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'''Samaale''' |
'''Samaale''', also spelled '''Samali''' or '''Samale''' ({{lang-so|Samaale}}), was a progenitor who according to Somali tradition is considered the oldest common forefather of several major [[Somali clan]]s and their respective sub-clans.<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|year=1961|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780852552803|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false}} pp. 11–13.</ref> As the purported ancestor of most [[pastoralism|pastoralist]] clans living in the northern part of [[Somalia]], Samaale constitutes the largest and most widespread Somali lineage (the second largest being [[Sab (clan)|Sab]], the purported progenitor of most southern cultivating clans).<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> |
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Two of the constituent Samaale sub-clans, the [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] and [[Hawiye]], are regarded as major clans today. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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| ⚫ | The progenitor Samaale is generally regarded as the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''. Other state the word Somali is derived from the words ''soo'' and ''maal'', which together mean "go and milk"—a reference to the ubiquitous [[pastoralism]] of the [[Somali people]]. Another [[etymology]] proposes that the term ''Somali'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "wealthy" (''zāwamāl''), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> |
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According to many documented sources and historians, the patriarch Samaale was amongst the first to start the modern day [[Somali clan]]s. He was born in the area that we know as [[Greater Somalia]]. |
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| ⚫ | The progenitor Samaale is generally regarded as the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''. Other state the word Somali is derived from the words ''soo'' and ''maal'', which together mean "go and milk"—a reference to the ubiquitous [[pastoralism]] of the [[Somali people]]. Another [[etymology]] proposes that the term ''Somali'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "wealthy" (''zāwamāl''), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.<ref name=" |
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Just like the descendants of the other main Somali clan progenitor [[Sab (clan)|Sab]], the clans tracing their lineage to Samaale claim that their forefather was himself a descendant of the Arab [[Banu Hashim]] clan, through [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]], a cousin of the prophet [[Muhammad]] and an older brother of [[Ali]].<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /><ref name="Bader2000">{{Cite book|last=Bader|first=Christian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9XfAAAAMAAJ&q=Mohamed+Yow|title=Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique|date=2000|publisher=Karthala|isbn=978-2-84586-069-8|language=fr|page=85|quote=Les Samaale disent ainsi descendre de la tribu mecquoise de Quraysh par l'intermédiaire de Hill, fils de Mohamed Yow, fils de Mohamed 'Abdurahman, fils de 'Aqîl, fils de Abu Tâlib, fils de 'Abd al Muttalib, le grand-père du Prophète Mahomet.}}</ref> According to the British anthropologist and [[Somali Studies]] veteran [[Ioan M. Lewis]], the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the prophet Muhammad embraced by most Somali clans are most probably [[Figure of speech|figurative]] expressions of the importance of [[Islam]] in Somali society.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=128–129}}.</ref><ref name="bloodandbone">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan|url-access=registration|title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society|last=Lewis|first=Ioan. M.|publisher=The Red Sea Press Inc.|year=1994|isbn=9780932415936|location=Larwenceville, NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan/page/104 104]–105|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> |
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Shariif 'Aydaruus Shariif 'Ali mentions that in relation to the name 'Samaale', there were many notable people before him known as 'Samaale' like Abu 'Samaal' Al 'Adwi an Arab orator, poet and descendant of [[Ali]] and 'Samaal Ibn 'Awf the grandfather of Majashi' ibn Mas'ud the Companion, also Sayaal ibn 'Samaal' ibn Hareesh and Khalid ibn Abi Yazeed ibn 'Samaal', both scholars of the Hadith tradition."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Sharif Aydarus|title=Bughya Al-Amal fi Tarikh as-Sumaal.|year=1955|location=Mogadishu}}</ref> |
