Brooklyn Bridge: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox_Bridge |
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brooklyn ia da bomb o yea oyea yeaaaaaaaaa |
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|bridge_name= Brooklyn Bridge |
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|image= Brooklyn Bridge 20080501.JPG |
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|caption= |
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|official_name= |
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|also_known_as= |
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|carries= Motor vehicles (cars only), [[elevated railway|elevated trains]] (until 1944), [[streetcar]]s (until 1950), pedestrians, and bicycles |
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|crosses= [[East River]] |
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|locale= [[New York City]] ([[Manhattan]]–[[Brooklyn]]) |
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|maint= [[New York City Department of Transportation]] |
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|id= |
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|design= [[Suspension bridge|Suspension]]/[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stay]] Hybrid |
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|mainspan= 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m) |
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|length= 5,989 feet (1825 m) |
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|width= 85 feet (26 m) |
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|below= 135 feet (41 m) at mid-span |
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|traffic= 145,000 |
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|open= [[May 24]], [[1883]] |
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|closed= |
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|toll= Free both ways |
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|map_cue= |
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|map_image= |
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|map_text= |
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|map_width= |
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|lat= 40.705953 |
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|long= -73.998048 |
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}}{{otheruses}}{{dablink|East River Bridge redirects here. For a list of East River Bridges, see [[List of fixed crossings of the East River]].}} |
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The '''Brooklyn Bridge''', one of the oldest [[suspension bridge]]s in the [[United States]], stretches 5,989 feet (1825 m)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/motorist/bridges.html |title=NYCDOT Bridges Information |publisher= New York City Department of Transportation |accessdate=2006-04-11}}</ref> over the [[East River]] connecting the [[New York City]] [[borough (New York City)|borough]]s of [[Manhattan]] and [[Brooklyn]]. On completion, it was the [[List of largest suspension bridges|largest suspension bridge in the world]] and the first steel-wire suspension bridge. Originally referred to as the '''New York and Brooklyn Bridge''', it was dubbed the '''Brooklyn Bridge''' in an 1867 letter to the editor of the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'',<ref>{{citation |
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|url=http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/ |
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|title=Bridging the East River -- Another Project |
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|author=E.P.D. |
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|date=January 25, 1867 |
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|newspaper=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |
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|pages=2 |accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref> and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an iconic part of the New York [[skyline]]. In 1964 it was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=376&ResourceType=Structure |
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|title=Brooklyn Bridge|date=2007-09-11|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref name="nrhpinv">{{cite web|url={{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000523.pdf "The Brooklyn Bridge", February 24, 1975, by James B. Armstrong and S. Sydney Bradford]|501 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 513207 bytes -->}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination|date=1975-02-24|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">{{cite web|url={{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000523.pdf The Brooklyn Bridge--Accompanying 3 photos, from 1975.]|476 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 487477 bytes -->}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination|date=1975-02-24|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> |
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== History and events== |
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===Construction=== |
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[[Image:BrooklynBridgeSchematic.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Plan of one tower for the Brooklyn Bridge, 1867.]] |
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[[Image:New York City Brooklyn Bridge - Currier & Ives 1877.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Currier & Ives print (1877)]] |
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Construction began [[January 3]], [[1870]]. The Brooklyn Bridge was completed thirteen years later and was opened for use on [[May 24]], [[1883]]. On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed. The bridge's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m). The bridge cost $15.5 million to build and approximately 27 people died during its construction. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Archive/skins/BE/NavigationSites/what.htm |title=Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1841-1902 Online |accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref> |
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One week after the opening, on [[May 30]], a rumor that the Bridge was going to collapse caused a stampede which crushed and killed twelve people.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=980DE3DA1431E433A25752C3A9639C94629FD7CF Reported in NY Times, issue 1883-5-30]</ref>. |
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At the time it opened, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world — 50% longer than any previously built — and it has become a treasured landmark. Additionally, for several years the towers were the tallest structures in the Western Hemisphere. Since the 1980s, it has been floodlit at night to highlight its architectural features. The towers are built of limestone, granite, and [[Rosendale cement]]. Their architectural style is [[gothic architecture|Gothic]], with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. |
