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'''British people''', or '''Britons''',<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/briton?view=uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary], Oxford University Press, 2007</ref> are the native inhabitants of [[Great Britain]]<ref>[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by [[Houghton Mifflin Company]]. Retrieved 9 December 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Briton Definition of Briton]. [[Merriam-Webster]] Online</ref> or [[British nationality law|citizens]] of the [[United Kingdom]], of the [[Isle of Man]], one of the [[Channel Islands]], or of one of the [[British overseas territories]]. In a historical context, the word is used to refer to the [[Britons (historic)|ancient Briton]]s, the [[Indigenous peoples of Europe|indigenous]] inhabitants of Great Britain south of the [[Firth of Forth|Forth]]. Contemporary Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic stocks that settled there before the 11th century. The [[Settlement of Great Britain and Ireland|pre-Celtic]], [[Celt]]ic, [[Roman]], [[Anglo-Saxon]], and [[Norse]] influences were blended in Britain under the [[Normans]], Scandinavian [[Vikings]] who had lived in Northern France.<ref> Background Note: United Kingdom - People [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm US Department of State] </ref>
'''British people''', or '''Britons''',<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/briton?view=uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary], Oxford University Press, 2007</ref> are the native inhabitants of [[Great Britain]]<ref>[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by [[Houghton Mifflin Company]]. Retrieved 9 December 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Briton Definition of Briton]. [[Merriam-Webster]] Online</ref> or [[British nationality law|citizens]] of the [[United Kingdom]], of the [[Isle of Man]], one of the [[Channel Islands]], or of one of the [[British overseas territories]]. In a historical context, the word is used to refer to the [[Britons (historic)|ancient Briton]]s, the [[Indigenous peoples of Europe|indigenous]] inhabitants of Great Britain south of the [[Firth of Forth|Forth]]. Contemporary Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic stocks that settled there before the 11th century. The [[Settlement of Great Britain and Ireland|pre-Celtic]], [[Celt]]ic, [[Roman]], [[Anglo-Saxon]], and [[Norse]] influences were blended in Britain under the [[Normans]], Scandinavian [[Vikings]] who had lived in Northern France.<ref> Background Note: United Kingdom - People [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm US Department of State] </ref>


British people are regarded by some as a [[nation]],<ref>Todd, M. ''Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth'', p. ?; Bradshaw, B. (1998), ''British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533-1707'', Cambridge University Press, p. ?; Colley, L. (2005), ''Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837'', Yale University Press, p. ?; Weight, R. (2003) ''Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940-2000'', Pan Books; Ward, P. (2004), ''Britishness Since 1870'' Routledge, p. ?</ref> and by others as a collection of nations.<ref>Hardill, Irene, Graham, David T., Kofman, Eleonore (2001), ''Human Geography of the UK: An Introduction'', Routledge, p. 5; see also survey and poll text below for popular opinion on the subject. </ref>
The British people are today regarded by some as a [[nation]],<ref>Todd, M. ''Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth'', p. ?; Bradshaw, B. (1998), ''British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533-1707'', Cambridge University Press, p. ?; Colley, L. (2005), ''Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837'', Yale University Press, p. ?; Weight, R. (2003) ''Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940-2000'', Pan Books; Ward, P. (2004), ''Britishness Since 1870'' Routledge, p. ?</ref> and by others as a collection of nations - [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scots]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] - who happen to share the island of Great Britain.<ref>Hardill, Irene, Graham, David T., Kofman, Eleonore (2001), ''Human Geography of the UK: An Introduction'', Routledge, p. 5; see also survey and poll text below for popular opinion on the subject. </ref>
British people make up approximately just over 2% of the planet's population.
British people make up approximately just over 2% of the planet's population.


