology Category:Hacking (computer security) Category:2009 in science Category:2009 in England

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