Łódź: Difference between revisions
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During the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] the Polish forces of the [[Łódź Army]] of General [[Juliusz Rómmel]] defended Łódź against initial German attacks. However, the [[Wehrmacht]] captured the city on [[September 8]]. Despite plans for the city to become a Polish enclave, attached to the [[General Government]], the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local governor of [[Reichsgau Wartheland]], [[Arthur Greiser]], and of many of the ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in November 1939. The city received the new name of ''Litzmannstadt'' after the German general [[Karl Litzmann]], who captured the city during [[World War I]]. Nevertheless, many Łódź Germans refused to sign [[Volksliste]] and become [[Volksdeutsche]], instead being deported to the [[General Government]]. Soon the Nazi authorities set up the [[Łódź Ghetto]] in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the Łódź area. Only about 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in August 1944. Several [[concentration camp]]s and [[death camp]]s arose in the city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among them the infamous [[Radogoszcz prison]] and several minor camps for the [[Roma people]] and for Polish children. |
During the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] the Polish forces of the [[Łódź Army]] of General [[Juliusz Rómmel]] defended Łódź against initial German attacks. However, the [[Wehrmacht]] captured the city on [[September 8]]. Despite plans for the city to become a Polish enclave, attached to the [[General Government]], the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local governor of [[Reichsgau Wartheland]], [[Arthur Greiser]], and of many of the ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in November 1939. The city received the new name of ''Litzmannstadt'' after the German general [[Karl Litzmann]], who captured the city during [[World War I]]. Nevertheless, many Łódź Germans refused to sign [[Volksliste]] and become [[Volksdeutsche]], instead being deported to the [[General Government]]. Soon the Nazi authorities set up the [[Łódź Ghetto]] in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the Łódź area. Only about 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in August 1944. Several [[concentration camp]]s and [[death camp]]s arose in the city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among them the infamous [[Radogoszcz prison]] and several minor camps for the [[Roma people]] and for Polish children. |
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[[Image:Lodz liberation3.jpg|thumb|200px||[[Red Army]] enters the city (1945)]]. |
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[[Image:Lodz liberation3.jpg|thumb|200px||Łódź residents greeting the [[Red Army]] tankists entering the city (1945). A photo from the State Archives of the Russian Federation.<ref>Source [http://victory.rusarchives.ru/index.php?p=31&photo_id=288 Archives of Russia], Российский государственный архив кинофотодокументов, ед. хр. 0-362050</ref>]] |
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By the end of World War II, Łódź had lost approximately 420,000 of its pre-war inhabitants: 300,000 Jews and approximately 120,000 Poles. In January 1945 most of the German population fled the city for fear of the [[Red Army]]. The city also suffered tremendous losses due to the German policy of requisition of all factories and machines and transporting them to [[Germany]]. Thus despite relatively small losses due to aerial bombardment and the fighting, Łódź had lost most of its infrastructure. The [[Soviet]] Red Army entered the city on [[January 18]], [[1945]]. According to Marshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the operation, the Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or destroy the Łódź factories, as they did in other cities.<ref>Blobaum, Robert. "[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0801432871&id=z_Z_nJnzTp4C&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Lodz+1945&sig=TWDJHt_7-aUGw30TT8Eb6C0THiU On Strike on Łódź]. "Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904-1907". Cornell University Press, 1995. p. 75.</ref> In time, Łódź became part of the [[People's Republic of Poland]]. |
By the end of World War II, Łódź had lost approximately 420,000 of its pre-war inhabitants: 300,000 Jews and approximately 120,000 Poles. In January 1945 most of the German population fled the city for fear of the [[Red Army]]. The city also suffered tremendous losses due to the German policy of requisition of all factories and machines and transporting them to [[Germany]]. Thus despite relatively small losses due to aerial bombardment and the fighting, Łódź had lost most of its infrastructure. The [[Soviet]] Red Army entered the city on [[January 18]], [[1945]]. According to Marshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the operation, the Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or destroy the Łódź factories, as they did in other cities.<ref>Blobaum, Robert. "[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0801432871&id=z_Z_nJnzTp4C&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Lodz+1945&sig=TWDJHt_7-aUGw30TT8Eb6C0THiU On Strike on Łódź]. "Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904-1907". Cornell University Press, 1995. p. 75.</ref> In time, Łódź became part of the [[People's Republic of Poland]]. |