Revision as of 20:19, 3 March 2008

This article is about the ethnic definition and modern nation. For other uses, see Briton.
Britons/British people
Notable Britons:
Isambard Kingdom Brunel · Gordon Brown · Paula Radcliffe · Winston Churchill
David Lloyd George · Keira Knightley · Adam Smith · Horatio Nelson
Total population
Briton/British
est: 150,000,000
2.26% of World's Population
These figures are estimates based on offical census data of populations and official surveys of identity.
Regions with significant populations
 United Kingdom50,366,497 'White British'
[1]
 United States678,000 (British born)
36,564,465 (Ancestry)[2][3]
 Australia1,300,000 (British born)
17,631,805 (Ancestry)[4]
 Canada603,000 (British born)
10,500,000 (Ancestry)[5]
 New Zealand215,000 (British born)
2,425,278 (Ancestry)[6]
 Spain761,000 (British born)
[7]
 Ireland291,000[8]
United Kingdom British Overseas Territories247,899 (All are British citizens, however few have British ancestry)
[9]
 South Africa212,000 (British born)
[10]
 France200,000 (British born)
[11]
 Germany115,000 (British born)
[12]
 Cyprus59,000 (British born)
[13]
 United Arab Emirates55,000 (British born)
[14]
 Pakistan47,000 (British born)
[15]
 Switzerland45,000 (British born)
[16]
 Singapore45,000 (British born)
[17]
 Netherlands44,000 (British born)
[18]
 Israel44,000 (British born)
[19]
 Thailand41,000 (British born)
[20]
 Portugal38,000 (British born)
[21]
 People's Republic of China36,000 (British born)
[22]
 Turkey34,000 (British born)
[23]
 India32,000 (British born)
[24]
 Kenya29,000 (British born)
[25]
 Saudi Arabia26,000 (British born)
[26]
 Jamaica25,000 (British born)
[27]
Languages
Cornish · Dgèrnésiais · English · Irish · Jèrriais · Llanito · Manx · Scots · Scottish Gaelic · Welsh
Religion
Mainly Anglicanism, Presbyterianism and Roman Catholicism. Significant Neopagan minority.
Related ethnic groups
British Americans · Anglo-Celtic Australian · Anglo-African · Belongers · English Canadians · Channel Islanders · English · Gibraltarian · Anglo-Irish · Ulster-Scots · Irish · Manx · New Zealand European · Scottish · Welsh

British people, or Britons,[28] are the native inhabitants of Great Britain[29][30] or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories. In a historical context, the word is used to refer to the ancient Britons, the indigenous inhabitants of Great Britain south of the Forth. Contemporary Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic stocks that settled there before the 11th century. The pre-Celtic, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norse influences were blended in Britain under the Normans, Scandinavian Vikings who had lived in Northern France.[31]

The British people are today regarded by some as a nation,[32] and by others as a collection of nations - English, Scots and Welsh - who happen to share the island of Great Britain.[33] British people make up approximately just over 2% of the planet's population.

Origins

Further information: [[:Prehistoric settlement of Great Britain and Ireland]]

Greek and Roman writers between the first century BCE and the first century CE describe the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as Priteni,[34] the origin of the Latin word Britannic. Etymologicum Genuinum and Parthenius[35] mention of Bretannus (the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek Βρεττανός) as a Celt forefather of the Britons. It has been suggested that this name came from a Gaullish description meaning "people of the forms" referring to their practice of tattooing or painting their bodies using blue woad.[36] By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a group name for the islands.[37][38] However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain.[39][40] The name became associated with the Roman province of Britannia and as the Romans failed to establish control of the Scottish Highlands the frontier was effectively drawn at the Antonine Wall, then around AD 200 at Hadrian's Wall. The post-Roman period brought a series of invasions, and in medieval Britain control of territory by Britons became confined to Wales, Cornwall and northern England. The term Britannia remained in use as the Latin name for the island, and Historia Britonum claimed legendary British origins as a prestigious genealogy for Welsh kings, followed by the Historia Regum Britanniae which popularised this pseudo-history to support the claims of the kings of England.

The genetic record of the British people is still a matter for debate. It has been commonly supposed that today only the Welsh and the genetic descendants of the Cornish Britons remain in the same locations as their Dark-Age and Medieval ancestors[citation needed]. However, recent research suggests that the majority of persons in all regions of Britain are the genetic descendant of settlers from the Basque region, who arrived in Britain between 7500 and 15000 years ago.[41]

During the years of Tudor rule in England and Wales, the idea of Britannia and the term British became increasingly politically important. This coincided with the assuming by King of England (and Wales) of the title of the King of Ireland in 1542 on to the personal union of the crowns of England and Scotland under James Stuart in 1603. It was during this period that the terms British Isles and British Empire were coined, but the kingdoms remained separate and British only became synonymous with a national civic identity with the formation in 1707 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the state that subsequently merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It in turn became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with the secession of what became the Republic of Ireland.

