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===World War II===
===World War II===


Following the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)]] the University was closed<!-- when? -->. The city was soon occupied by the [[Soviet Union]]. Most of the professors returned to the university after the hostilities ended, and most<!--not all?--> of the faculties were reopened on [[October 1]], [[1939]]. On [[October 28]], [[Vilnius]] was returned <ref name=End>D. Trenin. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization. 2002, p.164 </ref> to [[Lithuania]] which saw the previous 18 years as Polish occupation of its capital.<ref name=End/> The University was closed on December 15, and all staff and students dismissed. In its place the new university, named ''Vilniaus Universitetas'', was created.<!-- what ? --- On [[December 13]], [[1939]] <ref name= Aktai >Collection of Lithuanian laws. ''Lietuvos Valstybės Teisės Aktai 1918-1940''</ref> and --> The new University Charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the [[Vytautas Magnus University]] of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. However as there was not enough Lithuanian staff, the classes continued to be taught by Polish professors{{fact}} in the [[Polish language]], even through [[Lithuanian language]] was named as the official language of the university. Soon after the annexation of [[Lithuania]] by the [[Soviet Union]], most of the Polish and Lithuanian professors who were deemed ''[[reactionary]]'' were arrested and sent to prisons and [[gulag]]s in [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]].
Following the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)]] the University was closed<!-- when? -->. The city was soon occupied by the [[Soviet Union]]. Most of the professors returned to the university after the hostilities ended, and most<!--not all?--> of the faculties were reopened on [[October 1]], [[1939]]. On [[October 28]], [[Vilnius]] was transferred <ref name=End>D. Trenin. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization. 2002, p.164 </ref> to [[Lithuania]] which saw the previous 18 years as Polish occupation of its capital.<ref name=End/> The University was closed on December 15, and all staff and students dismissed. In its place the new university, named ''Vilniaus Universitetas'', was created.<!-- what ? --- On [[December 13]], [[1939]] <ref name= Aktai >Collection of Lithuanian laws. ''Lietuvos Valstybės Teisės Aktai 1918-1940''</ref> and --> The new University Charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the [[Vytautas Magnus University]] of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. However as there was not enough Lithuanian staff, the classes continued to be taught by Polish professors{{fact}} in the [[Polish language]], even through [[Lithuanian language]] was named as the official language of the university. Soon after the annexation of [[Lithuania]] by the [[Soviet Union]], most of the Polish and Lithuanian professors who were deemed ''[[reactionary]]'' were arrested and sent to prisons and [[gulag]]s in [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]].


The city was occupied by [[Germany]] in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for non-Germans were closed. However, the remaining Polish professors organized a [[Underground education in Poland during World War II|system of secret education]] with lectures and exams held in private flats. The diplomas of the underground Universities were accepted by many [[Poland|Polish]] Universities after the [[World War II|War]]. In 1944, many of the students took part in [[Operation Ostra Brama]]. The majority of the them were later arrested by the [[NKVD]] and deported to the [[Soviet Union]].
The city was occupied by [[Germany]] in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for non-Germans were closed. However, the remaining Polish professors organized a [[Underground education in Poland during World War II|system of secret education]] with lectures and exams held in private flats. The diplomas of the underground Universities were accepted by many [[Poland|Polish]] Universities after the [[World War II|War]]. In 1944, many of the students took part in [[Operation Ostra Brama]]. The majority of the them were later arrested by the [[NKVD]] and deported to the [[Soviet Union]].

Revision as of 16:48, 4 February 2007

Universitas Vilnensis
Universitas Vilnensis

Vilnius University (also known as Vilnius State University, The University of Vilnius, Lithuanian: Vilniaus Universitetas, formerly Stefan Batory University), is one of the oldest Universities in Eastern Europe and the largest University in Lithuania.

The Grand Courtyard of Vilnius University and the Church of St. John.; drawing circa 1850.
The Grand Courtyard of Vilnius University and the Church of St. John today.
A bronze door at the Vilnius University library commemorates the first Lithuanian book.

History

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

In 1568, the local nobility (szlachta) asked the Jesuits to open an academy either in Vilnius (Wilno) or Kaunas. The following year Walerian Protasiewicz, the bishop of Wilno (Vilnius), purchased several houses in the city centre and started the Vilnian Academy (Akademia Wileńska). Initially, the Academy had three divisions: humanities, philosophy, and theology. The first students enrolled in the Academy in 1570. A university library was established in the same year; its books were mostly donated by the founder.

