Abkhaz phonology

Main article: Abkhaz language

Abkhaz is a language of the Northwest Caucasian family which, like the other Northwest Caucasian languages, is very rich in consonants. Abkhaz has a large consonantal inventory that contrasts 67 consonants in the literary Abzhywa dialect, coupled with just two phonemic vowels.

Abkhaz has three major dialects, Abzhywa, Bzyp and Sadz, which differ mainly in phonology.

Consonants

Below is the IPA phoneme chart of the consonant phonemes of Abkhaz:

		Labial	Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Alveolo- palatal		Retro- flex	Velar			Uvular					Pharyngeal
			plain	labial.	plain	labial.	plain	labial.		palatal.	plain	labial.	palatal.	plain	labial.	phar.	lab. + phar.	plain	labial.
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʷ						kʲ	k	kʷ
voiced	b	d	dʷ						ɡʲ	ɡ	ɡʷ
ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tʷʼ						kʲʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ	qʲʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s		t͡ʃ		t͡ɕ	t͡ɕʷ	ʈ͡ʂ
	voiced		d͡z		d͡ʒ		d͡ʑ	d͡ʑʷ	ɖ͡ʐ
	ejective		t͡sʼ		t͡ʃʼ		t͡ɕʼ	t͡ɕʷʼ	ʈ͡ʂʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		ʃ	ʃʷ	ɕ	ɕʷ	ʂ				χʲ	χ	χʷ	χˁ	χˁʷ	ħ	ħʷ
	voiced	v	z		ʒ	ʒʷ	ʑ	ʑʷ	ʐ				ʁʲ	ʁ	ʁʷ
Approximant			l				j	ɥ				w
Trill			r

Phonemes in green are found in the Bzyp and Sadz dialects of Abkhaz, but not in Abzhywa; phonemes in blue are unique to the Bzyp dialect. The total number of consonant phonemes in Abkhaz is, therefore, 58 in the Abzhywa dialect, 60 in the Sadz dialect, and 67 in Bzyp. The Sadz dialect also has distinctive consonant gemination; for example, Sadz Abkhaz contrasts /a.χʷa/ ashes vs. /a.χʷːa/ worm, where Abzhywa and Bzyp Abkhaz have only the one form /a.χʷa/ for both; it seems that many Sadz singletons reflect positions where a consonant has been dropped from the beginning of a cluster in the Proto-Northwest Caucasian form (compare Ubykh /tχʷa/ ashes). Some scholars (for instance, Chirikba 2003) prefer to count the Sadz consonant inventory at well over 100 (thus forming the largest consonant inventory in the Caucasus, outstripping Ubykh's 80-84) by treating the geminated consonants as a set in their own right. (Note, however, that this practice is not usual in counting the consonant inventory of a language.)

The Bzyp consonant inventory appears to have been the fundamental inventory of Proto-Abkhaz, with the inventories of Abzhywa and Sadz being reduced from this total, rather than the Bzyp series being innovative. Plain alveolopalatal affricates and fricatives have merged with their corresponding alveolars in Abzhywa and Sadz Abkhaz (compare Bzyp /a.t͡ɕʼa.ra/ to know vs. Abzhywa /a.t͡sʼa.ra/), and in Abzhywa the labialised alveolopalatal fricatives have merged with the corresponding postalveolars (compare Bzyp /a.ɕʷa.ra/ to measure vs. Abzhywa /a.ʃʷa.ra/).

The non-pharyngealised dorsal fricatives of Abkhaz may be realised as either velar or uvular depending upon the context in which they are found; here, they have been ranged with the uvulars. Also, while the labialised palatal approximant /ɥ/ is here placed with the approximants, it is actually the reflex of a labialised voiced pharyngeal fricative, preserved in Abaza, and a legacy of this phoneme's origin is a slight constriction of the pharynx for some speakers, resulting in the phonetic realisation [ɥˁ].

Vowels

Abkhaz has only two distinctive vowels: an open vowel /a/ and a close vowel /ɨ, ǝ/. These basic vowels have a wide range of allophones in different consonantal environments, with allophones [i] and [e] next to palatals, [u] and [o] next to labials, and [y] and [ø] next to labiopalatals. /a/ also has a long variant /aː/, which is the reflex of old sequences of */ʕa/ or */aʕ/, preserved in Abaza.

References

• Chirikba, V. A. (2003) Abkhaz in "Languages of the World/Materials 119". Lincom Europa.
• Hewitt, B. G. (1979) Abkhaz. Routledge: London.
• Vaux, B., and Z. Pəsiypa. (1997) The Tshwyzhy dialect of Abkhaz in "Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics 6".