British Identity

In the United Kingdom

Historian Linda Colley argues that following the 1707 Act of Union, it became common for the people of the Kingdom of Great Britain to have a "layered" identity, that is, to think of themselves as simultaneously British and also Scottish, English, and Welsh.[42]

"Britishness" today

Main article: Britishness

"Britishness" today is sometimes used as a political concept seeking to develop or more often to define what it is to be British. The term is often associated with the British unionist tradition however the term Unionist is often associated with Northern Ireland and so Britishness is more often used. It can be seen however that Britishness evokes a range of responses and attitudes that make an exact definition elusive.[43]

Most recently this concept has been used by Prime Minister Gordon Brown to initiate debate on British identity.[44] Brown's speech to the Fabian Society's Britishness Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a British Day to celebrate.[45]

One focus can be seen in terms of celebrating the best of the United Kingdom. That is to stress that what unites the United Kingdom is stronger than the issues dividing it, such as support in Scotland for Scottish independence, international football loyalties, or growing signs of English revolt against distribution of funds to the Scottish Parliament. One of the central issues identified at the Fabian Society conference was how the English identity fits within the framework of a devolved United Kingdom. Does England require a new constitutional settlement for instance?[46]

A tangible expression of the Government's initiative to promote Britishness was the inaugural Veterans' Day which was first held on 27 June 2006. As well as celebrating the achievements of armed forces veterans, Browns' speech at the first event for the celebration said: "Scots and people from the rest of the UK share the purpose – that Britain has something to say to the rest of the world about the values of freedom, democracy and the dignity of the people that you stand up for. So at a time when people can talk about football and devolution and money, it is important that we also remember the values that we share in common".[47]

Demographics

Identity in Britain[48]
Identity Percent
British only 31%
British + Home Nations Identity 15%
Home Nations Identity 49%
Other 5%

Historically, British was expounded as a meta-identity for all of the residents of Britain, the number of people in Great Britain identifying themselves as British, as opposed to their national identity, has been declining. For example, it fell in England from 63% in 1991-2 to 48% in 2003, in Scotland from 31% in 1974 to 20% in 2003, and in Wales from 34% in 1978-9 to 27% in 2003. As have those describing themselves as equally British and their national identity.[49]

The 2001 UK General Household Survey (GHS) contained an element measuring the number of people describing themselves as British.[50] The incidence of those willing to call themselves British in any sense is highest in England, but nowhere commands a majority. Interestingly, it does command a majority of non-White respondents (57%), compared to 45% White respondents. Furthermore, 51% of non-White respondents consider themselves British-only, whereas only 29% of White respondents describe themselves so.[51]

British in any sense[52][53]
Location / Group Percent
England 48%
Northern Ireland 64%
Scotland 20%
Wales 35%
White 45%
Non-white 57%

Starting in the 2001 census, White Irish and White British were recognised as distinct ethnic groups in Great Britain. This distinction is avoided in the census of Northern Ireland, where White Irish and White British are combined into a single "White" ethnic group on the census forms. Naturally, numbers of those describing themselves as British in Northern Ireland are divided dramatically across community lines (approximate to religious differences between Catholic and Protestant). An Institute of Governance briefing in 2006[54] described the division between the communities so:

Three-quarters of Northern Ireland’s Protestants regard themselves as British, but only 12 percent of Northern Ireland’s Catholics do so. Conversely, a majority of Catholics (65 percent) regard themselves as Irish, whilst very few Protestants (5 percent) do likewise.

The 2001 UK census measured the numbers of Protestant in Northern Ireland to be 53% and Catholic to be 44%.

The Northern Ireland Life & Times Survey samples attitudes to nationality and ethnicity every year. The results of the 2006 survey suggest that 90 percent of Protestants in Northern Ireland regard themselves as British and 15 percent of Roman Catholics regard themselves as such; 71 percent of Catholics regard themselves as Irish and 3 percent of Protestants regard themselves as this; 6 percent of Protestants and 8 percent of Catholics regard themselves as both British and Irish. The total of people who regard themselves as British in Northern Ireland was 56 percent; as Irish 33percent; and as both British and Irish was 8 percent.[53]

In 2006 however, the Life & Times survey omitted the categories Northern Irish, Ulster and Don't know from the question. The category for Northern Irish had attracted 21 percent in 2004 (25 percent of Catholics and 17 percent of Protestants).[55]

Of those claiming to not be of any particular religion, 60 percent regarded themselves as British; 23 percent as Irish; and 12 percent as both.[53]

Sensitivity around use of term

Main article: British Isles (terminology)

