Jump to content

Foreign relations of NATO: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Whoop whoop pull up - 14411
Line 16: Line 16:
===Austria===
===Austria===
{{Main|Austria–NATO relations}}
{{Main|Austria–NATO relations}}
[[Austria]] was [[Allied-occupied Austria|occupied]] by the four victorious [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]] following [[World War II]] under the [[Allied Control Council]], similar to [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]]. During negotiations to end of the occupation, which were ongoing at the same time as Germany's, the Soviet Union insisted on the reunified country adopting the model of [[Swiss neutrality]]. The US feared that this would encourage [[West Germany]] to accept similar [[Stalin Note|Soviet proposals for neutrality]] as a condition for [[German reunification]].<ref name=us_state_2008-07-18>{{cite web
| url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/107185.htm
| title=Austrian State Treaty, 1955
| date=2008-07-18
| access-date=2022-06-06
| publisher=[[United States Department of State]]
| archive-date=12 January 2023
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112144809/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/107185.htm
| url-status=live
}}</ref> Shortly after West Germany's accession to NATO, the parties agreed to the [[Austrian State Treaty]] in May 1955, which was largely based on the Moscow Memorandum signed the previous month between Austria and the Soviet Union. While the treaty itself did not commit Austria to neutrality, this was subsequently enshrined into Austria's constitution that October with the [[Declaration of Neutrality]]. The Declaration prohibits Austria from joining a military alliance, from hosting foreign military bases within its borders, and from participating in a war.<ref name=the_local_at_2022-02-08>{{cite news
| url=https://www.thelocal.at/20220208/explained-the-history-behind-austrias-neutrality/
| title=EXPLAINED: The history behind Austria's neutrality
| website=TheLocal
| date=2022-02-08
| access-date=2022-05-12
| archive-date=13 May 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513171002/https://www.thelocal.at/20220208/explained-the-history-behind-austrias-neutrality/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

Membership of Austria in the [[European Union]] (or its predecessor organizations) was controversial due to the Austrian commitment to neutrality. Austria only joined in [[1995 enlargement of the European Union|1995]], together with two [[Nordic countries]] that had also declared their neutrality in the Cold War (Sweden and Finland). Austria joined NATO's [[Partnership for Peace]] in 1995, and participates in NATO's [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]. The [[Military of Austria|Austrian military]] also participates in the [[United Nations Peacekeeping Operations|United Nations peacekeeping operations]] and has deployments in several countries {{As of|2022|lc=y}}, including [[Kosovo]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], where it has led the [[Operation Althea|EUFOR mission there]] since 2009.<ref name=the_local_at_2022-02-08/> Conservative politician [[Andreas Khol]], the 2016 presidential nominee from the [[Austrian People's Party]] (ÖVP), has argued in favor of NATO membership for Austria in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,<ref name=new_statesman_2022-03-22>{{cite news
| url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/geopolitics/2022/03/as-finland-and-sweden-consider-nato-membership-austria-clings-to-neutrality
| title=As Finland and Sweden consider Nato membership, Austria clings to neutrality
| website=The New Statesman
| first=Liam
| last=Hoare
| date=2022-03-22
| access-date=2022-05-13
| archive-date=12 May 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512193835/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/geopolitics/2022/03/as-finland-and-sweden-consider-nato-membership-austria-clings-to-neutrality
| url-status=live
}}</ref> and Chancellor from 2000 to 2007, [[Wolfgang Schüssel]], also of the ÖVP, supported NATO membership as part of European integration. Current Chancellor [[Karl Nehammer]], however, has rejected the idea of reopening Austria's neutrality and membership is not widely popular with the Austrian public.<ref name=irish_times_2022-05-11>{{cite news
| url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/austria-holds-to-neutrality-tradition-despite-nordic-shift-to-nato-1.4875908
| title=Austria holds to neutrality tradition despite Nordic shift to Nato
| newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]
| date=2022-05-11
| first=Derek
| last=Scally
| access-date=2022-05-20
| archive-date=13 May 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513032626/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/austria-holds-to-neutrality-tradition-despite-nordic-shift-to-nato-1.4875908
| url-status=live
}}</ref> According to a survey in May 2022 by the [[Austria Press Agency]], only 14% of Austrians surveyed supported joining NATO, while 75% were opposed.<ref name=the_local_at_2022-05-06>{{cite news
| url=https://www.thelocal.at/20220506/majority-of-austrians-reject-joining-nato/
| title=Majority of Austrians reject joining NATO
| date=2022-05-06
| access-date=2022-05-12
| archive-date=13 May 2022
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513032709/https://www.thelocal.at/20220506/majority-of-austrians-reject-joining-nato/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>


===Azerbaijan===
===Azerbaijan===

Revision as of 17:18, 11 August 2023

Map of Europe with countries in six different colors based on their affiliation with NATO as follows:
Note that Membership Action Plan and Individual Partnership Action Plan countries are also Partnership for Peace members. States acceding to NATO replace Partnership for Peace membership with formal entry into the Alliance.

NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) maintains foreign relations with many non-member countries across the globe. NATO runs a number of programs which provide a framework for the partnerships between itself and these non-member nations, typically based on that country's location. These include the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Partnership for Peace.

