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'''Office Open XML''' (also referred to as '''OOXML''', or '''Open XML''') is a [[file format]] for representing [[spreadsheet]]s, [[chart]]s, [[presentation]]s and [[word processing]] documents. An Office Open XML file is a [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]]-compatible [[Open Packaging Conventions|OPC]] package containing [[XML]] documents and other resources.
'''Office Open XML''' (also referred to as '''OOXML''', or '''Open XML''') is a [[file format]] for representing [[spreadsheet]]s, [[chart]]s, [[presentation]]s and [[word processing]] documents. An Office Open XML file is a [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]]-compatible [[Open Packaging Conventions|OPC]] package containing [[XML]] documents and other resources.


Microsoft developed the over 6000 page<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odfalliance.org/resources/Google%20OOXML%20Q%20%20A.pdf|title=Google's Position on OOXML as a Proposed ISO Standard|date=2008-02|publisher=[[Google]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/x-ooxmlstandard.html|title=OOXML: What's the big deal?|date=2008-02-19|publisher=[[IBM]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.sun.com/bnitz/entry/whoah_microsoft_s_6000_page|title=
The specification was later handed over to Ecma International to be further developed as the ECMA-376 standard by Technical Committee TC45. The Office Open XML format specification became a [[free file format|free]] and [[open format|open]] [[Ecma International]] standard in 2006. <ref name="pr_tc45_dec2006">{{cite press release
Whoah! Microsoft's 6000 page OOXML standard ECMA fast-tracked by Feb 5?|date=2007-1-23|author=bnitz|publisher=[[Sun Microsystems]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20070117145745854|title=The Contradictory Nature of OOXML|date=2007-1-17|publisher=ConsortiumInfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,39288959,00.htm|title=Microsoft accused of rigging OOXML votes|date=2007-08-30|publisher=[[zdnet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/printfriendly.htm?AT=62037862-39000001c|title=Developers warned over OOXML patent risk|date=2008-02-15|publisher=[[zdnet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sutor.com/newsite/blog-open/?p=1634|title=In case you were wondering how big 6000 pages is: OpenXML/OOXML/whatever|date=2007-05-24|author=[[Bob Sutor]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.ffii.org/Press_releases/FFII_opposes_Fasttrack_adoption_of_Microsoft_OOXML_format_as_ISO_standard|title=FFII opposes Fasttrack adoption of Microsoft OOXML format as ISO standard|date=2007-01-29|publisher=[[Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.robweir.com/blog/2007/07/formula-for-failure.html|title=The Formula for Failure|date=2009-01-29|author=[[Rob Weir]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2008/04/microsofts-office-open-xml-now-an-official-iso-standard.ars|title=
Microsoft's Office Open XML now an official ISO standard|date=2008-04-01|publisher=[[arstechnica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=08/03/31/0039238|title=OOXML Will Pass Amid Massive Irregularities|date=2008-03-31|publisher=[[slashdot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://my.opera.com/ThePast/blog/2007/09/15/fight-the-broken-microsoft-proprietary-ooxml-format-from-becoming-an-iso-standar|title=Stop the broken Microsoft proprietary OOXML format from becoming an ISO standard.|publisher=Opera|date=2007-09-15}}</ref> standard and submitted it as ECMA-376 to Technical Committee TC45. The Office Open XML format specification became a [[free file format|free]] and [[open format|open]] [[Ecma International]] standard in 2006. <ref name="pr_tc45_dec2006">{{cite press release
| url=http://www.ecma-international.org/news/PressReleases/PR_TC45_Dec2006.htm
| url=http://www.ecma-international.org/news/PressReleases/PR_TC45_Dec2006.htm
| title=Ecma International approves Office Open XML standard
| title=Ecma International approves Office Open XML standard

Revision as of 17:55, 29 June 2009

Template:Distinguish2

Office Open XML
Office Open XML Document
Filename extension
.docx or .docm
Internet media type
application/vnd.
openxmlformats-officedocument.
wordprocessingml.
document[1]
Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO/IEC
Type of formatDocument file format
Extended fromXML, DOC, WordProcessingML
StandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500
WebsiteECMA-376,
ISO/IEC 29500:2008
Office Open XML Presentation
Filename extension
.pptx
Internet media type
application/vnd.
openxmlformats-officedocument.
presentationml.
presentation[1]
Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO/IEC
Type of formatPresentation
Extended fromXML, PPT
StandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500
WebsiteECMA-376,
ISO/IEC 29500:2008
Office Open XML Workbook
Filename extension
.xlsx
Internet media type
application/vnd.
openxmlformats-officedocument.
spreadsheetml.
sheet[1]
Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO/IEC
Type of formatSpreadsheet
Extended fromXML, XLS, SpreadsheetML
StandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500
WebsiteECMA-376,
ISO/IEC 29500:2008

Office Open XML (also referred to as OOXML, or Open XML) is a file format for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. An Office Open XML file is a ZIP-compatible OPC package containing XML documents and other resources.