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The bridge was designed by [[Germany|German]]-born [[John Augustus Roebling]] in [[Trenton, New Jersey]]. Roebling had earlier designed and constructed other suspension bridges, such as [[Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct]] in [[Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania]], the [[John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] and the [[Waco Suspension Bridge]] in [[Waco, Texas]], that served as the engineering prototypes for the final design. |
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During surveying for the East River Bridge project, Roebling's foot was badly injured by a ferry, pinning it against a pylon; within a few weeks, he died of [[tetanus]]. His son, [[Washington Roebling|Washington]], succeeded him, but in 1872 was stricken with [[caisson (engineering)|caisson]] disease ([[decompression sickness]], commonly known as "the bends"), due to working in compressed air in caissons. The occurrence of the disease in the caisson workers caused him to halt construction of the Manhattan side of the tower 30 feet (10 m) short of bedrock when soil tests underneath the caisson found bedrock to be even deeper than expected. Today, the Manhattan tower rests only on sand. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/435.php |title=GlassSteelandStone: Brooklyn Bridge-tower rests on sand|accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref> Washington's wife, [[Emily Warren Roebling]], became his aide, learning engineering and communicating his wishes to the on-site assistants. When the bridge opened, she was the first person to cross it. Washington Roebling rarely visited the site again. |
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At the time the bridge was built, the [[aerodynamics]] of bridge building had not been worked out. Bridges were not tested in [[wind tunnel]]s until the 1950s — well after the collapse of the [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge]] in 1940. It is therefore fortunate that the open truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to aerodynamic problems. Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that was six times as strong as he thought it needed to be. Because of this, the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same time have vanished into history and been replaced. This is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire in the cabling supplied by the contractor J. Lloyd Haigh — by the time it was discovered, it was too late to replace the cabling that had already been constructed. Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge four rather than six times as strong as necessary, so it was eventually allowed to stand, with the addition of 250 cables. Diagonal cables were installed from the towers to the deck, intended to stiffen the bridge. They turned out to be unnecessary, but were kept for their distinctive beauty. |
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After the collapse of the [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge|I-35W highway bridge]] in the city of Minneapolis, increased public attention has been brought to bear on the condition of bridges across the US, and it has been reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps received a rating of "poor" at its last inspection <ref>{{cite web|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/brooklyn-bridge-is-one-of-3-with-poor-rating/ | title=Brooklyn Bridge Is One of 4 With Poor Rating |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>. According to a NYC Department of Transportation spokesman, "The poor rating it received does not mean it is unsafe. Poor means there are some components that have to be rehabilitated.” A $725 million project to replace the approaches and repaint the bridge is scheduled to begin in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baynewsbrooklyn.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18685076&BRD=2384&PAG=461&dept_id=560112&rfi=6 |title=Brooklyn Bridge called ‘safe’ - DOT says span is okay despite getting a ‘poor’ rating |publisher= Courier-Life Publications |accessdate=2007-08-12}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Brooklyn Bridge railroad.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Brooklyn approach with elevated [[Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation|BMT]] and streetcar tracks and trains, ca. 1905]] |
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===Later changes in use=== |
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At various times, the bridge has carried horse-drawn and trolley traffic; at present, it has six lanes for motor vehicles, with a separate walkway along the centerline for [[pedestrian]]s and [[bicycle]]s. Due to the roadway's height (11 feet posted) and weight (6,000 lb posted) restrictions, commercial vehicles and buses are prohibited from using this bridge. The two inside traffic lanes once carried [[elevated railway|elevated trains]] of the [[Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation|BMT]] from [[Brooklyn]] points to a terminal at [[Park Row (BMT station)|Park Row]]. [[Streetcar]]s ran on what are now the two center lanes (shared with other traffic) until the elevated lines stopped using the bridge in 1944, when they moved to the protected center tracks. In 1950 the streetcars also stopped running, and the bridge was rebuilt to carry six lanes of automobile traffic. |
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=== 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting === |
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{{main|Brooklyn Bridge Shooting}} |
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On [[March 1]], [[1994]], Lebanese-born [[Rashid Baz]] opened fire on a van carrying members of the [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] Movement, striking 16 year old student [[Ari Halberstam]] and three others traveling on the bridge. Halberstam died five days later from his wounds. Baz was apparently acting out of revenge for the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre|Hebron massacre]] of 29 Muslims by [[Baruch Goldstein]] that had taken place days earlier on [[February 25]], [[1994]]. Baz was convicted of murder and sentenced to a 141 year prison term. After initially classifying the murder as one committed out of [[Road rage (phenomenon)|road rage]], the [[FBI]] reclassified the case in 2000 as a terrorist attack. The entrance ramp to the bridge on the Manhattan side was named the Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp in memory of the victim<ref>[http://www.arihalberstam.com/php/1.php#a Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp]</ref>. |
