Serengeti National Park: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Parks Tanzania.svg|thumb|Map of Tanzania showing all national parks]] |
[[File:Parks Tanzania.svg|thumb|Map of Tanzania showing all national parks]] |
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The '''Serengeti National Park''' is a [[Tanzanian]] [[national park]] in the [[Serengeti|Serengeti ecosystem]] in the [[Mara Region|Mara]] and [[Simiyu Region|Simiyu]] regions.<ref> |
The '''Serengeti National Park''' is a [[Tanzanian]] [[national park]] in the [[Serengeti|Serengeti ecosystem]] in the [[Mara Region|Mara]] and [[Simiyu Region|Simiyu]] regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ardhi.go.tz/sites/default/files/TANZANIA_0.pdf |title=The official Map of Tanzania with New Regions and Districts, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development|format=PDF |date= 21 September 2012 |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/29284154/Map |title=Mapcarta map of Tanzania |publisher=Mapcarta.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> It is famous for its annual migration of over 1.5 million white bearded (or brindled) [[wildebeest]] and 250,000 [[zebra]] and for its numerous Nile [[crocodile]]. |
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==History== |
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The [[Maasai people]] had been grazing their livestock in the open plains of eastern [[Mara Region]], which they named "endless plains", for around 200 years when the first European explorer, German [[Oscar Baumann]], visited the area in 1892.<ref> |
The [[Maasai people]] had been grazing their livestock in the open plains of eastern [[Mara Region]], which they named "endless plains", for around 200 years when the first European explorer, German [[Oscar Baumann]], visited the area in 1892.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00051.html |title="Dr. Oscar Baumann", ''Information about northern Tanzania: a personal scrapbook of "cuttings" from published sources'' |publisher=Ntz.info |date= |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> The name "Serengeti" is an approximation of the word used by the Maasai to describe the area, ''siringet'', which means "the place where the land runs on forever."<ref name="NGM">{{cite web|url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature1/text4.html |title="Heartbreak on the Serengeti", ''National Geographic Magazine'', reported by Robert M. Poole, February 2006 |publisher=.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> |
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The first Briton to enter the Serengeti, [[Stewart Edward White]], recorded his explorations in the northern Serengeti in 1913. Stewart returned to the Serengeti in the 1920s and camped in the area around Seronera for three months. During this time, he and his companions shot 50 lions.<ref> |
The first Briton to enter the Serengeti, [[Stewart Edward White]], recorded his explorations in the northern Serengeti in 1913. Stewart returned to the Serengeti in the 1920s and camped in the area around Seronera for three months. During this time, he and his companions shot 50 lions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00683.html |title="Stewart Edward White", ''Information about northern Tanzania: a personal scrapbook of "cuttings" from published sources'' |publisher=Ntz.info |date=1913-08-20 |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> |
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Because the hunting of lions made them scarce, the British colonial administration made a partial [[game reserve]] of {{convert|800|acre|km2}} in the area in 1921 and a full one in 1929. These actions were the basis for Serengeti National Park,<ref name="NGM"/> which was established in 1951. |
Because the hunting of lions made them scarce, the British colonial administration made a partial [[game reserve]] of {{convert|800|acre|km2}} in the area in 1921 and a full one in 1929. These actions were the basis for Serengeti National Park,<ref name="NGM"/> which was established in 1951. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The park covers {{convert|14,750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref> |
The park covers {{convert|14,750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Tanzania_in_figures2012.pdf |title=Tanzania in figures 2012, National Bureau of Statistics|publisher=Ministry of Finance|date= June 2013|page=12 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> of grassland plains and [[savanna]] as well as riverine forest and woodlands. The park lies in the north of Tanzania, bordered to the north by the [[Kenya]]n border, where it is continuous with the [[Maasai Mara|Maasai Mara National Reserve]]. To the southeast of the park is the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], to the southwest lies [[Maswa Game Reserve]], to the west are the [[Ikorongo Game Reserve|Ikorongo]] and [[Grumeti Game Reserve]]s, and to the northeast lies the [[Loliondo Game Control Area]]. Together, these areas form the larger [[Serengeti|Serengeti ecosystem]]. |
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Human habitation is forbidden in the park with the exception of staff for the [[Tanzania National Parks Authority]], researchers and staff of [[Frankfurt Zoological Society]], and staff of the various lodges and hotels. The main settlement is [[Seronera]], which houses the majority of research staff and the park's main headquarters, including its primary [[Seronera Airstrip|airstrip]]. |
Human habitation is forbidden in the park with the exception of staff for the [[Tanzania National Parks Authority]], researchers and staff of [[Frankfurt Zoological Society]], and staff of the various lodges and hotels. The main settlement is [[Seronera]], which houses the majority of research staff and the park's main headquarters, including its primary [[Seronera Airstrip|airstrip]]. |
