Dan Povenmire: Difference between revisions
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Povenmire grew up in [[Mobile, Alabama]], where he was an art student, and where he spent summers outdoors and making movies. Povenmire attended the [[University of South Alabama]] before deciding to pursue a film career and transferring to the [[University of Southern California]]. |
Povenmire grew up in [[Mobile, Alabama]], where he was an art student, and where he spent summers outdoors and making movies. Povenmire attended the [[University of South Alabama]] before deciding to pursue a film career and transferring to the [[University of Southern California]]. |
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Povenmire has been a long-time contributor to the animation business, working on several different animated television series such as ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', ''[[The Simpsons]]'', ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'', and ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''. He was a longtime director on the animated sitcom ''[[Family Guy]]'', where he was nominated for an [[Annie Award]] in 2005. He left the series to create ''Phineas and Ferb'' with [[Jeff "Swampy" Marsh]]. Povenmire has been nominated for several awards for his work on the show, including a [[BAFTA]], an Annie, and two [[Emmy Award]]s. Following the success of ''Phineas and Ferb'', he and Marsh created and produced a second show for Disney titled ''Milo Murphy's Law'', which premiered in 2016. In 2020, the duo made a second ''Phineas and Ferb'' film, ''[[Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe|Candace Against the Universe]]'', and is currently working on season 5 and 6. |
Povenmire has been a long-time contributor to the animation business, working on several different animated television series such as ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', ''[[The Simpsons]]'', ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'', and ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''. He was a longtime director on the animated the totally groovy sitcom ''[[Family Guy]]'', where he was nominated for an [[Annie Award]] in 2005. He left the series to create ''Phineas and Ferb'' with [[Jeff "Swampy" Marsh]]. Povenmire has been nominated for several awards for his work on the show, including a [[BAFTA]], an Annie, and two [[Emmy Award]]s. Following the success of ''Phineas and Ferb'', he and Marsh created and produced a second show for Disney titled ''Milo Murphy's Law'', which premiered in 2016. In 2020, the duo made a second ''Phineas and Ferb'' film, ''[[Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe|Candace Against the Universe]]'', and is currently working on season 5 and 6. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
Revision as of 20:00, 6 March 2024
Dan Povenmire | |
---|---|
Born | Daniel Kingsley Povenmire September 18, 1963 San Diego, California, U.S. |
Alma mater | |
Occupations | |
Years active | 1987–present |
Known for | |
Spouse |
Clarissa McPeck Rincón
(m. 2000; sep. 2022) |
Children | 2 |
YouTube information | |
Channel | |
Years active | 2007–present |
Genre | |
Subscribers | 1.51 million[4] |
Total views | 610.7 million[4] |
Last updated: March 4, 2024 |
Daniel Kingsley Povenmire (/ˈpɒvənmaɪər/ POV-ən-mire;[5] born September 18, 1963)[6] is an American animator, voice actor, writer, director, and producer. With Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Povenmire co-created the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law, in both of which he voiced the character Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz. In October 2020, Povenmire announced a new series for Disney Channel titled Hamster & Gretel, which premiered in 2022.
Povenmire grew up in Mobile, Alabama, where he was an art student, and where he spent summers outdoors and making movies. Povenmire attended the University of South Alabama before deciding to pursue a film career and transferring to the University of Southern California.
Povenmire has been a long-time contributor to the animation business, working on several different animated television series such as Hey Arnold!, The Simpsons, Rocko's Modern Life, and SpongeBob SquarePants. He was a longtime director on the animated the totally groovy sitcom Family Guy, where he was nominated for an Annie Award in 2005. He left the series to create Phineas and Ferb with Jeff "Swampy" Marsh. Povenmire has been nominated for several awards for his work on the show, including a BAFTA, an Annie, and two Emmy Awards. Following the success of Phineas and Ferb, he and Marsh created and produced a second show for Disney titled Milo Murphy's Law, which premiered in 2016. In 2020, the duo made a second Phineas and Ferb film, Candace Against the Universe, and is currently working on season 5 and 6.