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=== 2003 Plot === |
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In 2003, truck driver [[Iyman Faris]] was sentenced to 20 years in prison for providing material support to [[al-Qaeda]], after an earlier plot to destroy the bridge by cutting through its support wires with [[blowtorch]]es was cancelled.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/iyman_faris.htm Iyman Faris]</ref> |
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===2006 bunker discovery=== |
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In 2006, a [[Cold War]] era bunker was found by city workers near the East River shoreline of Manhattan's Lower East Side. The bunker, hidden within one of the masonry towers, still contains the emergency supplies that were being stored for a potential nuclear attack by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0324_060324_brooklyn.html Cold War "Time Capsule" Found in Brooklyn Bridge<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===125th Anniversary celebrations=== |
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On May 24, 2008, festivities are held over the entire [[Memorial Day]] week-end to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. <ref>[http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/an-engineering-marvel-born-in-tragedy/index.html?hp NY Times archived reports in issue dated 2008-5-23]</ref> |
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==Trivia== |
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{{Trivia|date=June 2007}} |
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[[Image:Brooklyn-Bridge-Night.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] |
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[[Image:Brooklyn Bridge at Night.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Brooklyn Bridge at night]] |
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[[Image:Brooklyn Bridge cross section.png|thumb|250px|right|Cross section diagram]] |
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*The three bridges that span the [[East River]] and connect [[Manhattan]] to [[Brooklyn]] are arranged, from South to North, according to the [[mnemonic]] BMW: the Brooklyn Bridge, the [[Manhattan Bridge]] and the [[Williamsburg Bridge]]. |
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*The [[Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation|BMT]] bridge tracks were planned to connect to what is now the [[Nassau Street Line]] [[New York City Subway|subway]] at [[Chambers Street (BMT Nassau Street Line station)|Chambers Street]] to form part of the never-finished [[Centre Street Loop]]. |
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*On [[March 24]], [[1983]] the bridge was designated a [[National Historic Engineering Landmark]]. |
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*The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 book ''The Great Bridge'' by [[David McCullough]] and in the first [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] documentary film ever made by [[Ken Burns]], ''Brooklyn Bridge'' (1980). Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him as narrator. |
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*The first person to jump from the bridge was Robert E. Odlum on [[May 19]], [[1885]]. Robert, a swimming teacher, made the jump in a costume bearing his initials. He survived the pre-announced jump, but died shortly thereafter from internal injuries.<ref>{{cite newspaper |
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|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE4D91739E533A25753C2A9639C94649FD7CF |
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|publisher=The New York Times |
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|title=Odlum's Leap to Death |
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|date=May 20, 1885 |
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|page=1 |
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|accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> |
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==Pedestrian access== |
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The Brooklyn Bridge is accessible from the Brooklyn entrances of Tillary/Adams Streets, Sands/Pearl Streets, and Exit 28B of the eastbound [[Brooklyn-Queens Expressway]]. In Manhattan, motor cars can enter from either direction of the [[FDR Drive]], [[Park Row]], Chambers/Centre Streets, and Pearl/Frankfort Streets. Pedestrian access to the bridge from the Brooklyn side is from either Tillary/Adams Streets (in between the auto entrance/exit), or a staircase on Prospect St between Cadman Plaza East and West. In Manhattan, the pedestrian walkway is accessible from the end of Centre Street, or through the unpaid south staircase of [[Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall]] [[Interborough Rapid Transit Company|IRT]] subway station. |
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The Brooklyn Bridge has a wide pedestrian walkway open to walkers and cyclists, in the center of the bridge and higher than the automobile lanes. While the bridge has always permitted the passage of pedestrians across its span, its role in allowing thousands to cross takes on a special importance in times of difficulty when usual means of crossing the East River have become unavailable. |
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During transit [[strike action|strikes]] by the [[Transport Workers Union]] in 1980 and 2005 the bridge was used by people commuting to work, with Mayors [[Ed Koch|Koch]] and [[Michael Bloomberg|Bloomberg]] crossing the bridge as a gesture to the affected public. |
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Following the [[Northeast Blackout of 1965|1965]], [[New York City blackout of 1977|1977]] and [[2003 North America blackout|2003]] [[power outage|Blackouts]] and most famously after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[World Trade Center]], the bridge was used by people in Manhattan to leave the city after subway service was suspended. The massive numbers of people on the bridge could not have been anticipated by the original designer, yet John Roebling designed it with three separate systems managing even unanticipated structural stresses. The bridge has a suspension system, a diagonal stay system, and a stiffening truss. "Roebling himself famously said if anything happens to one of [his] systems, 'The bridge may sag, but it will not fall.'"<ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0335,julavits,46559,1.html village voice > news > Point of Collapse by Robert Julavits<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The movement of large numbers of people on a bridge creates pedestrian oscillations or "sway" as the crowd lifts one foot after another, some falling inevitably in synchronized cadences. The natural sway motion of people walking causes small sideways oscillations in a bridge, which in turn cause people on the bridge to sway in step, increasing the amplitude of the bridge oscillations and continually reinforcing the effect. This high-density traffic causes a bridge to appear to move erratically or "to wobble" as happened at opening of the [[Millennium Bridge (London)|London Millennium Footbridge]] in 2000.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=mtQvcPbzFfwC&dq=sync+the+emerging+science+of+spontaneous+order&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=1lf9r_guhE&sig=alXFuHQDsPR4ri8WzLVq2ScbndM Strogatz, Steven. (2003). ''Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order'', pp. 174-175, 312, 320.]</ref> |