Whether someone refers to their nationality as English, Northern Irish, Scottish, Welsh, it does not necessarily mean that they do not also consider themselves British.[49] For example, a person may consider himself British or Welsh, or equally British and Welsh, or mostly one or the other. However, even when given the widest common choice of options, some people still prefer to identify themselves as exclusively English (17%), Scottish (31%), Welsh (21%),[49] or Northern Irish (21%),[55] referring to aspects of their own culture and history which distinguish the nations of the United Kingdom from each other.[56] These figures can be compared to those who identity themselves as exclusively British, England (10%), Scotland (4 %), and Wales (9%).[49]

The use of the term is sensitive in some areas, particularly in Northern Ireland,[57] and can vary in exact meaning depending on context and the author's personal prejudices.[citation needed]

The term British is also used by naturalised immigrants and their descendants. By a slight margin it is the preferred term of non-White residents of the United Kingdom.[58] Thus Black British is common usage, particularly in England, though less so in Scotland where such groups can be, for example, Pakistani Scots.[59]

Since partition of the island in 1922, British identity has become a source of division in Northern Ireland.

At partition, Unionists in what was to become Northern Ireland, identified as Ulstermen or -women and the contentious term, British Isles, was avoided by Unionist historians as much as it was by Nationalist ones.[60][61]

Since the Troubles, there has been a doubling of those identifying as British within the Protestant community in Northern Ireland (rising to nearly 70%), while Ulster and Irish identity has collapsed among that group. There has been a 75% drop among Catholics of those identifying as British (from 20% down to 6%) in the same period, where Irish is the predominant identity (approximately 60%).[62] High rates of intermarriage between nationalists and unionists following independence is attributed as the disappearance of British Unionist and Anglo-Irish identities in the Republic of Ireland, where the political implications of intermarriage are perceived as unimportant. In Northern Ireland, in contrast, with high degrees of housing, educational, political and community segregation, only 5% of marriages cross community divides.[63] The people of Northern Ireland are British citizens, and individuals may choose to assert Irish citizenship also, if they so choose.

In Ireland

National Identity in Northern Ireland
Identity in Northern Ireland since 1968. Protestant identity is shown on the left. Catholic identity is shown on the right.
  British
  Irish
  Ulster

British identity has long been problematic in Ireland.[64] Prior to the union with the Great Britain, British identity was never applied to Irish people.[65] From an Irish perspective, regardless of religion or political persuasion, this status quo continued during the period when the whole island formed part of the United Kingdom,[66] although a greater number of people on Great Britain began to describe Irish people as British during the same period.[67] Since partition of the island in 1922, British identity has become a source of division in Northern Ireland.[68] In the Republic of Ireland, British identity is never asserted and will almost certainly cause offense.[69] A pejorative[70] term, West Briton, has been in use since the 19th century, though not originally intended pejoratively, and was used by nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell British House of Commons in 1832:

The people of Ireland are ready to become a portion of the Empire, provided they be made so in reality and not in name alone; they are ready to become a kind of West Briton if made so in benefits and justice; but if not, we are Irishmen again.

Before the 20th century, and the partition of the country, the aristocratic class identified themselves as Anglo-Irish rather than British. At partition, Unionists in what was to become Northern Ireland, identified as Ulstermen or -women and the contentious term, British Isles, was avoided by Unionist historians as much as it was by Nationalist ones.[71][72]

Since the Troubles, there has been a doubling of those identifying as British within the Protestant community in Northern Ireland (rising to nearly 70%), while Ulster and Irish identity has collapsed among that group. There has been a 75% drop among Catholics of those identifying as British (from 20% down to 6%) in the same period, where Irish is the predominant identity (approximately 60%).[73] High rates of intermarriage between nationalists and unionists following independence is attributed as the disappearance of British Unionist and Anglo-Irish identities in the Republic of Ireland, where the political implications of intermarriage are perceived as unimportant. In Northern Ireland, in contrast, with high degrees of housing, educational, political and community segregation, only 5% of marriages cross community divides.[74] The people of Northern Ireland are jointly British and Irish citizens, and individuals may choose to assert either or both as they choose fit.