Europe

See also: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Enlargement of NATO § Membership debates, and European Union-NATO relations

Five EU member states, all who have declared their non-alignment with military alliances, are not NATO members: Austria, Cyprus, Ireland, Malta, and Sweden. Additionally, Switzerland,[1] which is surrounded by the EU, has also maintained its neutrality by remaining a non-EU-member. All these countries except Cyprus have joined the Partnership for Peace programme, while Sweden and Finland signed a specific host country support agreement with NATO in 2014. NATO also reportedly has diplomatic relations with the 5 European microstates: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City.[2][citation needed] These microstates (which are neutral, surrounded by NATO members, and have only nominal militaries) are part of the OSCE but do not participate in NATO's PfP.[3]

Armenia

Main article: Armenia–NATO relations

Armenia has maintained positive relations with NATO members and has signed up for the Partnership for Peace programme, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Individual Partnership Action Plan.[4] However, Armenia is unlikely to join NATO as its policies often align it closer with Russia, and it remains a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia pulled out of its participation in NATO military exercises in Georgia on 8 May 2009, because of NATO's Secretary-General's alleged support of Azerbaijan, possibly making it even less likely that Armenia would eventually join NATO.[5] Armenia does however participate in certain NATO peacekeeping operations. Armenia deployed approximately 130 soldiers in Afghanistan, as part of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). They were serving under German command protecting an airport in Konduz.[6]

Austria

Main article: Austria–NATO relations

Austria was occupied by the four victorious Allied powers following World War II under the Allied Control Council, similar to Germany. During negotiations to end of the occupation, which were ongoing at the same time as Germany's, the Soviet Union insisted on the reunified country adopting the model of Swiss neutrality. The US feared that this would encourage West Germany to accept similar Soviet proposals for neutrality as a condition for German reunification.[7] Shortly after West Germany's accession to NATO, the parties agreed to the Austrian State Treaty in May 1955, which was largely based on the Moscow Memorandum signed the previous month between Austria and the Soviet Union. While the treaty itself did not commit Austria to neutrality, this was subsequently enshrined into Austria's constitution that October with the Declaration of Neutrality. The Declaration prohibits Austria from joining a military alliance, from hosting foreign military bases within its borders, and from participating in a war.[8]

Membership of Austria in the European Union (or its predecessor organizations) was controversial due to the Austrian commitment to neutrality. Austria only joined in 1995, together with two Nordic countries that had also declared their neutrality in the Cold War (Sweden and Finland). Austria joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 1995, and participates in NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The Austrian military also participates in the United Nations peacekeeping operations and has deployments in several countries as of 2022, including Kosovo, Lebanon, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it has led the EUFOR mission there since 2009.[8] Conservative politician Andreas Khol, the 2016 presidential nominee from the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), has argued in favor of NATO membership for Austria in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,[9] and Chancellor from 2000 to 2007, Wolfgang Schüssel, also of the ÖVP, supported NATO membership as part of European integration. Current Chancellor Karl Nehammer, however, has rejected the idea of reopening Austria's neutrality and membership is not widely popular with the Austrian public.[10] According to a survey in May 2022 by the Austria Press Agency, only 14% of Austrians surveyed supported joining NATO, while 75% were opposed.[11]

Azerbaijan

Main article: Azerbaijan–NATO relations

Azerbaijan was originally a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, but has since committed to a policy of neutrality in 1999.[12] While President Ilham Aliyev has generally supported non-belligerency (though not neutrality due to the unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh) since his rise to power in 2003, Azerbaijan has hosted NATO military exercises and high-profile meetings in 2009.[13] Azerbaijan made its policy of not being aligned with a geopolitical/military structure official when it became a full member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 2011.

The unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict would present a major roadblock to Azerbaijani membership of NATO, with concerns that this would lead to stronger Russian support of Armenia in the dispute.[13]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–NATO relations

Cyprus

Main article: Cyprus–NATO relations

Cyprus is the only EU member state that is neither a NATO member state nor a member of the PfP program. The Parliament of Cyprus voted in February 2011 to apply for membership in the program, but President Demetris Christofias vetoed the decision as it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island.[14][15] Turkey, a full member of NATO, is likely to veto any attempt by Cyprus to engage with NATO until the dispute is resolved.[16] The winner of Cyprus' presidential election in February 2013, Nicos Anastasiades, stated that he intended to apply for membership in the PfP program soon after taking over.[17] Foreign minister Nicos Christodoulides dismissed Cypriot membership of NATO or Partnership for Peace, preferring to keep Cyprus’ foreign and defence affairs within the framework of the European Union.[18]

Ireland

Main article: Ireland–NATO relations

Ireland has been a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme since 1999, and is a member of the alliance's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), but has never officially applied to join as a full NATO member due to its traditional policy of military neutrality.[19] Ireland participates in the PfP Planning and Review Process (PARP), which aims to increase the interoperability of the Irish military, the Defence Forces, with other NATO member states and bring them into line with accepted international standards so as to successfully deploy with other professional military forces on peacekeeping operations overseas.[20]

Irish government policy for the deployment of troops to NATO-led missions requires that the missions be mandated by the United Nations (UN Security Council resolution or UN General Assembly resolution), cabinet-backed and approved by Dáil Éireann (the Irish parliament).[21] This is known as Ireland's "triple lock".[22] Ireland supplied a limited number of troops to the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan (2001-2014) and supports the ongoing NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR), as these were sanctioned by UNSC resolutions.[23][24]