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==Cultural significance== |
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Contemporaries marveled at what technology was capable of and the bridge became a symbol of the optimism of the time. [[John Perry Barlow]] wrote in the late 20th century of the "literal and genuinely religious leap of faith" embodied in the Brooklyn Bridge … the Brooklyn Bridge required of its builders faith in their ability to control technology."<ref>[http://ftp.eff.org/pub/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/brooklyn_bridge.html Cultural Significance]</ref> |
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References to "selling the Brooklyn Bridge" abound in American culture, sometimes as examples of rural gullibility but more often in connection with an idea that strains credulity. For example, "If you believe '''that''', I have a wonderful bargain for you…" References are often nowadays more oblique, such as "I could sell you some lovely riverside property in Brooklyn ... ". [[George C. Parker]] and [[William McCloundy]] are two early 20th-century con-men who had (allegedly) successfully perpetrated this scam on unwitting tourists.[http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mbrooklynbridge.htm] |
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In his second book ''The Bridge'', [[Hart Crane]] begins with a poem entitled "Poem: To Brooklyn Bridge." The bridge was a source of inspiration for Crane and he owned different apartments specifically to have different views of the bridge. |
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In the 1972 film, [[The Hot Rock (film)|The Hot Rock]], the Brooklyn Bridge was shown as a visual icon of New York City. The partially-finished [[World Trade Center]] was also shown. In the years between 1972 and 2001, the WTC became the icon of choice for New York City, and use of the Brooklyn Bridge fell. Since 2001, the Brooklyn Bridge has been restored to its status of "If you see the Brooklyn Bridge, you know you're looking at New York City." |
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==Panoramas== |
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{{Wide image|Brooklyn Bridge New York City 1896.jpg|500px|1896 Panorama}} |
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{{Wide image|Brooklyn-Bridge-Panorama.jpg|500px}} |
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{{Wide image|Panorma BB.jpg|800px|A panorama of the bridge}} |
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<br style="clear:both;"/> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Brooklynbridge-1874.png|Brooklyn Bridge, also known as the East River Bridge, seen from Manhattan, as drawn (and woodcut) in a Swedish monthly magazine in August 1874. |
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Image:Brooklyn Bridge New York City 1899 Pedestrian Crossing.jpg| On the promenade, Brooklyn Bridge, New York c.1899 |
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Image:February 23rd 1908 Boys Selling Newspapers on Brooklyn Bridge.jpg|Newsboys selling on Brooklyn Bridge c.1908 |
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Image:NYEastRiver From WTC.jpg|A World Trade Center view of the [[Manhattan Bridge]], Brooklyn Bridge, and the [[East river]]. |
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Image:Brooklyn-Bridge-Mural.jpg|Mural of Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, with the real thing in background. (picture taken 1981). |
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Image:LOC Brooklyn Bridge and East River 8.png|Brooklyn Bridge and Ferrybank Restaurant |
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Image:Brooklyn Bridge 2004-01-11.jpg |
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Image:Brooklyn Bridge at Dusk.jpg|Brooklyn Bridge at Dusk |
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</gallery> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* Cadbury, Deborah .(2004), ''Dreams of Iron and Steel''. New York: [[HarperCollins]]. ISBN 0-00-716307-X |
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* McCullough, David. (1972). ''The Great Bridge''. New York: [[Simon & Schuster]]. ISBN 0-671-21213-3 |
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* Haw, Richard. (2005). ''The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History''. New Brunswick: [[Rutgers University Press]]. ISBN 0-8135-3587-5 |
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* Haw, Richard. (2008). ''Art of the Brooklyn Bridge: A Visual History''. New York: [[Routledge]]. ISBN 0-415-95386-3 |
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* Strogatz, Steven. (2003). ''Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order''. New York: [[Hyperion books]]. 10-ISBN 0-7868-6844-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-7868-6844-5 (cloth) [2nd ed., Hyperion, 2004. 10-ISBN 0-7868-8721-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-7868-8721-7 (paper)] |
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* Strogartz, Steven, Daniel M. Abrams, Allan McRobie, Bruno Eckhardt, and Edward Ott. ''et al.'' (2005). "Theoretical mechanics: Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge," ''Nature,'' Vol. 438, pp, 43-44.[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7064/abs/438043a.html ...link to ''Nature'' article][http://www.arup.com/MillenniumBridge/video/wmv/opening_day_high.wmv ...Millennium Bridge opening day video illustrating "crowd synchrony" oscillations] |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat|Brooklyn Bridge}} |
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*[http://nyc.360cities.net/fs.html?lang=en&view=2&loc=The_Brooklyn_Bridge.p36 Brooklyn Bridge] interactive 360 [[Panorama]] from 360 Cities |
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*[http://www.earthcam.com/panasonic/new_york_bb.html New York City DOT Brooklyn Bridge webcam] |
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*[http://mondomap.com/mondo/index.cfm?vid=26051&bid=166 Interactive Map of Brooklyn Bridge and South Street Seaport: MondoMap] |
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*[http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/brooklyn/ NYCroads.com - Brooklyn Bridge] |
