List of wars involving Israel: Difference between revisions

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Since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel has fought seven recognized wars, two Palestinian Intifadas, and a series of armed conflicts in the broader Arab-Israeli conflict.

List of wars

Considered wars by the Israeli Ministry of Defense (as they were named by Israel):^[1]

Conflict	Years	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Israeli commanders			Losses on the Israeli side		Results
Conflict	Years	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Israeli Prime Minister	Defense Minister of Israel	Chief of Staff of the IDF	IDF forces	Civilians	Results
War of Independence	1948 - 1949	Israel	Egypt Anglo-Egyptian Sudan^[2]^[3]^[4] Syria Transjordan Lebanon Iraq Saudi Arabia Holy War Army Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Arab Liberation Army Muslim Brotherhood	David Ben-Gurion	David Ben-Gurion	Yaakov Dori	4,000 soldiers killed	2,373 civilians killed	Decisive Israeli victory Tactical and strategic Arab failure 1949 Armistice Agreements
Sinai War	1956	Israel UK France	Egypt Palestinian fedayeen	David Ben-Gurion	David Ben-Gurion	Moshe Dayan	177 soldiers killed 899 soldiers injured 4 soldiers captured	?	Israeli-Anglo-French coalition military victory Israeli occupation of Sinai (until 1957) Egyptian political victory United Nations cease-fire UNEF deployment in Sinai Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping
Six Day War	1967	Israel	Egypt Syria Jordan Arab Expeditionary Forces: Iraq Saudi Arabia Morocco Algeria Libya Kuwait Tunisia Sudan PLO	Levi Eshkol	Moshe Dayan	Yitzhak Rabin	779 soldiers killed 2593 soldiers injured 15 soldiers captured	?	Decisive Israeli victory Israel captured the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt Israel captured the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria
War of Attrition	1967 - 1970	Israel	Egypt USSR PLO Jordan Syria	Golda Meir		Haim Bar-Lev	594 soldiers killed 705 soldiers injured	Over 100 civilians killed Over 700 civilians injured	Both sides claimed victory Continued Israeli occupation of Sinai
Yom Kippur War	1973	Israel	Egypt Syria Arab Expeditionary Forces: Iraq Jordan Morocco Saudi Arabia Tunisia Libya Kuwait Algeria Sudan Lebanon Other Expeditionary Forces: Pakistan North Korea Cuba Supported by: USSR	Golda Meir		David Elazar	2,656 soldiers killed 7,251 soldiers injured 294 soldiers captured	?	Israeli tactical victory^[5] and a UN cease-fire after UNSCR 338, 339 and 340, leading to the Geneva Conference and the Sinai Interim Agreement. Political and strategic gains for Egypt and Israel See long-term effects
First Lebanon War	1982	Israel File:South Lebanon Army Patch.png SLA LF Phalange	PLO Syria LNRF Amal al-Mourabitoun ASALA PKK^[6]^[7]^[8]	Menachem Begin	Ariel Sharon	Rafael Eitan	657 soldiers killed About 4,000 soldiers injured	50 civilians killed	Israeli military victory PLO expulsion (1982) Destruction of Syrian SAM batteries in the Bekaa Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon (1982–1985) Israeli Security Zone and the SLA (1985–2000) South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) Syrian de facto occupation of Lebanon (1976–2005) Hezbollah presence in southern Lebanon (1980s–2006) and southern Beirut (1980s–present)
Second Lebanon War	2006	Israel	Hezbollah Amal SSNP LCP PFLP-GC	Ehud Olmert	Amir Peretz	Dan Halutz	121 soldiers killed 628 soldiers injured	44 civilians killed 2,000 civilians injured	Both sides claimed victory Ceasefire, provisioned by UNSC Resolution 1701 Hezbollah retired from Southern Lebanon

Other armed conflicts involving the IDF

Retribution operations (1950s - 1960s) - Military operations carried out by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1950s and 1960s. These actions were in response to constant fedayeen terror attacks during which the Palestinian militants infiltrated from Syria, Egypt and Jordan into Israel to carry out guerrilla attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers. The policy of the retribution operations was exceptional due to Israel's declared aim of getting a high 'blood cost' among the enemy side which was believed to be necessary in order to deter them from committing future attacks.