Public opinion in Ireland continues to favour a policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, and currently no major political party fully supports ascension into NATO.[25] There has been, and continues to be, a number of politicians who support Ireland joining NATO, mainly within the centre-right Fine Gael party, but the majority of politicians still do not.[26][27] It is widely understood that a referendum would have to be held before any changes could be made to neutrality or to joining NATO.[28] Former Secretary General of NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen said during a visit to the country in 2013 that the "door is open" for Ireland to join NATO at any time.[29]

Kosovo

Kosovo submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012, though its lack of recognition by four NATO member states could impede its accession.[30]

Malta

Main article: Malta–NATO relations

Moldova

Main article: Moldova–NATO relations
Six soldiers dressed in camouflage and face paint sit on top of a green vehicle.
Moldovan soldiers participate in Exercise Peace Shield 2011 in Bulboaca with US and NATO experts

Moldova does not currently have plans to join NATO. It has participated in the Partnership for Peace programme and the Individual Partnership Action Plan. The former communist government was seen as more allied with Russia and is already a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In April 2009 Moldova announced it would not participate in the June NATO military exercises.[31][32] The new ruling party, the Alliance for European Integration, elected in the July 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election, declined to take any action to either move it toward membership, or withdraw from the Commonwealth of Independent States, and denied plans to do either.[33] Moldova also has an ongoing internal conflict with the territory of Transnistria.

Russia

Main article: NATO–Russia relations

In April 2009, the Polish Foreign Minister, Radosław Sikorski, suggested including Russia in NATO. In March 2010 this suggestion was repeated in an open letter co-written by German defense experts General Klaus Naumann, Frank Elbe, Ulrich Weisser, and former German Defense Minister Volker Rühe. In the letter it was suggested that Russia was needed in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers.[34] However Russian leadership has made it clear that Russia does not plan to join the alliance, preferring to keep cooperation on a lower level. The Russian envoy to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, is quoted as saying "Great powers don't join coalitions, they create coalitions. Russia considers itself a great power," although he said that Russia did not rule out membership at some point in the future.[35]

Serbia

Main article: Serbia–NATO relations

NATO historically fought Bosnian-Serbian forces during the Bosnia war and intervened in 1999 in the Kosovo War by bombing targets in Serbia (then part of FR Yugoslavia).[36] After the overthrow of President Slobodan Milošević, Serbia wanted to improve its relations with NATO. However, a future membership in the military alliance remained highly controversial, because among political parties and large sections of society there were still resentments due to NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.[37][38] In the years under Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić the country (then Serbia and Montenegro) did not rule out joining NATO. But after Đinđić's assassination in 2003, Belgrade increasingly started preferring a course of military neutrality (officially declared in 2007).[39][40]

The subsequent independence of Montenegro and Kosovo have strained relations between Serbia and NATO. Serbia however joined the Partnership for Peace programme during the 2006 Riga Summit. While this programme is sometimes the first step towards full NATO membership, it is uncertain whether Serbia perceives it as signaling an intent to join the alliance.[41]

Neću NATO (eng. I do not want NATO) Anti-NATO signs in Serbia in 2011

Following NATO's open support to Kosovo's declaration of independence in January 2008, support for NATO integration greatly dropped. An earlier poll in September 2007 had showed that 28% of Serbian citizens supported NATO membership, with 58% supporting the Partnership for Peace.[42] The Democratic Party abandoned its pro-NATO attitude, claiming the Partnership for Peace is enough.

Although current Serbian priorities do not include NATO membership, the Alliance has offered Serbia an invitation to enter the intensified dialogue programme whenever the country is ready.[43] On 1 October 2008, Serbian Defence Minister Dragan Šutanovac signed the Information Exchange Agreement with the NATO, one of the prerequisites for fuller membership in the Partnership for Peace programme.[44]

In 2015, Serbia implemented its first Individual Partnership Action Plan with NATO,[45] regularly participates in its military maneuvers and hosted a joint civil protection exercise with NATO in 2018.[46][47]

Sweden

Main article: Sweden–NATO relations

In 1949 Sweden chose not to join NATO and declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war.[citation needed] Sweden joined Partnership for Peace in 1994.[48] These ideological divides were visible again in November 2006 when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO's plane pool, and in December 2006, when Sweden was invited to join the NATO Response Force.[49][50] While the governing parties in Sweden have opposed membership, they have participated in NATO-led missions in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR), Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF) and Libya (Operation Unified Protector).[51][52][53]

The Swedish left wing, including the Social Democratic party, the Green party and the Left party have historically remained in favor of non-alignment, along with the nationalist Sweden Democrats.[54][55] The right wing, including the Moderate Party, the Centre party, the conservative Christian Democrats and the Liberal party make up the Swedish parties with representation in the parliament today that are in favor of NATO membership.[56] Former Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt stated on 18 September 2007 that a Swedish membership in NATO would require a "very wide" majority in Parliament, including the Social Democrats, and coordination with Finland.[57] Sweden signed in 2014, and ratified in 2016, a host country agreement with NATO allowing for NATO forces to conduct joint training exercises on Swedish soil and for NATO member states' forces to be deployed in Sweden in response to threats to Sweden's national security.[58] In October 2014, an opinion poll found for the first time more Swedes in favor of NATO membership (37%) than opposed (36%).[59]

