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== History and establishment ==
== History and establishment ==
[[Image:Albatross birds at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument, Midway Atoll, 2007March01.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Laysan Albatross|Laysan]] and [[Short-tailed Albatross]]es at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument]]
[[Image:Albatross birds at Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Midway Atoll, 2007March01.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Laysan Albatross|Laysan]] and [[Short-tailed Albatross]]es at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument]]


The genesis of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) as a protected area began on February 3, 1909, when U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] created the Hawaiian Islands Reservation through Executive Order 1019, as a response to the over-harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the importance of the NWHI as seabird nesting sites.<ref>{{cite paper
The genesis of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) as a protected area began on February 3, 1909, when U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] created the Hawaiian Islands Reservation through Executive Order 1019, as a response to the over-harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the importance of the NWHI as seabird nesting sites.<ref>{{cite paper

Revision as of 21:46, 10 September 2008

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
LocationHonolulu County, Hawaii, USA
Nearest cityHonolulu, Hawaii
Area140,000 square miles (360,000 km2)
EstablishedJune 15, 2006
Governing bodyNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources

The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument is a U.S. National Monument encompassing 140,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of ocean waters and ten islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, making it the largest Marine Protected Area in the world. The area was originally proclaimed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument by U.S. President George W. Bush on June 15, 2006. In 2007, the monument was renamed Papahānaumokuākea, the name of the goddess who gave birth to the islands in Hawaiian mythology. The area is managed in partnership with the Department of Commerce, the Department of the Interior, and the State of Hawaiʻi.

Although it is not a sanctuary, the ocean area is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in the monument is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The monument supports 7,000 species, one quarter of which are endemic. Prominent species include the threatened Green Sea Turtle and the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, the Laysan and Nihoa Finches, the Nihoa Millerbird, Laysan Duck, seabirds such as the Laysan Albatross, numerous species of plants including Pritchardia palms, and many species of arthropods. According to the Pew Charitable Trusts, populations of lobster have not recovered from extensive harvesting in the 1980s and 1990s, which is now banned;[1] the remaining fisheries are overfished.[2]

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) reports that many species populations have not yet fully recovered from a large-scale shift in the oceanographic ecosystem regime that affected the North Pacific during the late 1980s and early 1990s.[3] This shift reduced populations of some important species such as spiny lobster, seabirds and Hawaiian monk seals; the proclamation calls for a commercial fishing phase-out by 2011. The monument will receive strict conservation protection, with exceptions for traditional Native Hawaiian uses and limited tourism.[1] The Federal Interagency Panel for World Heritage is scheduled to review the monument in November 2008 in preparation for its submission to UNESCO as a formal candidate for World Heritage Site status.

Area and administration

Global locator map of all sites in the United States National Marine Sanctuary system.

As the 124th National Monument of the United States, it preserves much of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) under the Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).[4]

The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000 km²) of reefs, atolls and shallow and deep sea (out to 50 miles (80 km) offshore) in the Pacific Ocean– larger than all of America's National Parks combined.[5] It contains approximately 10 percent of the tropical shallow water coral reef habitat (i.e., 0 to 100 fathoms) in U.S. territory.[6] It is slightly larger than Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, approximately the size of the country of Germany, and just slightly smaller than Montana.

About 132,000 square miles (342,000 km2) of the monument were already part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, which was designated in 2000. The monument also includes the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Battle of Midway National Memorial, the Hawaii State Seabird Sanctuary at Kure Atoll, the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands State Marine Refuge, and the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. NOAA is responsible for the oceanic areas of the new monument; the FWS will continue to manage the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge.[7] An emergency landing strip on Midway Atoll for trans-Pacific flights will continue to be maintained.

The islands included in the monument are all part of the State of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is an unincorporated territory of the United States.

