Samaale: Difference between revisions
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copy-edited lead; formatted references; citation needed for "the Dir and Hawiye, are regarded as major clans today"; added the three other main sub-clans to the lead; added info about claimed descent from Aqil ibn Abi Talib to the lead; misc. copy-editing |
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'''Samaale''', also spelled '''Samali''' or '''Samale''' ({{lang-so|Samaale}}) |
'''Samaale''', also spelled '''Samali''' or '''Samale''' ({{lang-so|Samaale}}) is traditionally considered to be the oldest common forefather of several major [[Somali clan]]s and their respective sub-clans. His name is the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''.<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13">{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=11–13}}.</ref> |
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As the purported ancestor of most [[pastoralism|pastoralist]] clans living in the northern part of [[Somalia]], Samaale lies at the basis of the largest and most widespread Somali lineage (the second largest lineage belonging to Samaale's brother [[Sab (clan)|Sab]], the purported progenitor of most southern, cultivating clans).<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> Two of the constituent Samaale sub-clans, the [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] and [[Hawiye]], are regarded as major clans today. The other three main branches of the Samaale clan are the [[Isaq]], the [[Darod]], and the 'pre-Hawiya' group (containing the [[Gardhere|Gardere]], the Yakabur, and the Mayle).<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=11}}. Some of the sub-clans belonging to the 'pre-Hawiya' group are today regarded as rather belonging to the Hawiye; see Abbink 2009, p. 30.</ref> |
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Two of the constituent Samaale sub-clans, the [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] and [[Hawiye]], are regarded as major clans today. |
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Both the Samaale and the Sab claim to be ultimately descended from the [[Arab]] clan of the [[Quraysh]] through [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]] ({{circa|580 – 670 or 683}}), a cousin of the prophet [[Muhammad]] and an older brother of [[Ali]], but this is historically untenable.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=11–13}}; cf. {{harvnb|Lewis|1994|pp=104–105}}.</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The progenitor Samaale is generally regarded as the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''. Other state the word Somali is derived from the words ''soo'' and ''maal'', which together mean "go and milk"—a reference to the ubiquitous [[pastoralism]] of the [[Somali people]]. Another [[etymology]] proposes that the term ''Somali'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "wealthy" (''zāwamāl''), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> |
The progenitor Samaale is generally regarded as the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''. Other state the word Somali is derived from the words ''soo'' and ''maal'', which together mean "go and milk"—a reference to the ubiquitous [[pastoralism]] of the [[Somali people]]. Another [[etymology]] proposes that the term ''Somali'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "wealthy" (''zāwamāl''), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> |
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Just like the descendants of the other main Somali clan progenitor [[Sab (clan)|Sab]], the clans tracing their lineage to Samaale claim that their forefather was himself a descendant of the Arab [[Banu Hashim]] clan, through [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]], a cousin of the prophet [[Muhammad]] and an older brother of [[Ali]].<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /><ref name="Bader2000">{{ |
Just like the descendants of the other main Somali clan progenitor [[Sab (clan)|Sab]], the clans tracing their lineage to Samaale claim that their forefather was himself a descendant of the Arab [[Banu Hashim]] clan (a sub-clan of the [[Quraysh]]), through [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]], a cousin of the prophet [[Muhammad]] and an older brother of [[Ali]].<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /><ref name="Bader2000">{{harvnb|Bader|2000|p=85}}: "Les Samaale disent ainsi descendre de la tribu mecquoise de Quraysh par l'intermédiaire de Hill, fils de Mohamed Yow, fils de Mohamed 'Abdurahman, fils de 'Aqîl, fils de Abu Tâlib, fils de 'Abd al Muttalib, le grand-père du Prophète Mahomet."</ref> According to the British anthropologist and [[Somali Studies]] veteran [[Ioan M. Lewis]], the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the prophet Muhammad embraced by most Somali clans are most probably [[Figure of speech|figurative]] expressions of the importance of [[Islam]] in Somali society.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=128–129}}; {{harvnb|Lewis|1994|pp=104–105}}.</ref> |