If the situation in and around the Baltic countries were to escalate, Swedish NATO membership, possibly together with Finland, would reduce barriers to NATO intervention in the region.[60] NATO reported in 2015 that Russia simulated a nuclear attack on Sweden in 2013.[61] The Swedish government questioned Sweden's neutral status after the Russian intervention in Ukraine. Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov threatened in 2016 to "take necessary measures" to prevent Swedish NATO membership.[62] According to a poll conducted by Sifo in June 2016, more Swedes are against a Swedish NATO membership than in favour of one.[63] A government-sponsored report on the future of Sweden's NATO membership was released in September 2016.[64] The nationalist Sweden Democrats revised their stance in April 2022 and announced that they would support Swedish membership in NATO if Finland also joins.[65][66] Around the same time, the Social Democrats announced that they would be "initiating a dialogue" internally to discuss NATO membership for a second time in 6 months. The first time, the party decided to oppose membership.[67]

Following talks between NATO's foreign ministers which Finland and Sweden attended in April 2022, US officials estimated that Sweden would follow Finland in filing a membership application. Both Sweden and Finland submitted their applications to join NATO on 18 May 2022.[68]

Switzerland

Main article: Switzerland–NATO relations

Switzerland has several centuries of military and political neutrality. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Swiss support for closer NATO alliance reached historic highs.[69]

Ukraine

Main article: Ukraine–NATO relations

At the beginning of 2008, the Ukrainian President, Prime Minister and head of parliament sent an official letter to apply for the Membership Action Plan. The idea of Ukrainian membership in NATO has gained support from a number of NATO leaders.[70] At the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer declared in a press conference that Georgia and Ukraine would eventually join NATO.[71] Within the NATO-Ukraine working commission, NATO officials reassured Ukraine officials that they are willing to invite their country to join the Alliance. The Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia, Alexander Grushko, announced that NATO membership for Ukraine was not in Russia's best interests and wouldn't help the relations of the two countries.[72]

Anti-NATO signs in Feodosiya in 2006

According to numerous independent polls conducted between 2002 and the events of 2014, Ukrainian public opinion on NATO membership was split, with the majority of those polled against joining the military alliance and many identifying it as a threat.[73][74] According to the FOM-Ukraine pollster, as of April 2009, 57% of Ukrainians polled were against joining the alliance, while 21% were in favor.[75] A Gallup poll conducted in October 2008 showed that 45% associated NATO as a threat to their country, while only 15% associated it with protection.[76] Ukrainian politicians such as Yuriy Yekhanurov and Yulia Tymoshenko stated Ukraine would not join NATO as long as the public continued opposing the move.[77] In 2008 the Ukrainian government started an information campaign, aimed at informing the Ukrainian people about the consequences of membership.[73][78]

The 2010 election returned Viktor Yanukovych as Ukrainian President and marked a turnaround in Ukraine's relations with NATO. In February 2010, he stated that Ukraine's relations with NATO were currently "well-defined", and that there was "no question of Ukraine joining NATO". He said the issue of Ukrainian membership of NATO might "emerge at some point, but we will not see it in the immediate future."[79] While visiting Brussels in March 2010, he further stated that there would be no change to Ukraine's status as a member of the alliance's outreach program.[80] He later reiterated during a trip to Moscow that Ukraine would remain a "European, non-aligned state."[81][82] Then, on 3 June 2010 the Ukrainian parliament voted to exclude the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy in a bill drafted by Yanukovych himself.[83]

Amid the Euromaidan unrest, Yanukovych fled Ukraine in February 2014.[84] The interim Yatsenyuk Government which came to power, initially said, with reference to the country's non-aligned status, that it had no plans to join NATO.[85] However, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and parliamentary elections in October 2014, the new government made joining NATO a priority.[86] On 23 December 2014, the Ukrainian parliament renounced Ukraine's non-aligned status[84][87] that "proved to be ineffective in guaranteeing Ukraine's security and protecting the country from external aggression and pressure".[88] Ukraine and NATO have since held joint seminars and joint tactical and strategical exercises and operations.[89][90]

Since the start of the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, public support for Ukrainian membership in NATO has risen greatly. Since June 2014 polls show that about 50% of those asked voice support for Ukrainian membership.[91][92][93] By early 2022 (just before the Russian invasion of Ukraine began), support had risen further to 62% as Russia built up forces near the Ukrainian border.[94] In March 2022, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, president of Ukraine, stated that he did not anticipate Ukraine joining NATO in the near future.[95] However, in September 2022, he announced that Ukraine has applied for NATO membership under an accelerated procedure, following Russia's claimed annexation of Southeastern Ukraine.[96]

Global NATO

See also: Mediterranean Dialogue and Istanbul Cooperation Initiative

In 2006, the then United States Ambassador to NATO Ivo H. Daalder together with James Goldgeier conceived the term "Global NATO".[97][98] Subsequently, ideas for membership of various states were floated: Brazil, South Africa, Singapore, India, Israel, and most frequently of Australia, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand and Colombia.[97] The idea is to transform the Cold War institution into a "Global alliance of democracies".[99]

Australia

The issue of Australian NATO membership is often brought forward.[97][99][100][101] Australia is even referred to as a "de facto member of NATO".[102] Australia is referred to by NATO as one of their "partners across the globe", agreeing to work on crisis and conflict management, post-conflict situations, reconstruction and facilitating humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. NATO and Australia signed a joint political declaration in June 2012 followed by a signature of an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme in February of the next year.[103]

General Knud Bartels, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee at the time, stressed the need for "substantial and practical cooperation, to learn from each other, share best practices and develop common standards because NATO and Australia have a strong partnership and are committed to enhancing their abilities of working together in order to better tackle future global challenges". Australia attended the NATO Summit for first time in 2022.