Early life
Daniel Kingsley Povenmire was born in San Diego, California, on September 18, 1963,[6][7] and grew up in the city of Mobile, Alabama.[8] A child prodigy, he began drawing at age two; by the time he was ten, his work was displayed in local art shows.[9] His first efforts in animation included a series of flip books that he produced in his school text books.[10] As a child, Povenmire considered animator Chuck Jones his hero;[11] in a 2009 interview, he stated that "every drawing he did was beautiful to look at and had so much life in it".[12] The works of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki were also an early influence on Povenmire's style.[13]
Education
Povenmire received his secondary education at Shaw High School in Mobile.[14] Initially, he attended the University of South Alabama, where he created his first popular comic strip, Life is a Fish, devoted to the life of Herman the goldfish and the college students he lives with. Povenmire also supported himself as a waiter and performer at a dinner theater.[9] In 1985, he transferred to the University of Southern California (USC), planning to pursue a career in film.[9][14][15]
Soon after arriving at USC, he pitched Life is a Fish to Mark Ordesky, the editor-in-chief of the Daily Trojan, the university newspaper. Ordesky first "basically brushed [him] off", but, after viewing Povenmire's portfolio, accepted the strip. Fish ran daily in the paper. Though the rapid pace left Povenmire afraid he was "running out of ideas", he never missed a deadline and made $14,000 a year through Fish merchandise, which included T-shirts, books, and calendars sold at the campus craft fair.[9] The discipline of regular production also helped teach Povenmire to "represent something in the least amount of lines".[10]
Career
Early works
Povenmire left USC[9] without finishing the degree requirements,[14] and used the money from Fish merchandise to fund a short-lived career as a street artist. His first professional animation commission came on the Tommy Chong project Far Out Man, for which Povenmire produced two minutes of animation. By age 24, Povenmire was freelancing on several animated television series, including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.[9] In 1989, he appeared in a small role as a band member in Adam Sandler's first film, Going Overboard.[9]
The Simpsons
In the 1990s, Povenmire secured a job as a character layout animator[16] on the hit animated series The Simpsons.[9][17] His desk placed him opposite Jeffrey Marsh, another up-and-coming animator. They shared similar tastes in humor and music, and later became colleagues on other projects.[17]
Povenmire's experience, from both previous industry work and from his own projects, earned him respect at The Simpsons.[10] He worked on layout animation and collaborated on storyboard production for the series, recalling later that staff were handed pages of production notes and instructed to "Do the [creative consultant] Brad Bird notes and any others that make sense."[12] He maintained a side interest in film, writing scripts[14] and the screenplay for a low-budget horror movie, Psycho Cop 2.[11][14] The movie's producers offered Povenmire the opportunity to direct the film, but its terms required that he quit The Simpsons. Povenmire chose to stay with The Simpsons, which he enjoyed and considered a better fit with his future ambitions.[14] Rif Coogan ended up directing the picture instead.[18]
Rocko's Modern Life
"I could have just stayed at The Simpsons ad infinitum. I have friends there who were there when I was and are still working on the show. But animation is such that at the end of production they lay off all the artists and then at the end of post-production they bring all the artists back. I was looking at a two- or three-month downtime."
—Povenmire, on leaving The Simpsons for Rocko's Modern Life[14]
Work on The Simpsons involved an irregular schedule. The producers laid off the animation staff for two-to-three-month periods, and rehired the staff later in the production cycle. During one of these layoffs, Povenmire found a temporary job on the series Rocko's Modern Life,[14] Nickelodeon's first in-house cartoon production.[19][20] The show's creator, television newcomer Joe Murray, hired Povenmire solely on the strength of his Life is a Fish comic strips,[9] which proved he could both write and draw.[14]
Though Povenmire started on Rocko simply to occupy his downtime from The Simpsons, he found the greater creative freedom he enjoyed on his temporary job compelling, and quit The Simpsons to work on Rocko full-time. There, he reunited with Jeff Marsh, this time as a writing partner;[17] Marsh claimed the crew hoped Povenmire's neatness would offset his own sloppy storyboarding.[11] The pair developed a distinctive style characterized by characteristic musical numbers and chase scenes.[21] Povenmire and Marsh won an Environmental Achievement Award for a 1996 Rocko episode they had written.[7]
Family Guy and SpongeBob SquarePants
Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy,[22] starting with the season two episode "Road to Rhode Island".[23] Creator Seth MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom. Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him "We've got two minutes to fill. Give me some visual gags. Do whatever you want. I trust you." Povenmire praised MacFarlane's management style for letting him "have [...] fun."[12]
Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy.[24][25] For "One If by Clam, Two If by Sea" (August 1, 2001),[26] several characters demonstrate Fosse-like moves in prison. To correctly depict the moves, Povenmire asked color artist Cynthia MacIntosh, who had been a professional dancer, to strike poses so he could properly illustrate the sequence.[25] In the episode "To Love and Die in Dixie" (November 15, 2001),[27] Povenmire drew on his childhood in the Deep South to create and sequence a background scene in which the redneck character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river.[24]
"Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows" (January 17, 2002), a Family Guy episode which Povenmire directed,[28] won the Emmy Award for Best Song. Creator MacFarlane, the recipient of the award, noted that Povenmire deserved to have received the award for the contribution the visuals made to the episode's win. Povenmire responded in jest, "That's a nice sentiment and all, but did he offer to give me his? No! And it's not like he doesn't already have two of his own just sitting in his house!"[29] Povenmire was nominated for an Annie Award for Directing in an Animated Television Production for the episode "PTV" (November 6, 2005)[30] but lost out to a fellow Family Guy director, Peter Shin, who had directed the episode "North by North Quahog".[31] Povenmire and several others were also nominated for their work on "PTV" in the Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) category at the Primetime Emmy Awards.[32] Povenmire also received the same nomination for "Road to Rhode Island."[33]
During Family Guy's brief cancellation, Povenmire was offered a job as storyboard director of the series SpongeBob SquarePants.[12][34] He also became a writer for the show, writing the season 2 episodes "Graveyard Shift", "The Fry Cook Games" and "Sandy, SpongeBob and the Worm", all of which premiered on Nickelodeon between 2001–2002. He also wrote "The Campfire Song Song" for the Season 3 episode "The Camping Episode", for which he was also a storyboard director on alongside Jay Lender (April 3, 2004).[35][36]
Phineas and Ferb
"It wasn't like we pitched it to every network more than once. We pitched it to four different places. We'd get real close, they'd say no, so we'd put it back on the shelf for a couple of years, then—'I've got a pitch over at Cartoon Network—I'll dust it back off and pitch it to them; if they say no, I'll dust it off and pitch it to Nickelodeon.'"
—Povenmire, on pitching Phineas and Ferb[17]
In 1993, Povenmire and Marsh conceived the series Phineas and Ferb,[9] based on their similar experiences of childhood summers spent outdoors.[17] Povenmire spent 14–16 years pitching Phineas and Ferb to several networks.[12][17] Most rejected it as unfeasible for the complexity of its plots,[22][37] but Povenmire persevered, later observing "It was really the show we wanted to see: if this was on the air, I'd watch it, and I don't always feel that about every show I work on."[17] Even the Walt Disney Company initially rejected Povenmire's pitch, but asked to keep the proposal packet: "Usually that means they throw it in the trash later," Povenmire recalled.[9] Eventually Disney called Povenmire back with an acceptance, on the condition that he would produce an 11-minute pilot.[21] He called Marsh, who was living in England, to ask him if he would like to work on the pilot; Marsh accepted immediately and moved back to the United States.[22]
Instead of a conventional script, the pair pitched the pilot by recording reels of its storyboard, which Povenmire then mixed and dubbed to produce action and vocals. The network approved the show for a 26-episode season.[8][21] As a result, Povenmire left Family Guy to create the series.[38]
Povenmire and Marsh wanted to incorporate into Phineas and Ferb the kind of humor they had developed in their work on Rocko's Modern Life. They included action sequences and, with Disney's encouragement, featured musical numbers in every episode subsequent to "Flop Starz".[21] Povenmire described the songs as his and Marsh's "jab at immortality",[9] but the pair have earned two Emmy nominations for Phineas and Ferb songs to-date.[11] A third Emmy nomination, for the episode "The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein" (2008),[39] pitted the show against SpongeBob SquarePants,[40] although neither nominee received the award due to a technicality.[41] In 2010, Povenmire was nominated amongst several other Phineas and Ferb crew members for the Daytime Emmy Award for both "Outstanding Writing in Animation" and "Outstanding Original Song – Children's and Animation" for their work on the show,[42] winning for "Outstanding Writing in Animation".[43] In 2021, Povenmire, among other writers, won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Writing Team for a Daytime Animated Program" for their film Candace Against the Universe.[44]
The distinctive style of the animation legend Tex Avery influenced the show's artistic look. Like Avery, Povenmire employed geometric shapes to build both the characters and the background. The style developed almost accidentally, with Povenmire's first sketch of title character, Phineas Flynn, which he produced while eating dinner with his family in a restaurant in South Pasadena, California. He doodled a triangle-shaped child on the butcher paper covering the table. He was so taken with the sketch he tore it out, kept it, and used it as the prototype for Phineas and as the stylistic blueprint for the entire show.[22]