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*Northern Serengeti: the landscape is dominated by open woodlands (predominantly [[Commiphora]]) and hills, ranging from [[Seronera]] in the south, to the Mara river in the border with Kenya. Apart from the migratory wildebeest and zebra (which occur from July to August, and in November), the bushy savannah is the best place to find [[elephant]], [[giraffe]], and [[dik dik]]. |
*Northern Serengeti: the landscape is dominated by open woodlands (predominantly [[Commiphora]]) and hills, ranging from [[Seronera]] in the south, to the Mara river in the border with Kenya. Apart from the migratory wildebeest and zebra (which occur from July to August, and in November), the bushy savannah is the best place to find [[elephant]], [[giraffe]], and [[dik dik]]. |
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==Wildlife== |
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[[File:Serengeti-African-Elephants.JPG|thumb|right|A herd of elephants in the morning in Serengeti National Park]] |
[[File:Serengeti-African-Elephants.JPG|thumb|right|A herd of elephants in the morning in Serengeti National Park]] |
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Because of its biodiversity and ecological significance, the park has been listed by the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] as a [[World Heritage Site]]. As a national park, it is designated as a Category II protected area under the system developed by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], which means that it should be managed, through either a legal instrument or another effective means, to protect the ecosystem or ecological processes as a whole.{{fact|date=January 2013}} |
Because of its biodiversity and ecological significance, the park has been listed by the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] as a [[World Heritage Site]]. As a national park, it is designated as a Category II protected area under the system developed by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], which means that it should be managed, through either a legal instrument or another effective means, to protect the ecosystem or ecological processes as a whole.{{fact|date=January 2013}} |
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The administrative body for all parks in Tanzania is the [[Tanzania National Parks Authority]]. [[Myles Turner]] was one of the park's first game wardens and is credited with bringing its rampant poaching under control.<ref> |
The administrative body for all parks in Tanzania is the [[Tanzania National Parks Authority]]. [[Myles Turner]] was one of the park's first game wardens and is credited with bringing its rampant poaching under control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serengeti.org/p_turner.html#top |title=''Myles Turner'', Serengeti National Park's Official Site, authored by Alan Root |publisher=Serengeti.org |date=2000-11-15 |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> His autobiography, ''My Serengeti Years: The Memoirs of an African Game Warden'', provides a detailed history of the park's early years. |
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"Snapshot Serengeti" is a science project by the University of Minnesota Lion Project, which seeks to classify over 30 species of animals within the park using 225 [[camera trap]]s to better understand how they interact with each other and lions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Snapshot Serengeti | url=http://www.snapshotserengeti.org | accessdate= 12 December 2012}}</ref> |
"Snapshot Serengeti" is a science project by the University of Minnesota Lion Project, which seeks to classify over 30 species of animals within the park using 225 [[camera trap]]s to better understand how they interact with each other and lions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Snapshot Serengeti | url=http://www.snapshotserengeti.org | accessdate= 12 December 2012}}</ref> |
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==Proposed road across the northern Serengeti== |
==Proposed road across the northern Serengeti== |
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In July 2010, President [[Jakaya Kikwete]] renewed his support for an upgraded road through the northern portion of the park to link [[Mto wa Mbu]], southeast of [[Ngorongoro Crater]], and [[Musoma]] on [[Lake Victoria]]. While he said that the road would lead to much-needed development in poor communities, others, including conservation groups and foreign governments like [[Kenya]], argued that the road could irreparably damage the [[Serengeti#Great migration|Great Migration]] and the park's ecosystem.<ref> |
In July 2010, President [[Jakaya Kikwete]] renewed his support for an upgraded road through the northern portion of the park to link [[Mto wa Mbu]], southeast of [[Ngorongoro Crater]], and [[Musoma]] on [[Lake Victoria]]. While he said that the road would lead to much-needed development in poor communities, others, including conservation groups and foreign governments like [[Kenya]], argued that the road could irreparably damage the [[Serengeti#Great migration|Great Migration]] and the park's ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/world/africa/31serengeti.