Colombia

Colombia is NATO's latest partner in Latin America and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners. NATO and Colombia have concluded a partnership agreement with a view to strengthening dialogue and cooperation to address shared security challenges.[104] A close strategic ally and trade partner of the U.S. and Spain, Colombia has been a strong supporter of NATO and its actions. In 2009, the Colombian Government asked to be part of the ISAF and work with the Spanish contingent in mine detection operations,[105] but this didn't materialize due to the internal conflict that Colombia faced. In March 2011, Colombia voted in favor of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, thus officially allowing for NATO military intervention in the Libyan Civil War.[106] In April 2012, Colombia was amended into the NATO ATP-56(B) which gave Colombia "associate" status and to re-establish air-to-air fueling capabilities with NATO member countries.[107][108]

On 4 June 2013, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos announced that Colombia will be signing a Cooperation Agreement with NATO in hopes of eventually joining the military alliance. Santos also stated that: "If we can achieve peace, the army will be in a place where it will be able to distinguish itself internationally as well. We are already doing it on many fronts."[109] In response, the U.S. government noted, "Our goal is certainly to support Colombia as being a capable and strong member of lots of different international organizations, and that might well include NATO. Ultimately this is a decision that all of the NATO members would have to make."[110]

However, on the same day, a Colombian and NATO official both objected to NATO membership for Colombia. Defense Minister Juan Carlos Pinzon stated his country merely wished to sign a cooperation deal with NATO,[111] and a NATO official noted that, "There is no immediate plan for establishing a formal partnership between the alliance and Colombia, but we are exploring the possibility of carrying out specific activities together...and we are currently developing a security of information agreement which would allow the exchange of classified information between the alliance and Colombia."[112]

On the 10th of March 2022, in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and amidst talks of new oil negotiations with Venezuela, US President Joe Biden announced Colombia had been designated Major Non-NATO Ally, in a bilateral meeting at the White House.[113][114]

India

In September 2011, The NATO alliance invited India to be a partner in its ballistic missile defence (BMD).[115][116] According to the reports a top NATO official stated addressing Indian representatives, "You have a missile threat that confronts you. We have a missile threat that confronts us. It's a different one, but our ability to defend against it could be the same. We have cooperation on those kind of issues. [..]Democracies face challenges that are common. We need to work together and resolve. We need to cooperate, because individually we cannot deal with such threats. It is better to deal with such issues commonly than deal with them individually."[115] V. K. Saraswat, the architect of Indian BMD program, subsequently informed, "We are analysing the report. It is under consideration."[116]

Then-U.S. NATO Ambassador Ivo H. Daalder has suggested that India should turn away from its non-aligned role and join NATO. A Voice of Russia analysis quoted Robert Pshel, head of NATO's Information Office in Moscow as saying "I agree with Mr Daalder that many modern threats are global, and tackling them without emerging powers like India is hardly possible."[117] Daalder further stated, "The dialogue should be on how India's concept of its own security and of international security fits in with NATO's concept of international security and how NATO as an actor and India as a country can work together to promote security."[118]

The United States and India have already studied the possibility of a joint missile defence system, although former Defence Secretary Robert Gates stated that "talks were only in their early stages."[117] Boris Volkonsky of the Russian Strategic Research Institute was quoted as saying, "an ally like India would strengthen Washington's hand in South and Southwest Asia and other world areas."[117] A Voice of Russia analysis speculated on an additional, ulterior motive from a shared Indian and American fear of the "rising dragon of China".[117]

And while most members of the Indian strategic community readily admit that NATO's Afghanistan mission coincides with India's own strategic interest in stabilising that country, they do not necessarily conclude from this that India and NATO should develop closer cooperation. It is believed that many Indian analysts harbour doubts about the possible implications for their country's international position should it develop closer ties with NATO. In a report published by NATO review it said, "The choice should be clear: exploiting NATO's potential as a forum for consultation and cooperation is a 'win-win' situation, both for India and for the Alliance."[119]

Israel

Further information: Israel–United States military relations

Israel was designated as a major non-NATO ally in 1987 by US President Ronald Reagan[120][121] and has since cooperated with NATO in the areas of technology, counterterrorism and other areas.[122]

Japan

Cooperation between Japan and NATO began in 1990, and Japan was one of the first "partners across the globe" when the relationship became more formalized.[123] Japan deepened their relationship in April 2013 with a joint political declaration, and in May 2014 signed accords relating to counter-terrorism and counter-piracy efforts.[124] Japan has also been involved in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and with stabilization efforts in the Balkans during the 1990s.[125]

On June 29, 2022, the Prime Minister of Japan attended the NATO Summit for first time, as the trans-Atlantic alliance seeks to deepen ties with Asia-Pacific partners amid China's rise.[126] Japan and NATO signed the Individually Tailored Partnership Program (ITPP) in 2023.