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*[http://www.transalt.org/bridges/brooklyn.html Transportation Alternatives Fiboro Bridges - Brooklyn Bridge] |
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*{{structurae|id=s0000011|title=Brooklyn Bridge}} |
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*[http://www.cbsforum.com/cgi-bin/articles/partners/cbs/search.cgi?template=display&dbname=cbsarticles&key2=brooklyn&action=searchdbdisplay The story of Brooklyn Bridge] - by [http://www.cbsforum.com/ CBS Forum] |
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*[http://www.dualmoments.com/Panorama/1903brooklyn.htm Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge 1899 - Extreme Photo Constructions] |
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*[http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000011 Structurae: Brooklyn Bridge] |
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*[http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Brooklyn_Bridge.html Great Buildings entry] for the Brooklyn Bridge |
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*[http://www.asce.org/history/brdg_brooklyn.html American Society of Civil Engineers] |
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*[http://catskillarchive.com/rrextra/bbpage.Html Railroad Extra - Brooklyn Bridge and its Railway] |
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*{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|40.706344|-73.997439}} |
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*[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/research/digital-collections/brooklynbridge/ Images of the Brooklyn Bridge from the Brooklyn Museum's art, archives, and library collections, and the text from our 1983 catalog, The Great East River Bridge] |
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*[http://www.yellowecho.com/photography/gallery/main.php?g2_view=tags.VirtualAlbum&g2_tagName=Brooklyn+Bridge Brooklyn Bridge Photo Gallery] with a Flash VR 360 of the [http://www.yellowecho.com/photography/gallery/main.php?g2_itemId=2284 Brooklyn Bridge Pedestrian Walkway] |
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{{Crossings navbox |
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|structure = Crossings |
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|place = [[East River]] |
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|bridge = Brooklyn Bridge |
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|bridge signs = |
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|upstream = [[Manhattan Bridge]] |
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|upstream signs = {{NYCS-bull-small|B}}{{NYCS-bull-small|D}}{{NYCS-bull-small|N}}{{NYCS-bull-small|Q}} |
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|downstream = [[Cranberry Street Tunnel]] |
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|downstream signs = {{NYCS-bull-small|A}}{{NYCS-bull-small|C}} |
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}} |
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{{LongestBridge |
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| type = suspension |
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| start = 1883 |
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| end = 1903 |
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| previous = John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge |
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| current = Brooklyn Bridge |
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| next = Williamsburg Bridge |
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}} |
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{{NYC Bridge}} |
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{{Registered Historic Places}} |
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{{Visitor attractions in New York City}} |
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[[Category:Suspension bridges]] |
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[[Category:Bridges completed in 1883]] |
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[[Category:1883 in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Bridges in New York City]] |
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[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in New York City]] |
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[[Category:Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation]] |
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[[Category:East River]] |
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[[Category:Transportation in Brooklyn]] |
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[[Category:Bridges in New York]] |
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[[af:Brooklyn-brug]] |
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[[ar:جسر بروكلين]] |
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[[az:Bruklin körpüsü]] |
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[[bg:Бруклински мост]] |
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[[ca:Pont de Brooklyn]] |
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[[cs:Brooklyn Bridge]] |
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[[da:Brooklyn Bridge]] |
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[[de:Brooklyn Bridge]] |
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[[es:Puente de Brooklyn]] |
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[[fa:پل بروکلین]] |
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[[fr:Pont de Brooklyn]] |
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[[it:Ponte di Brooklyn]] |
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[[he:גשר ברוקלין]] |
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[[ka:ბრუკლინის ხიდი]] |
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[[lb:Brooklyn Bréck]] |
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[[lt:Bruklino tiltas]] |
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[[hu:Brooklyn híd]] |
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[[nl:Brooklyn Bridge]] |
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[[ja:ブルックリン橋]] |
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[[no:Brooklyn Bridge]] |
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[[pl:Most Brookliński]] |
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[[pt:Ponte de Brooklyn]] |
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[[ru:Бруклинский мост]] |
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[[sk:Brooklynský most]] |
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[[sr:Бруклински мост]] |
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[[fi:Brooklyn Bridge]] |
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[[sv:Brooklyn Bridge]] |
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[[ta:புரூக்ளின் பாலம்]] |