Musical endeavors
During his college years, Povenmire had performed with a band that played at clubs and bars across Los Angeles, California.[9] His current band, Keep Left, releases albums through Arizona University Recordings. Their second CD, Letters from Fielding, became available for download on aurec.com during 2004.[15] They have an official website maintained and updated by artist Larry Stone.[45] A 2004 email exchange about the website between Stone and Povenmire resulted in a "clever and twisted" series of comic strips drawn by the two, eventually moved to the website Badmouth.[45]
Personal life
Povenmire had been married to Clarissa McPeck Rincón since 2000.[1][3] In 2023, he announced they were separated and in the process of getting divorced. His daughter, Meli, voices the titular character Gretel in Hamster & Gretel.[46]
Filmography
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. (September 2019) |
Films
Year | Film | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1988 | Never on Tuesday | Storyboard artist | |
1989 | Going Overboard | Yellow Teeth | |
1990 | Far Out Man | Animator | |
1991 | The Dark Backward | Storyboard artist | |
1993 | Psycho Cop 2 | Writer | |
2003 | Museum Scream | Writer and director | |
2011 | Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz (1st and 2nd Dimension) | Writer Director Producer |
2020 | Scoob! | Executive producer | |
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, Himself | Supervising director Executive producer Writer |
Animation
Year | Series | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1991 | James Bond Jr. | Storyboard conforming Storyboard artist | |
1991 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | Storyboard conforming | |
1992–96; 2002 | The Simpsons | Storyboard artist Character layout artist | |
1993–96 | Rocko's Modern Life | Writer Director Storyboard artist Songwriter | |
1994 | The Critic | Character layout artist | |
1995 | Earthworm Jim | Storyboard artist | |
1996–99 | Hey Arnold! | Storyboard artist Director | |
1998–99; 2001 | CatDog | Storyboard director Writer | |
2000–07 | Family Guy | Storyboard artist Director | |
2001–04 | SpongeBob SquarePants | Writer Storyboard artist Storyboard Director Assistant storyboard artist | |
2007–2015; 2024–present (Revival) | Phineas and Ferb | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz various characters |
Co-creator Executive producer Voice artist Story Writer Director Songwriter Storyboard artist (Rollercoaster and Doof 101) |
2010–2011 | Take Two with Phineas and Ferb | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz | Co-creator Executive producer Voice artist Storyboard artist |
2013 | Shark Tank | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz | Guest; Episode: 426 |
2016–2019 | Milo Murphy's Law[47] | Vinnie Dakota[48] Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz various characters |
Co-creator Executive producer Voice artist Writer: Story & Teleplay Storyboard artist Director Songwriter |
2022–present | Chibiverse | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz | |
Hamster & Gretel[49] | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz various characters |
Creator Executive producer Director |
Web series
Year | Series | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
2013–2014 | Doofenshmirtz's Daily Dirt | Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz | |
2019 | Phineas & Ferb – Busted (Shot-For-Shot Remake) Ft. Dan Povenmire | Live-action | |
Broken Karaoke | Provided voice acting for Doof's Christmas Song FAIL! & Deck The Halls.[50][51] | ||
2020 | Random Rings | Provided voice acting. | |
2022 | How NOT To Draw | Provided voice acting for "How Not To Draw:Dr Heinz Doofensmirtz".[52] |
Notes
- ^ a b My Divorce: Nova Scotia Today gets nearly every single fact hilariously wrong, retrieved 2024-01-29
- ^ Life is Messy Sometimes, retrieved 2023-11-25
- ^ a b Graterol, Pedro (August 12, 2022). "The First Animated Venezuelan-American Family on American TV". Caracas Chronicles. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
- ^ a b "About Dantible". YouTube.
- ^ MacFarlane, Seth (2006). DVD commentary for "PTV" in "Family Guy: Volume 4" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b "California births". Family Tree Legends. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
- ^ a b [Yoo, Jean]. "Producer bios". Disney Channel Medianet. Archived from the original on 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
- ^ a b Povenmire, Dan (2008). Original Pitch By Dan Povenmire (DVD). Buena Vista Home Entertainment.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Perez, Lauren (2008-05-12). "USC dropout makes it big in animation". Daily Trojan. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- ^ a b c Greenspon (2003), p. 90
- ^ a b c d Galas, Majorie. "Phineas and Ferb: Music, Mischief, And The Endless Summer Vacation; An Interview with Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh". 411 Update. No. 70. 411 News. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
- ^ a b c d e Bond, Paul. (2009-06-07). "Q&A: Dan Povenmire". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21.