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Many sources claim that Samaale traces its genealogical traditions to Arabian Quraysh Banu Hashim origins through [[Aqeel ibn Abi Talib|Aqiil]] the son of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], who was cousin of the [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammed]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=iise|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=9780852552803|pages=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_YMKlVfFLkC&q=samale+aqil&pg=PA29|title=The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar|date=2013-02-27|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=9780815723790}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&q=samale+aqil&pg=PA62|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|date=2003-02-25|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810866041}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T14wAQAAIAAJ&q=samaale+aqil|title=Kenya's ethnic communities: foundation of the nation|last=Ng'ang'a|first=Wangũhũ|date=2006|publisher=Gatũndũ Publishers|isbn=9789966975706}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBUxDwAAQBAJ&q=samaale+aqil&pg=PA16|title=Social Policy and Human Development in Zambia|last=Noyoo|first=Ndangwa|date=2010-01-30|publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd|isbn=9781912234936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC&q=samaale+arab+9th+century&pg=PA12|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|last2=Samatar|first2=Said S.|date=1999|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825830847}}</ref> According to the British anthropologist and [[Somali Studies]] veteran I.M. Lewis, the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the [[Muhammad|Prophet]] embraced by all Somali clans are most probably [[Figure of speech|figurative]] expressions of the importance of [[Islam]] in Somali society.<ref>I.M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), pp.128-129</ref><ref name="bloodandbone">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan|url-access=registration|title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society|last=Lewis|first=Ioan. M.|publisher=The Red Sea Press Inc.|year=1994|isbn=9780932415936|location=Larwenceville, NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan/page/104 104]–105|access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> |
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The [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|paternal genetics]] of ethnic [[Somalis]] are inconsistent with a [[History of Islam|post-Islamic]] common [[Most recent common ancestor|TMRCA]] (time to most recent common ancestor) and with a post-Islamic paternal Arabian origin for the majority of the ethnicity.<ref name="Sanchez1">{{Cite journal|last1=Sanchez|first1=Juan J|last2=Hallenberg|first2=Charlotte|last3=Børsting|first3=Claus|last4=Hernandez|first4=Alexis|last5=Morling|first5=Niels|date=2005-03-09|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|pmid=15756297|issn=1018-4813|doi-access=free}}</ref> The majority of Somalis have a TMRCA between 4,000-2,000 years before present in the [[Bronze Age]].<ref name="Sanchez1" /><ref name="yfull1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y18629/|title=E-Y18629 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref><ref name="yfull2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/T-Y45591/|title=T-Y45591 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> |
The [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|paternal genetics]] of ethnic [[Somalis]] are inconsistent with a [[History of Islam|post-Islamic]] common [[Most recent common ancestor|TMRCA]] (time to most recent common ancestor) and with a post-Islamic paternal Arabian origin for the majority of the ethnicity.<ref name="Sanchez1">{{Cite journal|last1=Sanchez|first1=Juan J|last2=Hallenberg|first2=Charlotte|last3=Børsting|first3=Claus|last4=Hernandez|first4=Alexis|last5=Morling|first5=Niels|date=2005-03-09|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|pmid=15756297|issn=1018-4813|doi-access=free}}</ref> The majority of Somalis have a TMRCA between 4,000-2,000 years before present in the [[Bronze Age]].<ref name="Sanchez1" /><ref name="yfull1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y18629/|title=E-Y18629 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref><ref name="yfull2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/T-Y45591/|title=T-Y45591 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> |
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== Genealogy == |
== Genealogy == |
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The claimed decent of Samaale to the Banu Hashim, a sub-clan of the Meccan tribe of the [[Quraysh]] is represented as follows: Samaale was the son of Hill, the son of Muhammad Yow, the son of Muhammad Abd al-Rahman, the son of [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqil]], the son of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] (paternal uncle of the prophet Muhammad), the son of [[Abd al-Muttalib]] (paternal grandfather of the prophet Muhammad).<ref name="Bader2000" /> Samaale's father Hill is also thought of as the father of Sab, the progenitor of most southern Somali clans (most notably the [[Rahanweyn]]).<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> |
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Most Somalis trace their origins to Samaale:<ref name="Lewis" /> Samaale in turn traces his to the Meccan tribe of [[Quraysh]] via Hill.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bader|first=Christian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9XfAAAAMAAJ&q=samaale+hill|title=Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique|date=2000|publisher=Karthala|isbn=978-2-84586-069-8|language=fr|quote=Les Samaale disent ainsi descendre de la tribu mecquoise de Quraysh par l ' intermédiaire de Hill , fils de Mohamed , fils de Mohamed ' Abdurahman , fils de ' Aqil , fils de Abu Tâlib , fils de ' Abd al Muttalib , le grand - père du Prophète}}</ref> |
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The eponymous ancestor of majority of Somalis today had 9 sons, which is shown in the genealogical table below: |