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[[th:สะพานบรูคลิน]] |
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[[tr:Brooklyn Köprüsü]] |
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[[uk:Бруклінський міст]] |
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[[zh:布魯克林大橋]] |
Revision as of 14:35, 24 May 2008
Brooklyn Bridge | |
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Coordinates | 40°42′20″N 73°59′47″W / 40.70567°N 73.99633°W |
Carries | Motor vehicles (cars only), elevated trains (until 1944), streetcars (until 1950), pedestrians, and bicycles |
Crosses | East River |
Locale | New York City (Manhattan–Brooklyn) |
Maintained by | New York City Department of Transportation |
Characteristics | |
Design | Suspension/Cable-stay Hybrid |
Total length | 5,989 feet (1825 m) |
Width | 85 feet (26 m) |
Longest span | 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m) |
Clearance below | 135 feet (41 m) at mid-span |
History | |
Opened | May 24, 1883 |
Statistics | |
Daily traffic | 145,000 |
Toll | Free both ways |
Location | |
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The Brooklyn Bridge, one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States, stretches 5,989 feet (1825 m)[1] over the East River connecting the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. On completion, it was the largest suspension bridge in the world and the first steel-wire suspension bridge. Originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, it was dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge in an 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle,[2] and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an iconic part of the New York skyline. In 1964 it was designated a National Historic Landmark.[3][4][5]
History and events
Construction
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrooklynBridgeSchematic.jpg/200px-BrooklynBridgeSchematic.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/New_York_City_Brooklyn_Bridge_-_Currier_%26_Ives_1877.jpg/200px-New_York_City_Brooklyn_Bridge_-_Currier_%26_Ives_1877.jpg)
Construction began January 3, 1870. The Brooklyn Bridge was completed thirteen years later and was opened for use on May 24, 1883. On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed. The bridge's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m). The bridge cost $15.5 million to build and approximately 27 people died during its construction. [6]
One week after the opening, on May 30, a rumor that the Bridge was going to collapse caused a stampede which crushed and killed twelve people.[7].
At the time it opened, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world — 50% longer than any previously built — and it has become a treasured landmark. Additionally, for several years the towers were the tallest structures in the Western Hemisphere. Since the 1980s, it has been floodlit at night to highlight its architectural features. The towers are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement. Their architectural style is Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers.
The bridge was designed by German-born John Augustus Roebling in Trenton, New Jersey. Roebling had earlier designed and constructed other suspension bridges, such as Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge in Cincinnati, Ohio and the Waco Suspension Bridge in Waco, Texas, that served as the engineering prototypes for the final design.
During surveying for the East River Bridge project, Roebling's foot was badly injured by a ferry, pinning it against a pylon; within a few weeks, he died of tetanus. His son, Washington, succeeded him, but in 1872 was stricken with caisson disease (decompression sickness, commonly known as "the bends"), due to working in compressed air in caissons. The occurrence of the disease in the caisson workers caused him to halt construction of the Manhattan side of the tower 30 feet (10 m) short of bedrock when soil tests underneath the caisson found bedrock to be even deeper than expected. Today, the Manhattan tower rests only on sand. [8] Washington's wife, Emily Warren Roebling, became his aide, learning engineering and communicating his wishes to the on-site assistants. When the bridge opened, she was the first person to cross it. Washington Roebling rarely visited the site again.
At the time the bridge was built, the aerodynamics of bridge building had not been worked out. Bridges were not tested in wind tunnels until the 1950s — well after the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. It is therefore fortunate that the open truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to aerodynamic problems. Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that was six times as strong as he thought it needed to be. Because of this, the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same time have vanished into history and been replaced. This is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire in the cabling supplied by the contractor J. Lloyd Haigh — by the time it was discovered, it was too late to replace the cabling that had already been constructed. Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge four rather than six times as strong as necessary, so it was eventually allowed to stand, with the addition of 250 cables. Diagonal cables were installed from the towers to the deck, intended to stiffen the bridge. They turned out to be unnecessary, but were kept for their distinctive beauty.
After the collapse of the I-35W highway bridge in the city of Minneapolis, increased public attention has been brought to bear on the condition of bridges across the US, and it has been reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps received a rating of "poor" at its last inspection [9]. According to a NYC Department of Transportation spokesman, "The poor rating it received does not mean it is unsafe. Poor means there are some components that have to be rehabilitated.” A $725 million project to replace the approaches and repaint the bridge is scheduled to begin in 2009.[10]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooklyn_Bridge_railroad.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Bridge_railroad.jpg)
Later changes in use
At various times, the bridge has carried horse-drawn and trolley traffic; at present, it has six lanes for motor vehicles, with a separate walkway along the centerline for pedestrians and bicycles. Due to the roadway's height (11 feet posted) and weight (6,000 lb posted) restrictions, commercial vehicles and buses are prohibited from using this bridge. The two inside traffic lanes once carried elevated trains of the BMT from Brooklyn points to a terminal at Park Row. Streetcars ran on what are now the two center lanes (shared with other traffic) until the elevated lines stopped using the bridge in 1944, when they moved to the protected center tracks. In 1950 the streetcars also stopped running, and the bridge was rebuilt to carry six lanes of automobile traffic.