History and establishment

File:Albatross birds at Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Midway Atoll, 2007March01.jpg
Laysan and Short-tailed Albatrosses at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument

The genesis of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) as a protected area began on February 3, 1909, when U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt created the Hawaiian Islands Reservation through Executive Order 1019, as a response to the over-harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the importance of the NWHI as seabird nesting sites.[8] Its status was later upgraded to the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A series of incremental protections for the NWHI followed, leading to the establishment of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in 1988, Kure Atoll State Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993, and the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve in 2000.[9][10]

President Bill Clinton established the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve on December 4, 2000, with Executive Order 13178. Clinton's executive order initiated a process to designate the waters of the NWHI as a National Marine Sanctuary. A public comment period began in 2002. In 2005, Governor of Hawaii Linda Lingle declared parts of the monument a state marine refuge.[11]

In April 2006, President Bush and his wife viewed a screening of the documentary film Voyage to Kure at the White House along with its director, Jean-Michel Cousteau (son of documentary film maker Jacques-Yves Cousteau). Compelled by the film's portrayal of the flora and fauna of the region, Bush moved quickly to protect the area.[12][13][14]

File:George W Bush signs proclamation to create the Northwestern Hawaiiam Islands Marine National Monument.jpg
George W. Bush signing proclamation to establish the monument on June 15, 2006.

On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush signed Proclamation 8031, designating the waters of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument under the 1906 Antiquities Act. Using the Antiquities Act bypassed the normal year of consultations and halted the public input process on the eve of the dissemination of the draft environmental impact statement for the proposed Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary. This was the second use by Bush of the Antiquities Act, following the declaration of the African Burial Ground National Monument on Manhattan in February 2006.[15] The legislated process for stakeholder involvement in the planning and management of a marine protected area had already taken five years of effort, but the abrupt establishment of the NWHI as a National Monument, rather than a Sanctuary, provided immediate and more resilient protection, revocable only by an act of the United States Congress.[16]

After the signing of the proclamation, Joshua Reichert[17] explained the importance of the timely designation in an interview on the News Hour with Jim Lehrer:

Monument status is quicker; it's more comprehensive; and it's more permanent. Only an act of Congress can undo a monument designation. The sanctuary process, it takes longer; it involves more congressional input, more public debate, more hearings and meetings. And he [George W. Bush] obviously made a decision today to, actually, take a bold step and create something which is going to be immediate, that the law applies immediately to this place now.[18]

File:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg
A school of Pennant coralfish, Pyramid and Millet butterflyfishes, and others at the Rapture Reef, French Frigate Shoals.

The NWHI accounted for approximately half of the locally landed bottomfish in Hawaii,[19] and these fish are highly valued by local chefs and consumers. The NWHI bottomfish fishery is a limited entry fishery, with eight active vessels, which are restricted to 60 feet (18 m) in length.[20] Frank McCoy, chair of the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, said:

We are pleased the President recognizes the near pristine condition of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands waters. We believe the abundance and biodiversity of the area attests to the successful management of the NWHI fisheries by the Council the past 30 years and indicates that properly regulated fisheries can operate in the NWHI without impacting the ecosystem. The small NWHI bottomfish fishery has not and would not jeopardize the protection of the NWHI that President Bush is pursuing by designating the area a national monument.[21]

The National Marine Fisheries Service has published reports attesting to the health of the NWHI bottomfish stocks.[22][23] Commercial bottomfish and pelagic fishing as well as recreational catch-and-keep and catch-and-release fishing were also deemed compatible to the goals and objectives of the proposed NWHI National Marine Sanctuary.[24]

On February 27, 2007, President Bush amended Proclamation 8031, giving the monument the Native Hawaiian name, "Papahānaumokuākea".[25] On March 1, first lady Laura Bush visited Midway Atoll, and on March 2, a renaming ceremony was held at Washington Place in Honolulu, Hawaii.[26][27] At the ceremony, Laura Bush and Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne announced the new Hawaiian name and helped raise public awareness about the monument.[28] On May 15, 2007, President Bush announced his intention to submit the monument for Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) status, which would "alert mariners to exercise caution in the ecologically important, sensitive, and hazardous area they are entering."[29] On April 4, 2008, the Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime Organization adopted the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument as a PSSA.[30]

World Heritage Site status

See also: List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

On January 30, 2008, the U.S. Department of Interior added Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument to a tentative list of 14 proposed sites for consideration on the UNESCO World Heritage List.[31] A review by the Federal Interagency Panel for World Heritage is scheduled for November 2008. If successful, an official submission to the World Heritage Centre is planned for January 2009, at which time the nomination will be scrutinized by two advisory groups. As a mixed site with natural and cultural resources, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) will comment on the natural features of the monument, and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) will assess its cultural aspects. Both groups will submit their opinion to the World Heritage Committee, at which point a decision will be made before its summer meeting in 2010.[32]