On April 1, 1579, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Stefan Batory upgraded the academy and granted it equal rights with the Jagiellonian University of Kraków, creating the Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu. His edict was approved by Pope Gregory XIII's bull of October 30, 1579. The first rector of the Academy was Piotr Skarga. He invited many notable scientists from all over Europe and expanded the library, with the sponsorship of many notable persons: Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, Bishop Walerian Protasewicz, and the Marshal of the Crown, Kazimierz Lew Sapieha.

In 1575, Duke Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł and Elżbieta Ogińska sponsored a printing house for the academy, one of the first in the region. The printing house issued books in Latin and Polish, and in 1595 the first book in the Lithuanian language was released - Catechismusa Prasty Szadei (Simple Words of Catechism), by Martynas Mažvydas.

The Academy's growth lasted until the 17th century. The following era, known as The Deluge, led to a dramatic drop in both the number of students that enrolled and in the quality of its programs. In the middle of the 18th century, educational authorities tried to restore the Academy. This led to the foundation of the first observatory in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, (the fourth such professional facility in Europe), in 1753, by Tomasz Żebrowski. The Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), the world's first ministry of education, took control of the Academy in 1773, and transformed it into a modern University. Thanks to the Rector of the Academy, Marcin Poczobutt-Odlanicki, the Academy was granted the status of Principal School (Szkoła Główna) in 1783. The Commission, the secular authority governing the academy after the dissolution of the Jesuit order, drew up a new statute. The name was Academia et Universitas Vilnensis.

Partitions

The Vilnius University campus in the 19th century.

After the Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Vilnius (Wilno) was annexed by Russia. However, the Commission of National Education retained control over the Academy until 1803, when Tsar Alexander I of Russia accepted the new statute and renamed the Academy The Imperial University of Vilna. The institution was granted the rights to the administration of all educational facilities in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Among the notable personae were the curator (governor) Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, and Rector Jan Śniadecki.

The University flourished. By 1823, it was one of the largest in Europe; the number of students exceeded that of Oxford University. A number of students were arrested in 1823 for conspiracy against the Tsar (membership in Filomaci). Among them was Adam Mickiewicz, who later became one of the most important poets of his time. In 1832, after the November Uprising, the University was closed by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.

...and in the 21st century

Two of the faculties were turned into separate schools: the Medical and Surgical Academy (Akademia Medyko-Chirurgiczna) and the Roman Catholic Academy (Rzymsko-Katolicka Akademia Duchowna), but those were soon banned as well. The repression that followed the failed uprising included banning both the Polish and Lithuanian languages, and all education in those languages was halted. Finally, most of the property of the University was confiscated and sent to Russia (mostly to St. Petersburg).

After 1919

After the Republic of Central Lithuania area was annexed by Poland, the Vilnian Academy was renamed Stefan Batory University (Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego) on August 20, 1919, by the act of Józef Piłsudski. The University quickly recovered and gained international prestige, largely because of the presence of notable scientists such as Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Marian Zdziechowski, and Henryk Niewodniczański. Among the students of the University at that time was future Nobel prize winner Czesław Miłosz. The University grew quickly, thanks to government grants and private donations.

In 1938 the University had:

  • 7 Institutes
  • 123 professors
  • 104 different scientifical units (including two hospitals)
  • 3110 students

The University's international students included 212 Russians, 94 Belarusians, 85 Lithuanians, 28 Ukrainians and 13 Germans.

The Grand Courtyard today.
The Vilnius University Observatory

World War II

Following the Invasion of Poland (1939) the University was closed. The city was soon occupied by the Soviet Union. Most of the professors returned to the university after the hostilities ended, and most of the faculties were reopened on October 1, 1939. On October 28, Vilnius was transferred [1] to Lithuania which saw the previous 18 years as Polish occupation of its capital.[1] The University was closed on December 15, and all staff and students dismissed. In its place the new university, named Vilniaus Universitetas, was created. The new University Charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the Vytautas Magnus University of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. However as there was not enough Lithuanian staff, the classes continued to be taught by Polish professors[citation needed] in the Polish language, even through Lithuanian language was named as the official language of the university. Soon after the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, most of the Polish and Lithuanian professors who were deemed reactionary were arrested and sent to prisons and gulags in Russia and Kazakhstan.