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Revision as of 00:49, 15 February 2008
51°45′N 19°28′E / 51.750°N 19.467°E
Łódź | |
|---|---|
 Piotrkowska Street | |
| Motto(s): Ex navicula navis (From a boat, a ship) | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| Powiat | city county |
| Gmina | Łódź |
| City Rights | 1423 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Jerzy Kropiwnicki |
| Area | |
| • City | 293.3 km2 (113.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 162 m (531 ft) |
| Population (2006) | |
| • City | 767 628 (2,006) |
| • Density | 2,601/km2 (6,740/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,318,600 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 90-001 to 94-413 |
| Area code | +48 42 |
| Car Plates | EL |
| Website | www.uml.lodz.pl |
Łódź (IPA: ) is Poland's second largest city (population 767,628 in 2006). It is located in the centre of the country and serves as the capital of the Łódź Voivodeship. The coat of arms of Łódź is canting, i.e. it contains a boat, alluding to the city's name which literally means "a boat" in Polish.
History
Agricultural Łódź
Łódź first appears in the written record in a 1332 document giving the village of Łodzia to the bishops of Włocławek. In 1423 King Władysław Jagiełło granted city rights to the village of Łódź. From then until the 18th century the town remained a small settlement on a trade route between Masovia and Silesia. In the 16th century the town had fewer than 800 inhabitants, mostly working on the nearby grain farms.
With the second partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź came under Prussian administration under its new Prussian name of Lodsch. In 1798 the Prussians nationalized the town, and it lost its status as a town of the bishops of Kuyavia. In 1806 Łódź joined the Duchy of Warsaw and in 1815 became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland.
Industrial Łódź
In 1820 Stanisław Staszic began a movement to turn the small town into a modern industrial centre. A constant influx of workers, businessmen and craftsmen from all over Europe transformed Łódź into the main textile production centre of the Russian Empire. The first cotton mill opened in 1825, and 14 years later the first steam-powered factory in both Poland and Russia commenced operations. The immigrants came to the Promised Land (Polish Ziemia obiecana, the city's nickname) from all over Europe. Mostly they arrived from Southern Germany and Bohemia, but also from countries as far as Portugal, England, France and Ireland. However, three groups dominated the city's population and contributed the most to the city's development: Poles, Germans and Jews.
In 1850, Russia abolished the customs barrier between Congress Poland and Russia proper; industry in Łódź could now develop freely with a huge Russian market not far away. Soon the city became the second-largest city of Congress Poland. In 1865 the first railroad line opened (to Koluszki, branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway) opened, and soon the city had rail links with Warsaw and Białystok.
In the 1823–1873 period, the city's population doubled every ten years. The years 1870–1890 marked the period of most intense industrial development in the city's history. Łódź soon became a major centre of the socialist movement. In 1892 a huge strike paralyzed most of the factories. During the 1905 Revolution, inwhat became known as the June Days or Łódź insurrection, Tsarist police killed more than 300 workers. Despite the air of impending crisis preceding World War I, the city grew constantly until 1914. By that year it had become one of the most densely-populated industrial cities in the world —Template:PD km2 to mi2. A major battle was fought near the city in late 1914, and as a result the city came under German occupation, but with Polish independence restored in November 1918 the local population liberated the city and disarmed the German troops. In the aftermath of World War I, Łódź lost approximately 40% of its inhabitants, mostly owing to draft, diseases and because a huge part of the German population moved to Germany.
In 1922, Łódź became the capital of the Łódź Voivodeship, but the period of rapid growth had ceased. The Great Depression of the 1930s and the Customs War with Germany closed western markets to Polish textiles while the Bolshevik Revolution (1917) and the Civil War in Russia (1918–1922) put an end to the most profitable trade with the East. The city became a scene of a series of huge workers' protests and riots in the interbellum. On 13 September, 1925 a new airport, Lublinek Airport, started operations near the city of Łódź. In the interwar years Łódź continued to be a diverse city, with the 1931 census showing that the total population of 604,470 included 315,622 (52.21%) Poles, 202,497 (33.49%) Jews and 86,351 (14.28%) Germans (determination based on the declaration of language used).