1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting
On March 1, 1994, Lebanese-born Rashid Baz opened fire on a van carrying members of the Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish Movement, striking 16 year old student Ari Halberstam and three others traveling on the bridge. Halberstam died five days later from his wounds. Baz was apparently acting out of revenge for the Hebron massacre of 29 Muslims by Baruch Goldstein that had taken place days earlier on February 25, 1994. Baz was convicted of murder and sentenced to a 141 year prison term. After initially classifying the murder as one committed out of road rage, the FBI reclassified the case in 2000 as a terrorist attack. The entrance ramp to the bridge on the Manhattan side was named the Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp in memory of the victim[11].
2003 Plot
In 2003, truck driver Iyman Faris was sentenced to 20 years in prison for providing material support to al-Qaeda, after an earlier plot to destroy the bridge by cutting through its support wires with blowtorches was cancelled.[12]
2006 bunker discovery
In 2006, a Cold War era bunker was found by city workers near the East River shoreline of Manhattan's Lower East Side. The bunker, hidden within one of the masonry towers, still contains the emergency supplies that were being stored for a potential nuclear attack by the Soviet Union.[13]
125th Anniversary celebrations
On May 24, 2008, festivities are held over the entire Memorial Day week-end to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. [14]
Trivia
![]() | This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. (June 2007) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Brooklyn-Bridge-Night.jpg/250px-Brooklyn-Bridge-Night.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brooklyn_Bridge_at_Night.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Bridge_at_Night.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Brooklyn_Bridge_cross_section.png/250px-Brooklyn_Bridge_cross_section.png)
- The three bridges that span the East River and connect Manhattan to Brooklyn are arranged, from South to North, according to the mnemonic BMW: the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge and the Williamsburg Bridge.
- The BMT bridge tracks were planned to connect to what is now the Nassau Street Line subway at Chambers Street to form part of the never-finished Centre Street Loop.
- On March 24, 1983 the bridge was designated a National Historic Engineering Landmark.
- The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and in the first PBS documentary film ever made by Ken Burns, Brooklyn Bridge (1980). Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him as narrator.
- The first person to jump from the bridge was Robert E. Odlum on May 19, 1885. Robert, a swimming teacher, made the jump in a costume bearing his initials. He survived the pre-announced jump, but died shortly thereafter from internal injuries.[15]
Pedestrian access
The Brooklyn Bridge is accessible from the Brooklyn entrances of Tillary/Adams Streets, Sands/Pearl Streets, and Exit 28B of the eastbound Brooklyn-Queens Expressway. In Manhattan, motor cars can enter from either direction of the FDR Drive, Park Row, Chambers/Centre Streets, and Pearl/Frankfort Streets. Pedestrian access to the bridge from the Brooklyn side is from either Tillary/Adams Streets (in between the auto entrance/exit), or a staircase on Prospect St between Cadman Plaza East and West. In Manhattan, the pedestrian walkway is accessible from the end of Centre Street, or through the unpaid south staircase of Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall IRT subway station. The Brooklyn Bridge has a wide pedestrian walkway open to walkers and cyclists, in the center of the bridge and higher than the automobile lanes. While the bridge has always permitted the passage of pedestrians across its span, its role in allowing thousands to cross takes on a special importance in times of difficulty when usual means of crossing the East River have become unavailable.
During transit strikes by the Transport Workers Union in 1980 and 2005 the bridge was used by people commuting to work, with Mayors Koch and Bloomberg crossing the bridge as a gesture to the affected public.
Following the 1965, 1977 and 2003 Blackouts and most famously after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, the bridge was used by people in Manhattan to leave the city after subway service was suspended. The massive numbers of people on the bridge could not have been anticipated by the original designer, yet John Roebling designed it with three separate systems managing even unanticipated structural stresses. The bridge has a suspension system, a diagonal stay system, and a stiffening truss. "Roebling himself famously said if anything happens to one of [his] systems, 'The bridge may sag, but it will not fall.'"[16] The movement of large numbers of people on a bridge creates pedestrian oscillations or "sway" as the crowd lifts one foot after another, some falling inevitably in synchronized cadences. The natural sway motion of people walking causes small sideways oscillations in a bridge, which in turn cause people on the bridge to sway in step, increasing the amplitude of the bridge oscillations and continually reinforcing the effect. This high-density traffic causes a bridge to appear to move erratically or "to wobble" as happened at opening of the London Millennium Footbridge in 2000.[17]
Cultural significance
Contemporaries marveled at what technology was capable of and the bridge became a symbol of the optimism of the time. John Perry Barlow wrote in the late 20th century of the "literal and genuinely religious leap of faith" embodied in the Brooklyn Bridge … the Brooklyn Bridge required of its builders faith in their ability to control technology."[18]
References to "selling the Brooklyn Bridge" abound in American culture, sometimes as examples of rural gullibility but more often in connection with an idea that strains credulity. For example, "If you believe that, I have a wonderful bargain for you…" References are often nowadays more oblique, such as "I could sell you some lovely riverside property in Brooklyn ... ". George C. Parker and William McCloundy are two early 20th-century con-men who had (allegedly) successfully perpetrated this scam on unwitting tourists.[1]
In his second book The Bridge, Hart Crane begins with a poem entitled "Poem: To Brooklyn Bridge." The bridge was a source of inspiration for Crane and he owned different apartments specifically to have different views of the bridge.