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**Abroone |
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*** Hiil |
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*****#[[Gardhere]]: [[Garre]], [[Degoodi]], [[Gaaljecel]], Massare, 'Awrmale<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|pages=131}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|pages=122}}</ref> |
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*****#* [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] ([[Gadabuursi]], [[Issa (clan)|Issa]], [[Bimaal|Bimal]], [[Gurgura]], [[Surre (clan)|Surre]], [[Bursuuk|Bursuk]] etc.). |
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*****#* [[Hawiye]] ([[Habar Gidir]], [[Abgaal]], Udeejeen, [[Murusade]], Gugundhabe).<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":12" /> |
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*****# Mayle: [[Hawadle]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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*****# Maqarre: Dabarre and Irrole<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|pages=130}}</ref> |
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*****# Yahabur: Hubeer<ref name=":4" /> |
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*****# Gariife<ref name=":4" /> |
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| ⚫ | |||
*****# Harire<ref name=":4" /> |
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| ⚫ | |||
Constructing and reconstructing [[genealogical]] tables according to changing political and economical alliances is an important part of Somali culture, epitomized by the saying ''tol waa tolane'', meaning 'clan is something joined together'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbink|first1=G. J.|year=2009|title=The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition)|series=Asc Working Paper Series|volume=84|location=Leiden|publisher=African Studies Centre |
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Although Quranyow is part of the Garre confederacy, the sub-clan actually claims descent from Dir, son of Irir, son of Samaale.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8D0gYZZVKEC|title=Voice and Power|last1=Hayward|first1=R. J.|last2=Lewis|first2=I. M.|date=2005-08-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135751753|page=242}}</ref><ref name=":13">The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal. UNDP Paper in Kenya http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf</ref> This example does indeed strengthen the Somali saying: "Tol waa tolane", which means "clan is something joined together"<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":13" /> The same could be said about Gaaljecel, Degodi and Hawadle who have allied themselves to the Hawiye section of Irir in the borders of Somalia,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ|title=Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century|last1=Adam|first1=Hussein Mohamed|last2=Ford|first2=Richard|date=1997-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569020739|page=127}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|page=121}}</ref> the Dabarre and Irrole of Maqarre and the Garre who have allied themselves to the Digil Rahanweyn confederacy and 'Awrmale to the Harti Darood section.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>Dabarre and Iroole Digil (Rahanweyn) groups in southern Somalia.http://dice.missouri.edu/docs/afro-asiatic/Dabarre.pdf</ref> |
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|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007}} pp. 1–2.</ref> One of multiple possible tables used by scholars as basis for the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=10}}.</ref> |
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*Hill |
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The [[Rahanweyn]] (Digil and Mirifle) clan traces descent from a separate patriarch called ''Sab''. Both Samaale and Sab are said to have descended from a forefather named "Hiil", whose is held to be the common patrilineal ancestor of all the Somali clans.<ref name="Lewis" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ|title=Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century|date=1997|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569020739|last1=Adam|first1=Hussein Mohamed|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
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****[[Dir (clan)|Dir]] |
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*****[[Gadabuursi|Gadabursi]] |
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*****[[Issa (clan)|Issa]] |
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*****[[Samaroon]] |
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*****[[Bimaal]] |
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****[[Isaq]] |
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*****Habr Magaadleeh |
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******Garhaji |
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******[[Habr Awal|Awal]] |
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*****Habr Habusheed |
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******[[Habr Yunis]] |
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******Tol Ja'lo (Ahmed) |
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****[[Hawiye]] |