World War II
During the Invasion of Poland the Polish forces of the Łódź Army of General Juliusz Rómmel defended Łódź against initial German attacks. However, the Wehrmacht captured the city on September 8. Despite plans for the city to become a Polish enclave, attached to the General Government, the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local governor of Reichsgau Wartheland, Arthur Greiser, and of many of the ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in November 1939. The city received the new name of Litzmannstadt after the German general Karl Litzmann, who captured the city during World War I. Nevertheless, many Łódź Germans refused to sign Volksliste and become Volksdeutsche, instead being deported to the General Government. Soon the Nazi authorities set up the Łódź Ghetto in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the Łódź area. Only about 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in August 1944. Several concentration camps and death camps arose in the city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among them the infamous Radogoszcz prison and several minor camps for the Roma people and for Polish children.
.
By the end of World War II, Łódź had lost approximately 420,000 of its pre-war inhabitants: 300,000 Jews and approximately 120,000 Poles. In January 1945 most of the German population fled the city for fear of the Red Army. The city also suffered tremendous losses due to the German policy of requisition of all factories and machines and transporting them to Germany. Thus despite relatively small losses due to aerial bombardment and the fighting, Łódź had lost most of its infrastructure. The Soviet Red Army entered the city on January 18, 1945. According to Marshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the operation, the Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or destroy the Łódź factories, as they did in other cities.[1] In time, Łódź became part of the People's Republic of Poland.
Having seized the area from Nazi Germany, the Red Army soldiers often treated the territory not as a Polish ally, but as a defeated enemy. There were many incidents of Soviet rapes, plunder and devastation in the area.[2]. In addition to the crimes against civilians, soon after the Soviets installed their own authorities, several show trials characterized by brutal methods were made against former Polish resistance members in the region loyal to the Polish government in exile.[3]
Prior to World War II, the Jewish population of Łódź numbered about 233,000, accounting for one-third of the city’s population. The community was wiped out in the Holocaust.[4]
After 1945
In early 1945, Łódź had fewer than 300,000 inhabitants. However the number began to grow as refugees from Warsaw and territories annexed by the Soviet Union immigrated. Until 1948 the city served as a de facto capital of Poland, since events during and after the Warsaw uprising had thoroughly destroyed Warsaw, and most of the government and country administration resided in Łódź. Some planned moving the capital there permanently, however this idea did not gain popular support and in 1948 the reconstruction of Warsaw began. Under the Polish Communist regime many of the industrialist families lost their wealth when the authorities nationalised private companies. Once again the city became a major centre of industry. After the period of economic transition during the 1990s most enterprises were again privatised.
Historical population
1793: 190 1806: 767 1830: 4,300 1850: 15,800 1880: 77,600 1905: 343,900 1925: 538,600 1990: 850,000 2003: 781,900 2005: 767,628
Łódź in literature and cinema
Two major novels depict the development of industrial Łódź. Władysław Reymont's Ziemia Obiecana (The Promised Land) (1898) and Israel Joshua Singer's Di Brider Ashkenazi (The Brothers Ashkenazi) (1937). Singer wrote in Yiddish and emigrated to the USA in 1934. Reymont's novel was made into a film by Andrzej Wajda in 1975: see The Promised Land. Łódź is the first city destroyed by a nuclear attack from the USSR in John Birmingham's Axis of Time trilogy. Łódź also plays a major part in the WorldWar and Colonization sagas by Harry Turtledove. David Lynch's 2006 film Inland Empire was shot in Łódź.