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |title=Serengeti Road Plan Offers Prospects and Fears|first= Jeffrey|last= Gettleman|work=New York Times|date=2010-10-31 |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/serengeti-highway-threatens-great-migrat-118700.html |title="Serengeti Highway threatens great migration"|agency=Agence France-Presse'', reported by Francois Ausseill, reprinted at ''StarAfrica.com''|publisher=En.starafrica.com |date=2010-10-29 |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate%20News/Controversy%20over%20Serengeti%20road%20plan%20deepens/-/539550/1027510/-/item/0/-/q0xaavz/-/index |title="Controversy over Serengeti road plan deepens", ''Business Daily'', reported by Paul Wafula, 7 October 2010 |publisher=Businessdailyafrica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> The [[Africa Network for Animal Welfare]] and other groups and individuals are suing the Tanzanian government at the [[East African Court of Justice]] in [[Arusha]] to prevent the road project. The trial of ''Africa Network for Animal Welfare (ANAW) vs. The Honorable Attorney General of The United Republic of Tanzania'' was scheduled to begin 23 January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Dr. Wolfgang H. Thome, eTN Uganda |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/32556/court-hear-serengeti-highway-case |title=Court to hear Serengeti Highway case|publisher=Eturbonews.com |date=2012-12-02 |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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{{World Heritage Sites in Tanzania}} |
{{World Heritage Sites in Tanzania}} |
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{{National Parks of Tanzania}} |
{{National Parks of Tanzania}} |
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[[Category:National parks of Tanzania]] |
[[Category:National parks of Tanzania]] |
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[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Tanzania]] |
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Tanzania]] |
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[[Category:1951 establishments in Tanganyika]] |
[[Category:1951 establishments in Tanganyika]] |
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Revision as of 05:10, 12 August 2013
| Serengeti National Park | |
|---|---|
 Landscape in Serengeti National Park | |
  | |
| Location | Tanzania |
| Area | 14,750 square kilometres (5,700 sq mi) |
| Established | 1951 |
| Visitors | 350,000 per year[1] |
| Governing body | Tanzania National Parks Authority |
| Type | Natural |
| Criteria | vii, x |
| Designated | 1981 (5th session) |
| Reference no. | 156 |
| State Party | Tanzania |
| Region | Africa |
The Serengeti National Park is a Tanzanian national park in the Serengeti ecosystem in the Mara and Simiyu regions.[2][3] It is famous for its annual migration of over 1.5 million white bearded (or brindled) wildebeest and 250,000 zebra and for its numerous Nile crocodile.
History
The Maasai people had been grazing their livestock in the open plains of eastern Mara Region, which they named "endless plains", for around 200 years when the first European explorer, German Oscar Baumann, visited the area in 1892.[4] The name "Serengeti" is an approximation of the word used by the Maasai to describe the area, siringet, which means "the place where the land runs on forever."[5]
The first Briton to enter the Serengeti, Stewart Edward White, recorded his explorations in the northern Serengeti in 1913. Stewart returned to the Serengeti in the 1920s and camped in the area around Seronera for three months. During this time, he and his companions shot 50 lions.[6]
Because the hunting of lions made them scarce, the British colonial administration made a partial game reserve of 800 acres (3.2 km2) in the area in 1921 and a full one in 1929. These actions were the basis for Serengeti National Park,[5] which was established in 1951.
The Serengeti gained more fame after the initial work of Bernhard Grzimek and his son Michael in the 1950s. Together, they produced the book and film Serengeti Shall Not Die, widely recognized as one of the most important early pieces of nature conservation documentary.[citation needed]
To preserve wildlife, the British evicted the resident Maasai from the park in 1959 and moved them to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. There is still considerable controversy surrounding this move, with claims made of coercion and deceit on the part of the colonial authorities.[5]
The park is Tanzania's oldest national park and remains the flagship of the country's tourism industry, providing a major draw to the Northern Safari Circuit encompassing Lake Manyara National Park, Tarangire National Park, Arusha National Park, and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area.
Geography
The park covers 14,750 km2 (5,700 sq mi)[7] of grassland plains and savanna as well as riverine forest and woodlands. The park lies in the north of Tanzania, bordered to the north by the Kenyan border, where it is continuous with the Maasai Mara National Reserve. To the southeast of the park is the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, to the southwest lies Maswa Game Reserve, to the west are the Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves, and to the northeast lies the Loliondo Game Control Area. Together, these areas form the larger Serengeti ecosystem.
Human habitation is forbidden in the park with the exception of staff for the Tanzania National Parks Authority, researchers and staff of Frankfurt Zoological Society, and staff of the various lodges and hotels. The main settlement is Seronera, which houses the majority of research staff and the park's main headquarters, including its primary airstrip.
The park is usually described as divided into three regions:
- Serengeti plains: the endless, almost treeless grassland of the south is the most emblematic scenery of the park. This is where the wildebeest breed, as they remain in the plains from December to May. Other hoofed animals - zebra, gazelle, impala, hartebeest, topi, buffalo, waterbuck - also occur in huge numbers during the wet season. "Kopjes" are granite florations that are very common in the region, and they are great observation posts for predators, as well as a refuge for hyrax and pythons.
- Western corridor: the "black cotton" (actually black clay) soil covers the swampy savannah of this region. The Grumeti River is home to enormous Nile crocodiles, colobus monkey, and the martial eagle. The migration passes through from May to July.