South Korea

See also: Korean conflict

South Korea is a global NATO partner and major non-NATO ally which has cooperated with NATO in multiple areas. For example, South Korea contributed substantially to rebuilding efforts after the 2001 war in Afghanistan.[127] South Korea has also worked with NATO in the areas of non-proliferation and anti-WMD initiatives, advanced scientific and technology research as well as taken measures to ensure interoperability with NATO forces, including through joint exercises with NATO member countries through events such as RIMPAC and participation at NATO leadership meetings.[128][129] South Korea attended the NATO Summit for first time in 2022. South Korea and NATO signed the Individually Tailored Partnership Program (ITPP) in 2023.

Mongolia

The NATO–Mongolia Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme was approved on 19 March 2012. It is the first application of the new policy for flexible partnerships with global partners.[130][131][132] Mongolia has worked with NATO on initiatives relating to interoperability, military modernization and officer training, as well as provided troops to support NATO's operations in Afghanistan from 2009-2014. More recently, Mongolia has been working together with NATO on Science for Peace and Security Programme, which focuses on cybersecurity and reducing the environmental impact of military sites.[133]

New Zealand

In 2001, NATO and New Zealand signalled their commitment to strengthen cooperation with the joint signature of an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme in June 2012. New Zealand has made valuable contributions to NATO-led efforts in Afghanistan, as part of the International Security Assistance Force and Resolute Support missions to train, advise and assist the Afghan security forces and institutions. New Zealand attended the NATO Summit for first time in 2022.