1978 South Lebanon conflict (March 1978) - The first Israeli large-scale invasion of Lebanon which was carried out by the Israel Defense Forces in order to expel PLO forces from the territory.

South Lebanon conflict (1982-2000) - Nearly 20 years of warfare between the Israel Defense Force and its Lebanese proxy militias with Lebanese muslim guerrilla, led by Iranian-backed Hezbollah, within what was defined by Israelis as the "Security Zone" in South Lebanon.

First Intifada (1987-1993) - First large-scale Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation in the Palestinian Territories.

Second Intifada (2000-2005) - Second Palestinian uprising, a period of intensified violence, which began in late September 2000.

Gaza War (December 2008 - January 2009) - Three-week armed conflict between Israel and Hamas during the winter of 2008–2009. In an escalation of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israel responded to ongoing rocket fire from the Gaza Strip with military force in an action titled "Operation Cast Lead". Israel opened the attack with a surprise air strike on December 27, 2008. Israel's stated aim was to stop such rocket fire from and the import of arms into Gaza. Israeli forces attacked military and civilian targets, police stations, and government buildings in the opening assault. Nearly 1400 Palestinians were killed and 13 Israelis. Israel declared an end to the conflict on January 18 and completed its withdrawal on January 21, 2009.

Characteristics of the wars

Each one of the wars has different characteristics, and there are wars similar to each other. Even so, there is place to compare them through examining the wars according to different categories:

A war "of choice" (as opposite to "war of no choice"): There is a controversy about the ability of Israel to avoid a specific war, started or not by Israel's enemies. The "First Lebanon War" is the first war which was considered to be a "war of choice", but after this term was coined, it became also easier to claim that "Operation Kadesh" is also included in this category. In both of the wars, the state of Israel had to deal with a difficult position which was created by its enemies, but there would always be the doubt, according to the data which was known before the war, and even more from the data of the wars' results, if the wars were a necessary step to the solution of these problems.

The extent of harm to the civilian population: the "Second Intifada" is more prominent than all of its predecessors in the extent of the injury caused to the civilian population. The strategy of the Palestinians in this war was to hurt the civilian population in Israel, and the majority of the Israeli victims in this war were civilian citizens. Also the Palestinian population was hurt, because the terrorists used to operate from within the population and use the Palestinian villages and towns as hideout places, therefore Israel's army attempts to locate them and stop them occasionally caused injury to innocent Palestinian civilians. Also during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, in which both parties tried to occupy civilian settlements, there was a considerable injury to the civilian population; several Jewish settlements were destroyed and their residents were expelled. A similar fate happened to four hundred Palestinian settlements which were destroyed. The fedayeen attacks during 1950s and 1960s were carried out against Israeli individuals and civilians inside Israel, while the retribution operations carried out by Israeli military forces also caused extent damages to Arab civilian communities in Jordan, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. During the course of the War of Attrition the Israeli army operated several times against civilian infrastructures in Egypt.

Territorial achievements: In the majority of the wars, Israel occupied extensive territories, some of which still remain in its possession until today, and some of which were returned after a short time or continuous time. The War of Attrition and the 2006 Lebanon War were the only wars in which Israel didn't have any territorial objectives (except of conserving the existing situation).

References

^ Israeli military decorations by campaign
^ Benny Morris (2008), 1948: A history of the first Arab-Israeli war. pg. 332
^ "The formation of Israel by The Ovi Team". Ovi Magazine. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^ "Lonely Israel". Gp Examiner. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
^
,References:
- Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
- Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Double Day and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
- Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
- Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
- Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2
- Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
- Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
^ In the Spotlight: PKK (A.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party
^ Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK
^ a secret relationship

[1] Israeli military decorations by campaign

[2] Benny Morris (2008), 1948: A history of the first Arab-Israeli war. pg. 332

[3] "The formation of Israel by The Ovi Team". Ovi Magazine. Retrieved 2010-06-26.

[4] "Lonely Israel". Gp Examiner. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-06-26.

[5] ,References:
Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward

Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Double Day and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450

Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983

Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498

Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2

Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177

Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.

[6] Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward

[7] Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Double Day and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450

[8] Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983

[9] Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498

[10] Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2

[11] Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177

[12] Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.