- ^ "'Phineas and Ferb' creators talk inspiration and jet-setting in the show". msn.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Brantley, Mike (2008-05-13). "Disney animator sees summers in Mobile as inspiration". The Mobile Press-Register. Al.com. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ a b "Daily Trojan Alumni Link Where Are They Now? P List". Hop Studios. 2003-09-27. Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ Greenspon (2003), p. 89
- ^ a b c d e f g Strike, Joe (February 1, 2008). "From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb". Animation World Magazine: 1. Archived from the original on 2009-08-21.
- ^ Armstrong, Kent (2003). Slasher Films: An International Filmography, 1960 through 2001. McFarland & Company. p. 240. ISBN 0-7864-1462-6.
- ^ Neuwirth (2003), ep. 252
- ^ Neuwirth (2003), p. 253
- ^ a b c d Strike, Joe. (2008-02-01). "From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb". Animation World Magazine: 2. Archived from the original on 2009-08-21.
- ^ a b c d Strike, Joe. (2008-02-01). "From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb". Animation World Magazine: 3. Archived from the original on 2009-08-21.
- ^ Callaghan (2005), p. 90
- ^ a b Callaghan (2005), p. 174
- ^ a b Callaghan (2005), p. 142
- ^ Callaghan (2005), p. 140
- ^ Callaghan (2005), p. 171
- ^ Callaghan (2005), p. 192
- ^ Callaghan (2005), p. 194
- ^ "Annie Awards: 'Wallace & Gromit' Leads list of Animation Nominees". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2005-12-06. p. C4.
- ^ "Legacy: 33rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (2005)". Annie Awards. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ "58th Primetime Emmy Awards". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on November 3, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-04.
- ^ Staff (2000-07-21). "Nominees in Major Categories The 52nd Prime-Time Emmy Awards". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. E6.
- ^ Flectcher, Alex (2008-01-28). "Phineas and Ferb". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
- ^ MacFarlane, Seth (2007). Family Guy season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "Road to Rupert" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Povenmire, Dan (2007). Family Guy season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "Road to Rupert" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ^ How Phineas And Ferb Did The "Impossible", archived from the original on 2021-12-19, retrieved 2021-09-15
- ^ Martinez, Kevin (2009-07-13). ""Family Guy Volume Seven": Who Says Seven is a Lucky Number?". Toon Zone. Archived from the original on 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
- ^ "Phineas and Ferb". Variety profiles. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
- ^ Zahed, Ramin (2009-07-16). "Phineas and Ferb Creators Talk About Emmy Nom!". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
- ^ Fujimori, Sachi (September 20, 2009). "For Montvale Boy, It Was All Worth the Tux". California Chronicle. reprint from The Record (Bergen County, N.J.) via ProQuest. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- ^ "Full list of 2010 Daytime Emmy Award nominations" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-18. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
- ^ "2010 Creative Arts Daytime Emmy Award Winners" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
- ^ "Lupita Nyong'o, Mark Hamill Among Winners In Daytime Emmys' Children's & Animation Categories – Complete Winners List". Deadline. 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ a b Marcotte, John (2004-01-22). "Comic Strip War". Badmouth. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
- ^ Zahed, Ramin (9 August 2022). "Dan Povenmire Brings a Personal Touch to 'Hamster & Gretel'". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (2015-05-07). "'Phineas & Ferb' Creators Land New Animated Comedy on Disney XD". Variety. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
- ^ Milligan, Mercedes (August 23, 2016). "'Milo Murphy's Law' Starring Weird Al Debuts Oct. 3".
- ^ Deitchman, Beth (October 12, 2020). "Hamster & Gretel—a New Animated Series from Dan Povenmire—Coming to Disney Channel". D23. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ The Greens, Doof, Baymax, and more sing Deck the Halls! | Broken Karaoke | Disney Channel Animation, retrieved 2023-04-10
- ^ Doof's Christmas Song FAIL! | Emoji Lyric Video | Broken Karaoke | Disney Channel Animation, retrieved 2023-04-10
- ^ Dr. Doofenshmirtz Cartoon Comes to Life! 🖌 | How NOT To Draw | Phineas and Ferb | @disneychannel, retrieved 2023-04-10
References
- Callaghan, Steve (2005). Family Guy: The Official Episode Guide, Seasons 1–3. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-083305-X.
- Greenspon, Jaq (2003). Careers For Film Buffs & Other Hollywood Types. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-140574-4.
- Neuwirth, Allan (2003). Makin' Toons: Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies. Allworth Communications, Inc. ISBN 1-58115-269-8.
External links
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