Pakistan

Main article: Pakistan–NATO relations

Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally, cooperating in several main sectors: fighting insurgency and terrorism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan, military cooperation, transportation and logistics operations support to Afghanistan, and non-proliferation.[134]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Russia, NATO stage rival air-combat exercises". The Seattle Times. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  2. ^ Elliott, Katie (March 7, 2022). "Which European countries are not part of NATO?". Daily Express.
  3. ^ Cottey, Andrew (2018). "Chapter 1 - Introduction: The European Neutral States". The European Neutrals and NATO: Non-alignment, Partnership, Membership?. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 5. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-59524-9_1. ISBN 978-1-137-59523-2.
  4. ^ "Armenia-NATO Partnership Plan corresponds to interests of both parties". PanARMENIAN.Net. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  5. ^ "Armenia Says NATO Support For Azerbaijan Prompted Pullout". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  6. ^ "News - mediamax.am". mediamax.am. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Austrian State Treaty, 1955". United States Department of State. 2008-07-18. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  8. ^ a b "EXPLAINED: The history behind Austria's neutrality". TheLocal. 2022-02-08. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  9. ^ Hoare, Liam (2022-03-22). "As Finland and Sweden consider Nato membership, Austria clings to neutrality". The New Statesman. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  10. ^ Scally, Derek (2022-05-11). "Austria holds to neutrality tradition despite Nordic shift to Nato". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  11. ^ "Majority of Austrians reject joining NATO". 2022-05-06. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  12. ^ "Azerbaijan not to join NATO". Zee News. 25 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  13. ^ a b "Azerbaijan: Baku Can Leapfrog over Ukraine, Georgia for NATO Membership -- Source". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  14. ^ "Cypriot parliament votes to join NATO's Partnership for Peace". SETimes. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  15. ^ "Cyprus - Vouli Antiprosopon (House of Representatives)". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
  16. ^ Dempsey, Judy (2012-11-24). "Between the European Union and NATO, Many Walls". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  17. ^ Kambas, Michele; Babington, Deepa (2013-02-24). "Cypriot conservative romps to presidential victory". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
  18. ^ "Cyprus dismisses reports on NATO scenarios". KNEWS - Kathimerini Cyprus. 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  19. ^ "NATO's 'neutral' European partners: valuable contributors or free riders?". NATO Review Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  20. ^ "Defence Questions: Irish cooperation with NATO in Ukraine". Eoghan Murphy TD. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  21. ^ "Ireland: dealing with NATO and neutrality". NATO Review Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  22. ^ Lee, Dorcha (18 September 2014). "Time to adjust the peacekeeping triple lock". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  23. ^ "Current Missions ISAF". Defence Forces Ireland. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  24. ^ "Current Missions > KFOR". Defence Forces Ireland. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  25. ^ O'Carroll, Sinead (13 February 2013). "Poll: Should Ireland give up its neutrality?". thejournal.ie. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  26. ^ McCullagh, David (19 May 2015). "David McCullagh blogs on Ireland's defence policy". RTÉ Prime Time. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  27. ^ Roche, Barry (30 August 2014). "Ireland should change position on military neutrality, says academic". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  28. ^ "Challenges and opportunities abroad: White paper on foreign policy" (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ireland. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  29. ^ Lynch, Suzanne (11 February 2013). "Door is open for Ireland to join Nato, says military alliance's chief". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  30. ^ "Kosovo seeks to join international organisations". Turkish Weekly. 2012-07-19. Archived from the original on 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  31. ^ "Roundup". www.setimes.com. 2009.
  32. ^ "Russia expels Canadian diplomats". BBC News. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  33. ^ "Moldova's acting president denies that Moldova plans to leave CIS, enter NATO". Kyiv Post. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  34. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
  35. ^ "Russia does not rule out future NATO membership". EUobserver. April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  36. ^ ""Vojna neutralnost nije izolacija"". B92.net (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  37. ^ Mandić, Marija (2016). "Official Commemoration of the NATO Bombing of Serbia. A Case Study of the Fifteenth Anniversary" (PDF). Südosteuropa. 64:4: 460–481.
  38. ^ "Serbia's Decade Of Denial". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  39. ^ Ejdus, Filip (2014). "Serbia's Military Neutrality: Origins, effects and challenges". Croatian International Relations Review. 20:71 (71): 43–70. doi:10.2478/cirr-2014-0008. S2CID 154105390. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2021-02-08 – via DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals.
  40. ^ Seroka, Jim (2010). "Serbian National Security and Defense Strategy: Forever Wandering in the Wilderness?". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 23:3 (3): 438–460. doi:10.1080/13518046.2010.503146. S2CID 154930410 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  41. ^ "Military independence is not isolation". B92 (in Serbian). 6 October 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  42. ^ "Serbians Yearn for EU, Reject Joining NATO". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 25 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  43. ^ "NATO offers "intensified dialogue" to Serbia". B92. 3 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  44. ^ "Serbia signs information exchange agreement with NATO". Southeast European Times. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  45. ^ NATO. "Relations with Serbia". NATO. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  46. ^ "NATO i Srbija ostavili bombardovanje iza sebe". BBC News Na Srpskom.
  47. ^ "Serbia hosts joint military exercises with Russia". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-03-11.
  48. ^ "Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document". NATO. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  49. ^ "Sweden 'should join NATO plane pool'". The Local. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  50. ^ "Sweden could join new NATO force". The Local. 2 December 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  51. ^ "IFOR/SFOR – Bosnien". mil.se. 3 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  52. ^ "Om insatsen i Kosovo". mil.se. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  53. ^ "Om insatsen i Afghanistan". mil.se. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  54. ^ "Nato". Centerpartiet (in Swedish). 2006. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  55. ^ "NATO". Socialdemokraterna (in Swedish). 2008. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  56. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T.; Sjölin, Adam (2020-12-09). "Lista: Så står partierna i Nato-frågan". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  57. ^ Jonsson, Gunnar (18 September 2007). "Riksdagsåret inleds idag". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  58. ^ Charles Duxbury (25 May 2016). "Sweden Ratifies NATO Cooperation Agreement: Government's proposal to sign host nation support agreement backed by broad majority of lawmakers". Wall Street Journal.
  59. ^ Milne, Richard (29 October 2014). "Swedes lean towards Nato membership, poll shows". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  60. ^ ""Nordic duo should stay together" -- study on NATO membership published in Finland". NATO Review. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  61. ^ Oliphant, Roland (4 February 2016). "Russia 'simulated a nuclear strike' against Sweden, Nato admits". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  62. ^ Braw, Elisabeth (10 May 2016). "Sweden urged to boost alliances but avoid NATO". Politico. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  63. ^ "Swedes have a change of heart on Nato once more". The Local. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  64. ^ "Mixed reactions on possible NATO membership report". Radio Sweden. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  65. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T. (2022-04-11). "SD svänger om Nato: "Vi behöver gå hand i hand med Finland"". SVT Nyheter. Sveriges Television. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  66. ^ "SD-ledning får mandat för stöd till Natoansökan". Omni (in Swedish). Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  67. ^ "S omprövar sin inställning till Nato – "Har inget annat val"". DN.SE (in Swedish). 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  68. ^ "Sweden and Finland formally submit Nato applications". BBC News.