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*****[[Garre|Gurreh]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
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*****[[Habar Gidir|Habr Gedir]] |
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*****[[Sheikhaal]] |
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*****[[Abgaal|Abgal]] |
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***[[Gardhere|Gardere]]–Yakabur–Mayle |
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***[[Darod]] |
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****Ogadeen |
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****[[Harti]] |
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*****[[Majerteen]] |
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*****[[Warsangeli]] |
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*****[[Dhulbahante|D'ulbahante]] |
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****[[Marehan]] |
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**[[Sab (clan)|Sab]] (non-Samaale) |
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***Digil |
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****[[Tunni]] |
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****[[Rahanweyn]] |
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*****Siyyeed |
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*****Sagaal |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 21:05, 26 September 2021
Samaale, also spelled Samali or Samale (Somali: Samaale), was a progenitor who according to Somali tradition is considered the oldest common forefather of several major Somali clans and their respective sub-clans.[1] As the purported ancestor of most pastoralist clans living in the northern part of Somalia, Samaale constitutes the largest and most widespread Somali lineage (the second largest being Sab, the purported progenitor of most southern cultivating clans).[1]
Two of the constituent Samaale sub-clans, the Dir and Hawiye, are regarded as major clans today.
History
The progenitor Samaale is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. Other state the word Somali is derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk"—a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (zāwamāl), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.[1]
Just like the descendants of the other main Somali clan progenitor Sab, the clans tracing their lineage to Samaale claim that their forefather was himself a descendant of the Arab Banu Hashim clan, through Aqil ibn Abi Talib, a cousin of the prophet Muhammad and an older brother of Ali.[1][2] According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran Ioan M. Lewis, the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the prophet Muhammad embraced by most Somali clans are most probably figurative expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society.[3][4]
The paternal genetics of ethnic Somalis are inconsistent with a post-Islamic common TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) and with a post-Islamic paternal Arabian origin for the majority of the ethnicity.[5] The majority of Somalis have a TMRCA between 4,000-2,000 years before present in the Bronze Age.[5][6][7]
Genealogy
The claimed decent of Samaale to the Banu Hashim, a sub-clan of the Meccan tribe of the Quraysh is represented as follows: Samaale was the son of Hill, the son of Muhammad Yow, the son of Muhammad Abd al-Rahman, the son of Aqil, the son of Abu Talib (paternal uncle of the prophet Muhammad), the son of Abd al-Muttalib (paternal grandfather of the prophet Muhammad).[2] Samaale's father Hill is also thought of as the father of Sab, the progenitor of most southern Somali clans (most notably the Rahanweyn).[1]
Constructing and reconstructing genealogical tables according to changing political and economical alliances is an important part of Somali culture, epitomized by the saying tol waa tolane, meaning 'clan is something joined together'.[8] One of multiple possible tables used by scholars as basis for the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:[9]
- Hill
- Samaale
- Sab (non-Samaale)
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Lewis, Ioan M. (1961). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780852552803. pp. 11–13.
- ^ a b Bader, Christian (2000). Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique (in French). Karthala. p. 85. ISBN 978-2-84586-069-8.
Les Samaale disent ainsi descendre de la tribu mecquoise de Quraysh par l'intermédiaire de Hill, fils de Mohamed Yow, fils de Mohamed 'Abdurahman, fils de 'Aqîl, fils de Abu Tâlib, fils de 'Abd al Muttalib, le grand-père du Prophète Mahomet.
- ^ Lewis 1961, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Lewis, Ioan. M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Larwenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press Inc. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780932415936. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ a b Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Morling, Niels (2005-03-09). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–866. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 15756297.
- ^ "E-Y18629 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
- ^ "T-Y45591 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
- ^ Abbink, G. J. (2009). The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition). Asc Working Paper Series. Vol. 84. Leiden: African Studies Centre. pp. 1–2.
- ^ Abbink 2009, p. 10.
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