[6] In the Spotlight: PKK (A.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party

[7] Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK

[8] secret relationship

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[2]

[3]

[4]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Since its [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|establishment]] in 1948, the [[State of Israel]] has fought seven recognized wars, two Palestinian [[Intifada]]s, and [[Military operations conducted by the Israel Defense Forces|a series of armed conflicts]] in the broader [[Arab-Israeli conflict]].
-==Wars==
+==List of wars==
-Israel has been involved in a number of wars and large-scale military operations, including:
-* '''[[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]''' (November 1947 - July 1949) - Started as [[1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|6 months of civil war]] between Jewish and Arab militias at the end of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] and turned into a [[1948 Arab-Israeli War|regular war]] after the declaration of independence of Israel and the intervention of several Arab armies. In its conclusion, a set of agreements were signed between [[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]], called the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], which established the [[armistice]] lines between Israel and its neighbours, also known as the ''[[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]''.
-* '''[[Retribution operations]]''' (1950s - 1960s) - [[Military operation]]s carried out by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] during the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]]. These actions were in response to constant [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]] [[terror attack]]s during which the Palestinian [[militants]] infiltrated from [[Syria]], [[Egypt]] and [[Jordan]] into Israel to carry out [[guerrilla]] [[List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967|attacks]] against [[Israelis|Israeli civilians and soldiers]]. The policy of the retribution operations was exceptional due to Israel's declared aim of getting a high 'blood cost' among the enemy side which was believed to be necessary in order to deter them from committing future attacks.
-* '''[[Suez Crisis]]''' (October 1956) - A military attack on Egypt by [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[France]] and [[Israel]], beginning on 29 October 1956, with the intention to occupy the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and to take over the [[Suez Canal]]. The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the [[Suez Canal]] after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the [[Aswan Dam]]. Although the Israeli invasion of the Sinai was successful, the [[US]] and [[USSR]] forced it to retreat. Even so, Israel managed to re-open the [[Straits of Tiran]] and pacified its southern border.
-* '''[[War over Water]]''' (November 1964 - May 1967) - Several IDF military operations against Syrian-Lebanese [[Headwater Diversion Plan]] which was intended to block the flow of the water sources to Israel through the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] [[River Basin]] and the [[Sea of Galilee]].
-* '''[[Six-Day War]]''' (June 1967) - Fought between [[Israel]] and [[Arab]] neighbors [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]] and [[Syria]]. The nations of [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Algeria]] and others also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces. Following the war, the territory held by Israel expanded significantly ("[[Purple Line (border)|The Purple Line]]") : The [[West Bank]] (including [[East Jerusalem]]) from Jordan, [[Golan Heights]] from Syria, [[Sinai]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] from Egypt.
-* '''[[War of Attrition]]''' (1968-1970) - A [[limited war]] fought between the [[Israel]]i military and forces of the [[Egypt]]ian Republic, the [[USSR]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]] and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] from 1967 to 1970. It was initiated by the Egyptians as a way of recapturing the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] from the Israelis, who had been in control of the territory since the mid-1967 Six-Day War. The hostilities ended with a ceasefire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers remaining in the same place as when the war began.
-* '''[[Yom Kippur War]]''' (October 1973) - Fought from October 6 to October 26, 1973 by a coalition of Arab states led by [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] against [[Israel]] as a way of recapturing part of the territories which they lost to the Israelis back in the Six-Day War. The war began with a surprise joint attack by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holiday of [[Yom Kippur]]. Egypt and Syria crossed the cease-fire lines in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] and [[Golan Heights]], respectively. Eventually Arab forces were defeated by Israel and there were no significant territorial changes.
-* '''[[1978 South Lebanon conflict]]''' (March 1978) - The first Israeli large-scale invasion of Lebanon which was carried out by the Israel Defense Forces in order to expel [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] forces from the territory.
-* '''[[1982 Lebanon War]]''' (1982) - Began in 6 June 1982, when the [[Israel Defense Forces]] invaded [[southern Lebanon]] to expel the PLO from the territory. The [[Cabinet of Israel|Government of Israel]] ordered the invasion as a response to the assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the [[United Kingdom]], [[Shlomo Argov]], by the [[Abu Nidal Organization]] and due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel made by the Palestinian guerilla organizations which resided in Lebanon. The war resulted in the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon and created an [[Israeli Security Zone]] in southern Lebanon.