In the British overseas territories

The people of the British overseas territories are British by citizenship, via origins or naturalization. Along with their common British identity, each of them has their own distinct identity shaped in the respective particular circumstances of political, economic, social and cultural history. For instance, in the case of the Falkland Islanders that is explained by Lewis Clifton, Speaker of the Falklands Legislative Council as follows:

British cultural, economic, social, political and educational values create a unique British-like, Falkland Islands. Yet Islanders feel distinctly different from their fellow citizens who reside in the United Kingdom. This might have something to do with geographical isolation or with living on a smaller island – perhaps akin to those British people not feeling European.[75]

In the Commonwealth

Australia

In the 2006 Census about 7,500,000 people identified themselves as being of English, Scottish or Welsh origin, including over a million who were born in the UK.

New Zealand

See also: New Zealand European

A significant number of New Zealanders are of British ancestry.[76] As late as the 1950s, it was common for British New Zealanders to refer to themselves as simply British, such as when Prime Minister Keith Holyoake described Sir Edmund Hillary's successful ascent of Mt. Everest as "[putting] the British race and New Zealand on top of the world".[77] New Zealand passports described nationals as "British Subject and New Zealand Citizen" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand Citizen".[78]

While "European" identity predominates political discourse in New Zealand today, the term "British" is still used by some to explain aspects of the country's overall cultural affiliation. Others see the term as better describing previous generations; for instance, journalist Colin James referred to "we ex-British New Zealanders" in a 2005 speech.[79] It remains a relatively uncontroversial descriptor of ancestry.

In an interview with the New Zealand Listener in 2006, the opposition leader of that time Don Brash made the following statement;

British immigrants fit in here very well. My own ancestry is all British. New Zealand values are British values, derived from centuries of struggle since Magna Carta. Those things make New Zealand the society it is.[80]

Geographic distribution

Further information: British American, English Canadian, Anglo-Celtic Australian, New Zealand European, and Anglo-African

United States

File:Scottish1346.gif
English American, Scottish American, Scots-Irish American, Welsh American
Dark red and brown colours indicate a higher density.(see also Maps of American ancestries).

Many British Americans have ancestry in America that dates back to colonial times in the 17th and 18th centuries. Those who went to New England are known as Yankees. With their roots being in America for such a long period, many British Americans have begun to think of themselves ancestrally simply as "Americans." This is especially true in the South.

British emigrants and descent communities are found across the world, and in some places, settled in significant numbers. Countries with significant numbers of people of English, Scottish, Ulster (Scots-Irish) and Welsh ancestry or ethnic origin include the United States (particularly Utah, New England, New York, California, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Southern States), Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand.