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The [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|paternal genetics]] of ethnic [[Somalis]] are inconsistent with a [[History of Islam|post-Islamic]] common [[Most recent common ancestor|TMRCA]] (time to most recent common ancestor) and with a post-Islamic paternal Arabian origin for the majority of the ethnicity.<ref |
The [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|paternal genetics]] of ethnic [[Somalis]] are inconsistent with a [[History of Islam|post-Islamic]] common [[Most recent common ancestor|TMRCA]] (time to most recent common ancestor) and with a post-Islamic paternal Arabian origin for the majority of the ethnicity.<ref>{{harvnb|Sanchez|Hallenberg|Børsting|Hernandez|Morling|2005}}.</ref> The majority of Somalis have a TMRCA between 4,000-2,000 years before present in the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sanchez|Hallenberg|Børsting|Hernandez|Morling|2005}}; cf. {{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y18629/|title=E-Y18629 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-09-09}} and {{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/T-Y45591/|title=T-Y45591 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> |
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== Genealogy == |
== Genealogy == |
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The claimed decent of Samaale to the Banu Hashim, a sub-clan of the Meccan tribe of the [[Quraysh]] is represented as follows: Samaale was the son of Hill, the son of Muhammad Yow, the son of Muhammad Abd al-Rahman, the son of [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqil]], the son of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] (paternal uncle of the prophet Muhammad), the son of [[Abd al-Muttalib]] (paternal grandfather of the prophet Muhammad).<ref name="Bader2000" /> Samaale's father Hill is also thought of as the father of Sab, the progenitor of most southern Somali clans (most notably the [[Rahanweyn]]).<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> |
The claimed decent of Samaale to the Banu Hashim, a sub-clan of the Meccan tribe of the [[Quraysh]] is represented as follows: Samaale was the son of Hill, the son of Muhammad Yow, the son of Muhammad Abd al-Rahman, the son of [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqil]], the son of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] (paternal uncle of the prophet Muhammad), the son of [[Abd al-Muttalib]] (paternal grandfather of the prophet Muhammad).<ref name="Bader2000" /> Samaale's father Hill is also thought of as the father of Sab, the progenitor of most southern Somali clans (most notably the [[Rahanweyn]]).<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> |
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Constructing and reconstructing [[genealogical]] tables according to changing political and economical alliances is an important part of Somali culture, epitomized by the saying ''tol waa tolane'', meaning 'clan is something joined together'.<ref>{{ |
Constructing and reconstructing [[genealogical]] tables according to changing political and economical alliances is an important part of Somali culture, epitomized by the saying ''tol waa tolane'', meaning 'clan is something joined together'.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|pp=1–2}}.</ref> One of multiple possible tables used by scholars as basis for the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=10}}.</ref> |
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|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007}} pp. 1–2.</ref> One of multiple possible tables used by scholars as basis for the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=10}}.</ref> |
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*Hill |
*Hill |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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===Works cited=== |
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*{{cite book|last1=Abbink|first1=G. J.|year=2009|title=The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition)|series=Asc Working Paper Series|volume=84|location=Leiden|publisher=African Studies Centre |
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|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Bader|first=Christian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9XfAAAAMAAJ&q=Mohamed+Yow|title=Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique|date=2000|location=Paris|publisher=Karthala|isbn=978-2-84586-069-8|oclc=44971781|language=fr}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|year=1961|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780852552803|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Ioan. M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan|url-access=registration|title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415936|location=Larwenceville, NJ|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan/page/104 104]–105}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last1=Sanchez|first1=Juan J|last2=Hallenberg|first2=Charlotte|last3=Børsting|first3=Claus|last4=Hernandez|first4=Alexis|last5=Morling|first5=Niels|year=2005|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|pmid=15756297|issn=1018-4813|doi-access=free}} |