-* '''[[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)|South Lebanon conflict]]''' (1982-2000) - Nearly 20 years of warfare between the [[Israel Defense Force]] and its Lebanese [[Proxy war|proxy]] [[militia]]s with Lebanese muslim [[guerrilla]], led by Iranian-backed [[Hezbollah]], within what was defined by Israelis as the "Security Zone" in South Lebanon.
-* '''[[First Intifada]]''' (1987-1993) - First large-scale [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Rebellion|uprising]] against the [[Israel]]i occupation in the [[Palestinian Territories]].
-* '''[[Second Intifada]]''' (2000-2005) - Second [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] uprising, a period of intensified violence, which began in late September 2000.
-* '''[[2006 Lebanon War]]''' (summer 2006) - Began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the [[Hezbollah]]. The operation gradually strengthened, to become a wider confrontation. The principal participants were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli military]]. The conflict started on 12 July 2006 and continued until a [[United Nations]]-brokered [[ceasefire]] went into effect on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006, when Israel lifted its naval [[blockade]] of Lebanon. The war resulted in the pacification of southern Lebanon and in the weakness of the Hezbollah (which suffered serious casualties but managed to survive the Israeli onslaught).
-* '''[[Gaza War]]''' (December 2008 - January 2009) - Three-week armed conflict between [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]] during the winter of 2008–2009. In an escalation of the ongoing [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], Israel responded to ongoing rocket fire from the Gaza Strip with military force in an action titled "Operation Cast Lead". Israel opened the attack with a surprise air strike on December 27, 2008. Israel's stated aim was to stop such rocket fire from and the import of arms into Gaza. Israeli forces attacked military and civilian targets, police stations, and government buildings in the opening assault. Nearly 1400 Palestinians were killed and 13 Israelis. Israel declared an end to the conflict on January 18 and completed its withdrawal on January 21, 2009.
 Considered wars by the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Ministry of Defense]] (as they were named by Israel):<ref>[[Israeli military decorations#Campaign ribbons|Israeli military decorations by campaign]]</ref>
@@ Line 171: / Line 141: @@
 == Other armed conflicts involving the IDF ==
 {{Main|Military operations conducted by the Israel Defense Forces}}
+* '''[[Retribution operations]]''' (1950s - 1960s) - [[Military operation]]s carried out by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] during the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]]. These actions were in response to constant [[Palestinian fedayeen|fedayeen]] [[terror attack]]s during which the Palestinian [[militants]] infiltrated from [[Syria]], [[Egypt]] and [[Jordan]] into Israel to carry out [[guerrilla]] [[List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967|attacks]] against [[Israelis|Israeli civilians and soldiers]]. The policy of the retribution operations was exceptional due to Israel's declared aim of getting a high 'blood cost' among the enemy side which was believed to be necessary in order to deter them from committing future attacks.
+* '''[[1978 South Lebanon conflict]]''' (March 1978) - The first Israeli large-scale invasion of Lebanon which was carried out by the Israel Defense Forces in order to expel [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] forces from the territory.
+* '''[[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)|South Lebanon conflict]]''' (1982-2000) - Nearly 20 years of warfare between the [[Israel Defense Force]] and its Lebanese [[Proxy war|proxy]] [[militia]]s with Lebanese muslim [[guerrilla]], led by Iranian-backed [[Hezbollah]], within what was defined by Israelis as the "Security Zone" in South Lebanon.
+* '''[[First Intifada]]''' (1987-1993) - First large-scale [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Rebellion|uprising]] against the [[Israel]]i occupation in the [[Palestinian Territories]].
+* '''[[Second Intifada]]''' (2000-2005) - Second [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] uprising, a period of intensified violence, which began in late September 2000.
+* '''[[Gaza War]]''' (December 2008 - January 2009) - Three-week armed conflict between [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]] during the winter of 2008–2009. In an escalation of the ongoing [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], Israel responded to ongoing rocket fire from the Gaza Strip with military force in an action titled "Operation Cast Lead". Israel opened the attack with a surprise air strike on December 27, 2008. Israel's stated aim was to stop such rocket fire from and the import of arms into Gaza. Israeli forces attacked military and civilian targets, police stations, and government buildings in the opening assault. Nearly 1400 Palestinians were killed and 13 Israelis. Israel declared an end to the conflict on January 18 and completed its withdrawal on January 21, 2009.
 == Characteristics of the wars ==

Revision as of 16:27, 24 June 2011

List of wars

Other armed conflicts involving the IDF

Characteristics of the wars

See also

References