The city was occupied by Germany in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for non-Germans were closed. However, the remaining Polish professors organized a system of secret education with lectures and exams held in private flats. The diplomas of the underground Universities were accepted by many Polish Universities after the War. In 1944, many of the students took part in Operation Ostra Brama. The majority of the them were later arrested by the NKVD and deported to the Soviet Union.

After 1945

Together with the expulsion of the Germans in 1945-1948, the remnants of faculty and students of Polish heritage that survived the war were expelled from the city, as the entire Polish population of Kresy were ordered to relocate to the Regained Territories. Many of them joined various universities in Poland. In order not to lose contact with each other, the professors decided to transfer whole faculties. After 1945, most of the mathematicians, humanists and biologists joined the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, while a number of the medical faculty formed the core of the newly-founded Medical University of Gdańsk. The Toruń university is often considered to be the successor to the Polish traditions of the Stefan Batory university.

After the war, the University was renamed The Vincas Kapsukas University. Though restrained by the Soviet system, Vilnius University grew and gained significance and developed its own, Lithuanian identity. Vilnius University began to free itself from Soviet ideology in 1988, thanks to the policy of glasnost. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared independence, and the University regained autonomy. Since 1991, Vilnius University has been a signatory to the Magna Charta of the European Universities. The University is a member of the European University Association (EUA) and the Conference of Baltic University Rectors.

Vilnius University today

File:1 litas coin - Vilnius University.jpg
Vilnius University featured on a 1-litas commemorative coin released in 2004 to honor its 425th anniversary
Commemorative bell in Vilnius University
Layout of the Central Campus

In modern times, the University still offers studies with an internationally recognized content.

As of January 1, 2006, there were 23,126 students studying at Vilnius University.

The current University Rector is Professor Benediktas Juodka of the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.

Organization

There are 12 faculties:

The university has a number of semi-autonomous institutes:

There are also several study and research centers at Vilnius University:

Projects

A complete list of research projects may be found at [1]. Recent and ongoing projects at Vilnius University include:

  • "Laser Spectrometer for Testing of Coatings of Crystals and Optical Components in Wide Spectral and Angle Range"[2]. NATO Science for Peace programme project. NATO SfP-972534. 1999-2002.
  • "Cell biology and lasers: towards new technologies". Vilnius University - UNESCO Associated Centre of Excellence. [3]
  • "Science and Society: Genomics and Benefit Sharing with Developing Countries - From Biodiversity to Human Genomics (GenBenefit)". Doc. E. Gefenas (Faculty of Medicine). 2006-2009.
  • "Citizens and governance in a knowledge-based society: Social Inequality and Why It Matters for the Economic and Democratic Development of Europe and Its Citizens. Post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective (EUREQUAL)." Doc. A. Poviliūnas (Faculty of Philosophy). 2006-2009.
  • "Marie Curie Chairs: Centre for Studies and Training Experiments with Lasers and Laser Applications (STELLA)". A. Dubietis (Faculty of Physics). 2006-2009.
  • "Research Infrastructure Action: Integrated European Laser Laboratories (LaserLab-Europe)". Prof. A. Piskarskas (Faculty of Physics). 2004-2007.
  • "Nanotechnology and nanoscieces, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes and devices: Cell Programming by Nanoscaled Devices (CellPROM)". Prof. A. Kareiva (Faculty of Chemistry). 2004-2009.

Notable professors and alumni of Vilnius University

Sorted in alphabetical order

Honorary Doctorates conferred by Vilnius University

Bibliography

  • Studia z dziejów Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego 1579–1979, K. Mrozowska, Kraków 1979
  • Uniwersytet Wileński 1579–1979, M. Kosman, Wrocław 1981
  • Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1579–1803, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1976, 316 p.
  • Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1803–1940, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1977, 341 p.
  • Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1940–1979, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1979, 431 p.
  • Łossowski, Piotr (1991). "Likwidacja Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego przez władze litweskie w grudniu 1939 roku" (in Polish). Warszawa: Interlibro. ISBN 8385161260.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vilnius University.

References

In-line:
  1. ^ a b D. Trenin. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization. 2002, p.164
  2. ^ http://www.lasercenter.vu.lt/projektai.php?numeris=1
  3. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/research/news-centre/en/pol/02-03-pol04.html#lituanie
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