In the 1972 film, The Hot Rock, the Brooklyn Bridge was shown as a visual icon of New York City. The partially-finished World Trade Center was also shown. In the years between 1972 and 2001, the WTC became the icon of choice for New York City, and use of the Brooklyn Bridge fell. Since 2001, the Brooklyn Bridge has been restored to its status of "If you see the Brooklyn Bridge, you know you're looking at New York City."
Panoramas
Gallery
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Brooklyn Bridge, also known as the East River Bridge, seen from Manhattan, as drawn (and woodcut) in a Swedish monthly magazine in August 1874.
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On the promenade, Brooklyn Bridge, New York c.1899
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Newsboys selling on Brooklyn Bridge c.1908
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A World Trade Center view of the Manhattan Bridge, Brooklyn Bridge, and the East river.
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Mural of Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, with the real thing in background. (picture taken 1981).
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Brooklyn Bridge and Ferrybank Restaurant
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Brooklyn Bridge at Dusk
References
- ^ "NYCDOT Bridges Information". New York City Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
- ^ E.P.D. (January 25, 1867), "Bridging the East River -- Another Project", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, p. 2, retrieved 2007-11-26
- ^ "Brooklyn Bridge". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. 2007-09-11.
- ^ [[[:Template:PDFlink]] "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination"]. National Park Service. 1975-02-24.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ [[[:Template:PDFlink]] "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination"]. National Park Service. 1975-02-24.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ "Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1841-1902 Online". Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ Reported in NY Times, issue 1883-5-30
- ^ "GlassSteelandStone: Brooklyn Bridge-tower rests on sand". Retrieved 2007-02-20.
- ^ "Brooklyn Bridge Is One of 4 With Poor Rating". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
- ^ "Brooklyn Bridge called 'safe' - DOT says span is okay despite getting a 'poor' rating". Courier-Life Publications. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ^ Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp
- ^ Iyman Faris
- ^ Cold War "Time Capsule" Found in Brooklyn Bridge
- ^ NY Times archived reports in issue dated 2008-5-23
- ^ "Odlum's Leap to Death". The New York Times. May 20, 1885. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
- ^ village voice > news > Point of Collapse by Robert Julavits
- ^ Strogatz, Steven. (2003). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order, pp. 174-175, 312, 320.
- ^ Cultural Significance
Further reading
- Cadbury, Deborah .(2004), Dreams of Iron and Steel. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-716307-X
- McCullough, David. (1972). The Great Bridge. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-21213-3
- Haw, Richard. (2005). The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3587-5
- Haw, Richard. (2008). Art of the Brooklyn Bridge: A Visual History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-95386-3
- Strogatz, Steven. (2003). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. New York: Hyperion books. 10-ISBN 0-7868-6844-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-7868-6844-5 (cloth) [2nd ed., Hyperion, 2004. 10-ISBN 0-7868-8721-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-7868-8721-7 (paper)]
- Strogartz, Steven, Daniel M. Abrams, Allan McRobie, Bruno Eckhardt, and Edward Ott. et al. (2005). "Theoretical mechanics: Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge," Nature, Vol. 438, pp, 43-44....link to Nature article...Millennium Bridge opening day video illustrating "crowd synchrony" oscillations
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Brooklyn Bridge interactive 360 Panorama from 360 Cities
- New York City DOT Brooklyn Bridge webcam
- Interactive Map of Brooklyn Bridge and South Street Seaport: MondoMap
- NYCroads.com - Brooklyn Bridge
- Transportation Alternatives Fiboro Bridges - Brooklyn Bridge
- Brooklyn Bridge at Structurae
- The story of Brooklyn Bridge - by CBS Forum
- Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge 1899 - Extreme Photo Constructions
- Structurae: Brooklyn Bridge
- Great Buildings entry for the Brooklyn Bridge
- American Society of Civil Engineers
- Railroad Extra - Brooklyn Bridge and its Railway
- Template:Geolinks-US-streetscale
- Images of the Brooklyn Bridge from the Brooklyn Museum's art, archives, and library collections, and the text from our 1983 catalog, The Great East River Bridge
- Brooklyn Bridge Photo Gallery with a Flash VR 360 of the Brooklyn Bridge Pedestrian Walkway