See also

Look up british people in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ Commision For Racial Equality ([1])
  2. ^ [2] Figures do not include those of British ancestry who were part of the 20,625,093 that reported 'American'; 61.3 million (61,311,449) Americans reported British ancestry in the 1980 Census.
  3. ^ Brits Abroad (USA)[3]
  4. ^ Brits Abroad (Australia) ([4]) Australia 2006 Census ([5])
  5. ^ Canada 2001 Census([6]) Figures do not include those of British ancestry who were part of the 6,748,135 that only reported 'Canadian'.
  6. ^ new Zealand Culture and Identity([7])
  7. ^ BBC News, 2006, "Brits Abroad: Country-by-country", 11 December 2006
  8. ^ [8]"
  9. ^ List of current overseas territories
  10. ^ [9]
  11. ^ [10]
  12. ^ [11]
  13. ^ [12]
  14. ^ [13]
  15. ^ [14]
  16. ^ [15]
  17. ^ [16]
  18. ^ [17]
  19. ^ [18]
  20. ^ [19]
  21. ^ [20]
  22. ^ [21]
  23. ^ [22]
  24. ^ [23]
  25. ^ [24]
  26. ^ [25]
  27. ^ [26]
  28. ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2007
  29. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 9 December 2005.
  30. ^ Definition of Briton. Merriam-Webster Online
  31. ^ Background Note: United Kingdom - People US Department of State
  32. ^ Todd, M. Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth, p. ?; Bradshaw, B. (1998), British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533-1707, Cambridge University Press, p. ?; Colley, L. (2005), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Yale University Press, p. ?; Weight, R. (2003) Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940-2000, Pan Books; Ward, P. (2004), Britishness Since 1870 Routledge, p. ?
  33. ^ Hardill, Irene, Graham, David T., Kofman, Eleonore (2001), Human Geography of the UK: An Introduction, Routledge, p. 5; see also survey and poll text below for popular opinion on the subject.
  34. ^ Snyder 2003, p. 12, 68
  35. ^ Patrhenius, Love Stories 2, 30 [27]
  36. ^ Cunliffe 2002, p. 95,Encyclopedia of the Celts: Pretani
  37. ^ O'Rahilly 1946
  38. ^ Snyder 2003, p. 12
  39. ^ 4.20 provides a translation describing Caeser's first invasion, using terms which from IV.XX appear in Latin as arriving "tamen in Britanniam", the inhabitants being "Britannos", and on p30 "principes Britanniae" is translated as "chiefs of Britain".
  40. ^ Cunliffe 2002, pp. 94–95 In Book 1 of his Geography Strabo uses the "B" spelling, in his other books he uses the "P" spelling: Cunliffe suggests this may have been an error by a scribe.
  41. ^ http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=7817
  42. ^ Colley, Linda; Britons; Forging the Nation, 1701-1837, Yale University Press, 1992.
  43. ^ Template:PDFlink Ethos, November 2005
  44. ^ Brown speech promotes Britishness BBC News, 14 January 2006.
  45. ^ The future of Britishness Fabian Society, 14 January 2006.
  46. ^ New Britishness must resolve the English question Fabian Society, 14 January 2006
  47. ^ "Brown pinning his hopes on a new regiment". The Herald. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  48. ^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
  49. ^ a b c d Template:PDFlink (2006) in Devolution and Constitutional Change, ESRC list of authors
  50. ^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
  51. ^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
  52. ^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
  53. ^ a b c Northern Ireland Life & Times Survey 2006
  54. ^ Template:PDFlink, the Institute of Governance, 2006
  55. ^ a b Northern Ireland Life & Times Survey 2004
  56. ^ Gene Expression article February 2005
  57. ^ British? Irish? Or what? from Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland (1968 to the Present) CAIN Web Service (Conflict Archive on the INternet)
  58. ^ National Statistics, Living in Britain 2001 (Households, Families and People: National Identity), 2001
  59. ^ UK: 25% of ethnic minority Scots have tried drugs, The Herald, Glasgow, 02 November 2001
  60. ^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738
  61. ^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738

    "... unionist usage [of the term British Isles] is now frequently less sensitive than previously, producing, especially in Northern Ireland, the ultimate oxymoron, the ‘British mainland’."
  62. ^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
  63. ^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
  64. ^ Krishan Kumar, 2003, The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
  65. ^ John Morrill, 1996, The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain, Oxford University Press: Oxford
  66. ^ Krishan Kumar, 2003, The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
  67. ^ Krishan Kumar, 2003, The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
  68. ^ Jonathan Tonge, 2006, Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change, Polity: Cambridge
  69. ^ Bernadette C. Hayes, Richard Sinnott, Tony Fahey, 2005, Conflict and Consensus: A Study of Values and Attitudes in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, Institute of Public Administration: Dublin
  70. ^ Laura O'Connor, "Neighborly Hostility and Literary Creoles: The Example of Hugh MacDiarmid" in Postmodern Culture, Volume 15, Number 2, January 2005 (The Johns Hopkins University Press)
  71. ^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738
  72. ^ Nicholas Canny, 2003, "Writing Early Modern History: Ireland, Britain, and the Wider World", The Historical Journal, 46, 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 738

    "... unionist usage [of the term British Isles] is now frequently less sensitive than previously, producing, especially in Northern Ireland, the ultimate oxymoron, the ‘British mainland’."
  73. ^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
  74. ^ Edward Moxon-Browne, 1991, "National Identity in Northern Ireland", in Peter Stringer and Gillian Robinson (eds.), 1991, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The First Report, Blackstaff Press: Belfast
  75. ^ Clifton, Lewis. The Falkland Islands: Self-government with an emerging national identity? News and Journal 2004, The 21st Century Trust. London, 1999. pp. 16-19.
  76. ^ Te Ara: New Zealanders: New Zealand Peoples: Britons
  77. ^ Population Conference 1997, New Zealand: Panel Discussion 3c - Population Change And International Linkages, Phillip Gibson, Chief Executive, Asia 2000 Foundation
  78. ^ Carl Walrond. 'Kiwis overseas - Staying in Britain', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 13 April 2007.
  79. ^ The Pacific-ation of New Zealand. Colin James's speech to the Sydney Institute, 3 February 2005. Accessed 2007-06-05.
  80. ^ New Zealand Listener: So who do we keep out?, Bruce Ansley, September 2-8 2006
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