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{{Somali clans}} |
{{Somali clans}} |
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Revision as of 22:08, 26 September 2021
Samaale, also spelled Samali or Samale (Somali: Samaale) is traditionally considered to be the oldest common forefather of several major Somali clans and their respective sub-clans. His name is the source of the ethnonym Somali.[1]
As the purported ancestor of most pastoralist clans living in the northern part of Somalia, Samaale lies at the basis of the largest and most widespread Somali lineage (the second largest lineage belonging to Samaale's brother Sab, the purported progenitor of most southern, cultivating clans).[1] Two of the constituent Samaale sub-clans, the Dir and Hawiye, are regarded as major clans today. The other three main branches of the Samaale clan are the Isaq, the Darod, and the 'pre-Hawiya' group (containing the Gardere, the Yakabur, and the Mayle).[2]
Both the Samaale and the Sab claim to be ultimately descended from the Arab clan of the Quraysh through Aqil ibn Abi Talib (c. 580 – 670 or 683), a cousin of the prophet Muhammad and an older brother of Ali, but this is historically untenable.[3]
History
The progenitor Samaale is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. Other state the word Somali is derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk"—a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (zāwamāl), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.[1]
Just like the descendants of the other main Somali clan progenitor Sab, the clans tracing their lineage to Samaale claim that their forefather was himself a descendant of the Arab Banu Hashim clan (a sub-clan of the Quraysh), through Aqil ibn Abi Talib, a cousin of the prophet Muhammad and an older brother of Ali.[1][4] According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran Ioan M. Lewis, the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the prophet Muhammad embraced by most Somali clans are most probably figurative expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society.[5]
The paternal genetics of ethnic Somalis are inconsistent with a post-Islamic common TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) and with a post-Islamic paternal Arabian origin for the majority of the ethnicity.[6] The majority of Somalis have a TMRCA between 4,000-2,000 years before present in the Bronze Age.[7]
Genealogy
The claimed decent of Samaale to the Banu Hashim, a sub-clan of the Meccan tribe of the Quraysh is represented as follows: Samaale was the son of Hill, the son of Muhammad Yow, the son of Muhammad Abd al-Rahman, the son of Aqil, the son of Abu Talib (paternal uncle of the prophet Muhammad), the son of Abd al-Muttalib (paternal grandfather of the prophet Muhammad).[4] Samaale's father Hill is also thought of as the father of Sab, the progenitor of most southern Somali clans (most notably the Rahanweyn).[1]
Constructing and reconstructing genealogical tables according to changing political and economical alliances is an important part of Somali culture, epitomized by the saying tol waa tolane, meaning 'clan is something joined together'.[8] One of multiple possible tables used by scholars as basis for the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:[9]
- Hill
- Samaale
- Sab (non-Samaale)
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Lewis 1961, pp. 11–13.
- ^ Abbink 2009, p. 11. Some of the sub-clans belonging to the 'pre-Hawiya' group are today regarded as rather belonging to the Hawiye; see Abbink 2009, p. 30.
- ^ Lewis 1961, pp. 11–13; cf. Lewis 1994, pp. 104–105.
- ^ a b Bader 2000, p. 85: "Les Samaale disent ainsi descendre de la tribu mecquoise de Quraysh par l'intermédiaire de Hill, fils de Mohamed Yow, fils de Mohamed 'Abdurahman, fils de 'Aqîl, fils de Abu Tâlib, fils de 'Abd al Muttalib, le grand-père du Prophète Mahomet."
- ^ Lewis 1961, pp. 128–129; Lewis 1994, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Sanchez et al. 2005.
- ^ Sanchez et al. 2005; cf. "E-Y18629 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2019-09-09. and "T-Y45591 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
- ^ Abbink 2009, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Abbink 2009, p. 10.
Works cited
- Abbink, G. J. (2009). The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition). Asc Working Paper Series. Vol. 84. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
- Bader, Christian (2000). Mythes et légendes de la Corne de l'Afrique (in French). Paris: Karthala. ISBN 978-2-84586-069-8. OCLC 44971781.
- Lewis, Ioan M. (1961). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780852552803.
- Lewis, Ioan. M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Larwenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780932415936.
- Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Morling, Niels (2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–866. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 15756297.
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