References

  1. ^ a b "Bush creates new marine sanctuary". Americas. BBC News. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  2. ^ "Lobster fishery remains battered". Honolulu Advertiser. 2006-06-19. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  3. ^ Polovina, Jeffrey J. (2005). "Climate variation, regime shifts, and implications for sustainable fisheries" (PDF). Bulletin of Marine Science. 76 (2). Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami: 233–244. ISSN 0007-4977. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  4. ^ "Bush creates world's biggest ocean preserve". U.S. news / Environment. MSNBC. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  5. ^ Reichert, Joshua (2006-06-15). "Treasure Islands". Opinion. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-25. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Rohmann, S. O. (November 2005). "The area of potential shallow-water tropical and subtropical coral ecosystems in the United States". Coral Reefs. 24 (3). Berlin: Springer: 370–383. doi:10.1007/s00338-005-0014-4. ISSN 0722-4028. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Proclaimed a National Monument". Environment News Service. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2008-08-25. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ "Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument: A Citizen's Guide" (PDF). NOAA, USFWS, DLNR. 2005. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 2000, which became Public Law 106-513 on November 13, 2000.
  10. ^ "Designation". Management. NOAA. 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  11. ^ "President Sets Aside Largest Marine Conservation Area on Earth (Story 2644)" (Press release). NOAA Magazine. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  12. ^ "President Bush Establishes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument" (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  13. ^ Weiss, Kenneth (2006-06-15). "Turnaround as Bush creates huge aquatic Eden". Los Angeles Times. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ "Jean-Michel Cousteau: Ocean Adventures". Voyage to Kure. KQED-TV. 2006. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  15. ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (2006-06-15). "Bush Plans Vast Protected Sea Area in Hawaii". Environment. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-28. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ Connaughton, Jim (2006-06-20). "Ask the White House". Interact. Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ Head of Environmental Programs at the Pew Charitable Trusts. See: Reichart letter
  18. ^ Jeffrey Brown (moderator); Jean-Michel Cousteau (guest); Joshua Reichert (guest) (2006-06-15). "President Bush Declares National Monument in Hawaii". The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. {{cite episode}}: External link in |transcripturl= (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |transcripturl= ignored (|transcript-url= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Federal Fishery Managers Address Impact of NWHI Monument on Bottomfish Fishery and Research throughout Hawaii Archipelago" (PDF) (Press release). 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite press release}}: Text "publisher Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council" ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Fishing Permits". National Marine Fisheries Service. 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  21. ^ "NWHI Fisheries and Ecosystem Protection Have and Can Co-Exist" (PDF) (Press release). Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. 2006-05-15. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  22. ^ "Response to questions concerning Hawaii's bottomfish populations" (PDF). NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. 2005-10-27. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ "Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center response to questions concerning Hawaii's bottomfish and seamount groundfish populations" (PDF). NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. 2005-10-24. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ "Proposed Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary" (PDF). NOAA. 2004-09-20. Retrieved 2008-08-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ^ "Amending Proclamation 8031 of June 15, 2006, To Read, "Establishment of the Papahānaumokuāke Marine National Monument" (PDF) (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  26. ^ Nakaso, Dan (2007-03-03). "Papahanaumokuakea new monument name". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2008-08-28. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ "Fulfilling the President's Vision for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument" (PDF) (Press release). Council on Environmental Quality. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  28. ^ "Secretary Kempthorne Joins Mrs. Laura Bush in Announcing Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument" (Press release). U.S. Department of the Interior. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  29. ^ "President's Statement on Advancing U.S. Interests in the World's Oceans" (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  30. ^ "MEPC.171(57) Designation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument as a particularly sensitive sea area" (PDF). International Maritime Organization. 2008-04-04. Retrieved 2008-08-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ "DOI Secretary Kempthorne Selects New U.S. World Heritage Tentative List" (Press release). National Park Service. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2008-08-26. See also: "Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument". Tentative Lists Database. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  32. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions & Answers about the World Heritage Nomination". NOAA. 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-08-26.

Further reading

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