  69. ^ Oltermann, Philip (2023-03-22). "Switzerland's national pride dealt heavy blow by the merger of its banking titans". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  70. ^ Ďurianová, Marta (20 March 2006). "President Gašparovič meets Ukrainian Foreign Affairs Minister". The Slovak Spectator. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  71. ^ "Nato denies Georgia and Ukraine". BBC News. April 3, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  72. ^ "News of Ukraine :: Interfax – Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2007-02-09.
  73. ^ a b Khrestin, Igor (18 August 2008). "Politics as usual". UNIAN. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  74. ^ Razumkov Centre poll Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 26 August 2009
  75. ^ FOM-Ukraine April 2009 survey, FOM-Ukraine Retrieved on 4 June 2009
  76. ^ Ukrainians May Oppose President’s Pro-Western Goals Gallup Retrieved on 26 August 2009
  77. ^ "Ukraine will not join NATO without referendum". GlobalSecurity. Vol. 5, no. 173. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  78. ^ "Itar-Tass". Archived from the original on 2010-10-11.
  79. ^ Yanukovych opens door to Russian navy keeping base in Ukraine GlobalSecurity.org Retrieved on 9 March 2010
  80. ^ Ukraine's Yanukovych: EU ties a 'key priority', Kyiv Post (1 March 2010)
  81. ^ Ukraine vows new page in ties with Russia[permanent dead link] Retrieved on 9 March 2010
  82. ^ "Ukraine drops Nato membership pursuit". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  83. ^ Ukraine drops NATO membership bid, EUobserver (6 June 2010)
  84. ^ a b Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Poroshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (23 December 2014)
  85. ^ Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO, Interfax-Ukraine (29 March 2014)
  86. ^ "New Ukraine Coalition Agreed, Sets NATO As Priority". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
  87. ^ Ukraine Ends ‘Nonaligned’ Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia, The Wall Street journal (23 December 2014)
  88. ^ Spotlight: Scrapping non-aligned status paves Ukraine's way to NATO, fuels Russia's wrath. Xinhua News Agency. Published on 2014-12-24.
  89. ^ Ukraine, NATO to hold security exercises during Euro 2012, Kyiv Post (26 March 2012)
    Yanukovych signs decree on Ukraine-NATO annual cooperation programs, Interfax-Ukraine (12 June 2013)
    Military manoeuvres in Ukraine Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, Euronews (4 August 2011)
  90. ^ Yanukovych approves program of Ukraine-NATO cooperation for 2012, Kyiv Post (20 April 2012)
  91. ^ Nearly 40% of Ukrainians ready to demonstrate if authorities do not fulfil promises, ITAR-TASS (October 22, 2014)
  92. ^ (in Ukrainian) Accession to the EU support almost two-thirds of Ukrainians, 51% - for joining NATO - opinion poll 24 (TV channel) (20/11/14)
  93. ^ Less than half of Ukrainians support NATO membership, Interfax-Ukraine (18 April 2016)
  94. ^ Times, The Moscow (2022-02-18). "Ukrainians' Support for Joining NATO Hits Record High – Poll". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  95. ^ Andrew Carey; Oleksandra Ochman; Kylie Atwood; Paul LeBlanc (2022-03-16). "Zelensky signals he doesn't expect Ukraine to join NATO anytime soon". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  96. ^ "Ukraine applies for fast-track NATO membership". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  97. ^ a b c "NATO: the Australian experience". ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  98. ^ "Foreign Affairs" – via www.foreignaffairs.com.
  99. ^ a b "Australia and NATO: A deeper relationship?". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  100. ^ "US turns the screws on NATO, lauds its ally Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  101. ^ "Australia: A Global Member for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
  102. ^ "NATO enlargement needs US and Australian leadership". On Line Opinion. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  103. ^ "Relations with Australia". North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  104. ^ "Relations with Colombia". nato.int. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  105. ^ "Colombia to send 50 soldiers to Afghanistan". 28 May 2010.
  106. ^ "Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  107. ^ "Por Primera Vez, la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana reabastece en vuelo a los F-18 Canadienses". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  108. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-06-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  109. ^ "Colombia heads toward NATO membership". InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  110. ^ U.S. might support Colombia NATO bid: State Department official Archived 2013-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Raw Story
  111. ^ "Colombia Minister Says No to NATO Membership". Fox News. Associated Press. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  112. ^ "NATO Rules Out Colombia Membership". DefenseNews. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013.
  113. ^ NBC. "Biden Designates Colombia As 'Major Non-NATO Ally' In Bilateral Meeting". YouTube.
  114. ^ The Hill (10 March 2022). "Biden Designates Colombia As 'Major Non-NATO Ally' In Bilateral Meeting".
  115. ^ a b PTI (4 September 2011). "NATO offers missile defence cooperation to India". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  116. ^ a b T.S. Subramanian (7 October 2011). "India studying NATO offer on joining missile programme". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  117. ^ a b c d Akhtar Jamal. "India may agree to deploy NATO missile system". The Pak Observer. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  118. ^ "NATO woos India, says ties important to ensure global safety and security". Jagran Post. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  119. ^ "India and NATO: size no problem". NATO Review. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  120. ^ Dan Fisher (1987-02-16). "U.S. Is Granting Israel Non-NATO Ally Status : Move Should Bring Strategic and Economic Gains, Shamir Says; Egypt Gets Same Rating". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  121. ^ "Major Non-NATO Ally Status". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  122. ^ "NATO Secretary General meets with Foreign Minister of Israel". NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2021-07-12. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  123. ^ "NATO's relations with Contact Countries". 9 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  124. ^ Croft, Adrian (6 May 2014). "Japan, worried about China, strengthens ties with NATO". Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  125. ^ "NATO cooperation with Japan". NATO. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  126. ^ "Outcome of Prime Minister Kishida's Attendance at the NATO Summit Meeting". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  127. ^ "NATO and the Republic of Korea sign new partnership programme". North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2019-11-21. Archived from the original on 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  128. ^ "Relations with the Republic of Korea". North Atlantic Treato Organization (NATO). 2021-09-02. Archived from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-03-11. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2022-01-28 suggested (help)
  129. ^ Elizabeth Shim (2021-07-03). "NATO, South Korea agree to step up global cooperation". United Press International (UPI). Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2022-03-11. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2021-08-24 suggested (help)
  130. ^ "NATO and Mongolia agree programme of cooperation" (Press release). NATO. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  131. ^ "Finally a New Era in NATO-Mongolia Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-15.
  132. ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (May 19, 2012). "Mongolia Wrestles with Dinosaurs, NATO and Politics". IHT Rendezvous (blog). The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  133. ^ "Relations with Mongolia". North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2021-08-25. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  134. ^ "NATO's relations with Pakistan". NATO Topics. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_NATO&oldid=1169847739"