Tourism
Many tourists in Łódź visit Piotrkowska Street, which stretches north to south for a little over five kilometres, making it the longest commercial street in the world. Recently renovated, it has many beautiful buildings dating back to the 19th century, in the architectural style of the Secession. Well worth visiting from late Spring to early Autumn, strolling from one pub to another on Piotrkowska Street allows one to immerse oneself in the friendly atmosphere of this unique Polish city. Although Łódź does not have any hills nor any large body of water, one can still get close to nature in one of the city's many parks, most notably Łagiewniki (the largest city park in Europe), Zdrowie, and Poniatowski. Łódź Zoo, and Łódź Botanical Gardens also offer pleasant opportunities for leisure. Łódź has one of the best museums of modern art in Poland, Muzeum Sztuki on Więckowskiego Street, which displays art by all important contemporary Polish artists. Despite insufficient exhibition space (many very impressive paintings and sculptures lie in storage in the basement), what is on display is well worth seeing, and there are plans to move the museum to a larger space in the near future.
Old postindustrial buildings are now being restored, among them a factory built by Izrael Poznanski, one of Europe's largest textile factories.
Economy
Before 1990, Łódź's economy focused on the textile industry, which in the nineteenth century had developed in the city owing to the favourable chemical composition of its water. As a result, Łódź grew from a population of 13,000 in 1840 to over 500,000 in 1913. By just before World War I Łódź had become one of the most densely populated industrial cities in the world, with Template:PD km2 to mi2. The textile industry declined dramatically in 1990 and 1991, and no major textile company survives in Łódź today. However, countless small companies still provide a significant output of textiles, mostly for export to Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union.
The city benefits from its central location in Poland. A number of firms have located their logistics centers nearby. Two planned motorways, A1 spanning the country from north to south, and A2 doing the same from east to west, will intersect just to the northeast of the city. When these motorways are completed around 2010, the advantages due to the city's central location will increase even further. Work has also began on upgrading the rail connection to Warsaw, which at present is completely inadequate as it takes almost 2 hours to make the 137 km (85 mi) journey by train. In the next few years much of the track will be modified to handle trains moving at 160 km/h (99 mph), cutting the travel time to about 75 minutes.
Education
- See also: Education in Łódź
Currently Łódź hosts three major state-owned universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. The tertiary institutes with the most students in Łódź include:
- University of Łódź (Uniwersytet Łódzki)
- Technical University of Łódź (Politechnika Łódzka)
- Medical University of Łódź (Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi)
- National Film School in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna w Łodzi)
- Academy of Fine Arts and Design (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych im. Wł. Strzemińskiego w Łodzi)
The Łódź Film School
The Leon Schiller's National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi) is the most notable academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff in Poland. It was founded on March 8, 1948 and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt following the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and today is one of the best-known institutions of higher education in that town.
At the end of the Second World War Łódź remained the only large Polish town besides Kraków which war had not destroyed. The creation of the National Film School gave the town a role of greater importance from a cultural viewpoint, which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Kraków. Early students of the School include the directors Andrzej Munk, Andrzej Wajda, Kazimierz Karabasz (one of the founders of the so called Black Series of Polish Documentary) and Janusz Morgenstern, who at the end of the Fifties became famous as one of the founders of the Polish Film School of Cinematography.
Immediately after the war, Jerzy Bossak, Wanda Jakubowska, Stanisław Wohl, Antoni Bohdziewicz and Jerzy Toeplitz worked as the first teachers. The internationally renowned film director Roman Polański was among the many talented students who attended the School in the 1950's. Łódź's cinematic involvement and its Hollywood-style star walk on Piotrkowska Street have earned it the nickname "Holly-Łódź". The school is also associated with the Camerimage Film Festival, which occurs annually in late November and early December. Founded in Toruń in 1993, the festival was specifically organised to focus on the art of cinematography and is well-attended every year by world-renowned cinematographers, many of whom also participate in seminars, workshops, retrospectives and Q&A sessions. Because of both subject matter and attendee composition, it is considered a key event for industry exhibitors, who often make European debuts of their products here.