- Northern Serengeti: the landscape is dominated by open woodlands (predominantly Commiphora) and hills, ranging from Seronera in the south, to the Mara river in the border with Kenya. Apart from the migratory wildebeest and zebra (which occur from July to August, and in November), the bushy savannah is the best place to find elephant, giraffe, and dik dik.
Wildlife
As well as the migration of ungulates, the park is well known for its healthy stock of other resident wildlife, particularly the "Big Five", named for the five most prized trophies taken by hunters:
- Lion: the Serengeti is believed to hold the largest population of lions in Africa due in part to the abundance of prey species. More than 3,000 lions live in this ecosystem.
- African Leopard: these reclusive predators are commonly seen in the Seronera region but are present throughout the national park with the population at around 1,000.
- African Elephant: the herds are recovering from population lows in the 1980s caused by poaching and are largely located in the northern regions of the park.
- Black Rhinoceros: mainly found around the kopjes in the centre of the park, very few individuals remain due to rampant poaching. Individuals from the Masai Mara Reserve cross the park border and enter Serengeti from the northern section at times.
- African Buffalo: still abundant and present in healthy numbers, but numbers have been somewhat reduced due to disease.
The park also supports many other species, including cheetah, Thomson's and Grant's gazelle, topi, eland, waterbuck, hyena, baboon, impala, African wild dog, and giraffe. The park also boasts about 500 bird species, including ostrich, secretary bird, Kori bustard, crowned crane, marabou stork, martial eagle, lovebirds, and many species of vultures.
Administration and protection
Because of its biodiversity and ecological significance, the park has been listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as a World Heritage Site. As a national park, it is designated as a Category II protected area under the system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which means that it should be managed, through either a legal instrument or another effective means, to protect the ecosystem or ecological processes as a whole.[citation needed]
The administrative body for all parks in Tanzania is the Tanzania National Parks Authority. Myles Turner was one of the park's first game wardens and is credited with bringing its rampant poaching under control.[8] His autobiography, My Serengeti Years: The Memoirs of an African Game Warden, provides a detailed history of the park's early years.
"Snapshot Serengeti" is a science project by the University of Minnesota Lion Project, which seeks to classify over 30 species of animals within the park using 225 camera traps to better understand how they interact with each other and lions.[9]
Proposed road across the northern Serengeti
In July 2010, President Jakaya Kikwete renewed his support for an upgraded road through the northern portion of the park to link Mto wa Mbu, southeast of Ngorongoro Crater, and Musoma on Lake Victoria. While he said that the road would lead to much-needed development in poor communities, others, including conservation groups and foreign governments like Kenya, argued that the road could irreparably damage the Great Migration and the park's ecosystem.[10][11][12] The Africa Network for Animal Welfare and other groups and individuals are suing the Tanzanian government at the East African Court of Justice in Arusha to prevent the road project. The trial of Africa Network for Animal Welfare (ANAW) vs. The Honorable Attorney General of The United Republic of Tanzania was scheduled to begin 23 January 2013.[13]
References
- ^ "Dar registers "three wonders"". Daily News (Tanzania). 20 August 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "The official Map of Tanzania with New Regions and Districts, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development" (PDF). 21 September 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ "Mapcarta map of Tanzania". Mapcarta.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ ""Dr. Oscar Baumann", ''Information about northern Tanzania: a personal scrapbook of "cuttings" from published sources''". Ntz.info. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ a b c ""Heartbreak on the Serengeti", ''National Geographic Magazine'', reported by Robert M. Poole, February 2006". .nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ ""Stewart Edward White", ''Information about northern Tanzania: a personal scrapbook of "cuttings" from published sources''". Ntz.info. 1913-08-20. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ "Tanzania in figures 2012, National Bureau of Statistics" (PDF). Ministry of Finance. p. 12. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ "''Myles Turner'', Serengeti National Park's Official Site, authored by Alan Root". Serengeti.org. 2000-11-15. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ "Snapshot Serengeti". Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (2010-10-31). "Serengeti Road Plan Offers Prospects and Fears". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ ""Serengeti Highway threatens great migration"". En.starafrica.com. Agence France-Presse'', reported by Francois Ausseill, reprinted at ''StarAfrica.com''. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ ""Controversy over Serengeti road plan deepens", ''Business Daily'', reported by Paul Wafula, 7 October 2010". Businessdailyafrica.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
- ^ By Dr. Wolfgang H. Thome, eTN Uganda (2012-12-02). "Court to hear Serengeti Highway case". Eturbonews.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
Further reading
- Homewood, K. W.; Rodgers, W. A. (1991), Maasailand Ecology: Pastoralist Development and Wildlife Conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-40002-3
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help). - Turner, Myles (1988), My Serengeti Years: the Memoirs of an African Games Warden, New York: W. W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-02576-4.
External links