Politics
Łódź constituency
Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Łódź constituency:
- Wojciech Olejniczak, LiD
- Zdzisława Janowska, LiD
- Mirosław Drzewiecki, PO
- Iwona Śledzińska-Katarasińska, PO
- Hanna Zdanowska, PO
- Cezary Grabowski, PO
- Joanna Skrzydlewska, PO
- Piotr Krzywicki, PiS
- Jarosław Jagiełło, PiS
Members of Parliament (Senat) elected from Łódź constituency:
- Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, PO
- Maciej Grubski, PO
Mayors
- Waldemar Bohdanowicz, Solidarity (November 1989–1990) - appointed by Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki.
- Grzegorz Palka (1990–1994)
- Marek Czekalski, Freedom Union (1994–1998)
- Tadeusz Matusiak, SLD (1998–2001)
- Krzysztof Panas, SLD (2001–2002)
- Krzysztof Jagiełło, SLD (2002)
- Jerzy Kropiwnicki, Christian-National Union (ZChN) (2002—)
Sports
- Widzew Łódź - men's football team (established in 1910), (Polish Champion 1981, 1982, 1996, 1997; Polish Cup winner: 1985; Polish SuperCup winner: 1996; 1st league (Orange Ekstraklasa) in 2006/2007 season)
- ŁKS Łódź - men's football team (established in 1908), (Polish Champion 1958, 1998; Polish Cup winner 1957; 1st league (Orange Ekstraklasa) in 2006/2007 season)
- ŁKS Lotto Łódź - women's basketball team, 6th place in Sharp Torell Basket Liga in 2003–2004 season
- KS Społem Łódź - leading youth road and track cycling team in Poland
- Budowlani Łódź- winner of Polish Rugby League in 2006/2007
Notable residents
- Grażyna Bacewicz, Polish composer
- Aleksander Bardini, Polish stage director and actor
- Andrzej Bartkowiak, cameraman and film director
- Kazimierz Brandys, Polish writer, settled in France
- Artur Brauner, German film producer
- Roman Cycowski, singer, bariton, member of the Comedian Harmonists ensemble
- Karl Dedecius, Translator into German
- Szymon Dzigan, Israeli-US Yiddish comedian, born in Baluty, now in Łódź
- Max Factor, German businessman, in cosmetic industry
- Avraham Halfi, Israeli Hebrew actor and poet
- Josef Joffe, German journalist
- Jan Karski, Polish diplomat and antinazi resistant
- Małgorzata Kadziela, Polish-Canadian Chemical Engineer
- Paul Klecki, Swiss conductor
- Jerzy Kosinski, US -Polish writer
- Daniel Liebeskind, US architect
- Zew Wawa Morejno, Chief Rabbi
- Lukasz Ochmanski, Stony Brook University Swimmer
- Marian Piechal, Polish poet and essayist
- Roman Polanski, Polish cinema director of Jewish origin, settled in France
- Greg Przygocki, Canadian-Polish Music Business Executive
- Israel Rabon, Polish poet of yiddish expression
- Władysław Reymont, Polish writer , Nobel Prize
- Artur Rubinstein, Polish pianist, settled in USA
- Aleksander Tansman, Polish composer and pianist, settled in France
- Julian Tuwim, Polish poet
Projects of development
References
- ^ Blobaum, Robert. "On Strike on Łódź. "Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904-1907". Cornell University Press, 1995. p. 75.
- ^ Janusz Wróbel, Wyzwoliciele czy okupanci? Żołnierze sowieccy w Łódzkiem 1945-1946, „Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej” 2002, nr 7
- ^ During the trials, confessions were forced by beating and other methods usually prohibited in any democratic country based on the rule of law, false evidence was prepared, the trials lasted only a few hours and any doubts were resolved to the disadvantage of the accused. The judges were often without any legal education or experience. The press published the sentences before the judges did. Exhibition "The Soldiers of Warszyc" made by the local center of IPN Institute in Łódź.[1]
- ^ Weiner, Rebecca. The Virtual Jewish History Tour. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved on January 15, 2008.
Bibliography
- "A Stairwell in Lodz," Constance Cappel, 2004, Xlibris, (in English).
- "Lodz – The Last Ghetto in Poland," Michal Unger, Yad Vashem, 600 pages (in Hebrew)
External links