Microsoft developed the over 6000 page[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] standard and submitted it as ECMA-376 to Technical Committee TC45. The Office Open XML format specification became a free and open Ecma International standard in 2006. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and can be freely downloaded from Ecma International.[22]

After initially failing to pass, an amended version of the format received the necessary votes for approval as an ISO/IEC Standard as the result of a JTC 1 fast tracking standardization process that concluded in April 2008.[23] and published in november 2008.[24] and as ECMA-376 Office Open XML File Formats - 2nd edition (December 2008). ISO/IEC 29500:2008 is a 4 part standard specification that can be freely downloaded.[25]

Starting with Microsoft Office 2007, the Office Open XML file formats (ECMA-376) have become the default file format of Microsoft Office.[26][27] However, due to the changes introduced in a later version, Office 2007 is not entirely in compliance with ISO/IEC 29500:2008.[28][29][30][31] Microsoft has stated that the planned Microsoft Office 2010 will be the first version to implement the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 compliant version of Office Open XML.[29][30][31]

Background

Prior to the 2007 edition, the core applications of the Microsoft Office software suite (primarily Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) by default stored their data in binary files. Historically, these files were difficult for other applications to interoperate with, due to the lack of publicly available information. Before 2007 Microsoft offered these binary format specifications under a royalty-free license and since 2007 the formats are directly downloadable from their site under a covenant not to sue as part of its Open Specification Promise.[32][33] Due to Microsoft keeping their prior file formats secret, other office software had great difficulty obtaining full levels of interoperability. Microsoft came under increasing pressure to adopt an open file format, in particular several nations adopted rules that official documents should be in an open format.

In 2000, Microsoft released an initial version of an XML-based format for Microsoft Excel, which was incorporated in Office XP. In 2002, a new file format for Microsoft Word followed.[34] The Excel and Word formats – known as the Office 2003 XML formats – were later incorporated into the 2003 release of Microsoft Office.

In May 2004, governments and the European Union recommended to Microsoft that they publish and standardize their XML Office formats through a standardization organization.[34][35] Microsoft announced in November 2005 that it would standardize the new version of their XML-based formats through Ecma International, as "Ecma Office Open XML".[36]

File format and structure

Office Open XML main components

Office Open XML uses a file package conforming to the Open Packaging Conventions. This format uses mechanisms from the ZIP file format and contains the individual files that form the basis of the document. In addition to Office markup, the package can also include embedded files such as images, videos, or other documents.

Document markup languages

An Office Open XML file may contain several documents encoded in specialized markup languages corresponding to applications within the Microsoft Office product line. Office Open XML defines multiple vocabularies using 27 namespaces and 89 schema modules.

The primary markup languages are:

  • WordprocessingML for word-processing
  • SpreadsheetML for spreadsheets
  • PresentationML for presentations

Shared markup language materials include:

  • Office Math Markup Language (OMML)
  • DrawingML used for vector drawing, charts, and for example, text art (additionally, though deprecated, VML is supported for drawing)
  • Extended properties
  • Custom properties
  • Variant Types
  • Custom XML data properties
  • Bibliography

In addition to the above markup languages custom XML schemas can be used to extend Office Open XML.

The XML Schema of Office Open XML emphasizes reducing load time and improving parsing speed. In a test with applications current in April 2007, XML-based office documents were slower to load than binary formats.[37] To enhance performance, Office Open XML uses very short element names for common elements and spreadsheets save dates as index numbers (starting from 1899 or from 1904). In order to be systematic and generic, Office Open XML typically uses separate child elements for data and metadata (element names ending in Pr for properties) rather than using multiple attributes, which allows structured properties. Office Open XML does not use mixed content but uses elements to put a series of text runs (element name r) into paragraphs (element name p). The result is terse and highly nested in contrast to HTML, for example, which is fairly flat, designed for humans to write in text editors and is more congenial for humans to read.

Office MathML (OMML)

Office Math Markup Language is a mathematical markup language which can be embedded in WordprocessingML, with intrinsic support for including word processing markup like revision markings,[38] footnotes, comments, images and elaborate formatting and styles.[39] The OMML format is different from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) MathML recommendation that does not support those office features, but is partially compatible[40] through XSL Transformations.

The following Office MathML example defines the fraction: 

<m:oMathPara>
  <m:oMath>
    <m:f>
      <m:num><m:r>
        <m:t>π</m:t>
      </m:r></m:num>
      <m:den><m:r>
        <m:t>2</m:t>
      </m:r></m:den>
    </m:f>
  </m:oMath>
</m:oMathPara>
DrawingML
Example of DrawingML charts

DrawingML is the vector graphics markup language used in Office Open XML documents. Its major features are the graphics rendering of text elements, graphical vector-based shape elements, graphical tables and charts.

The DrawingML table is the third table model in Office Open XML (next to the table models in WordprocessingML and SpreadsheetML) and is optimized for graphical effects and its main use is in presentations created with PresentationML markup. DrawingML contains graphics effects (like shadows and reflection) that can be used on the different graphical elements that are used in DrawingML. In DrawingML you can also create 3d effects, for instance to show the different graphical elements through a flexible camera viewpoint. It is possible to create separate DrawingML theme parts in an Office Open XML package. These themes can then be applied to graphical elements throughout the Office Open XML package.[41]

DrawingML is unrelated to the other vector graphics formats such as SVG. These can be converted to DrawingML to include natively in an Office Open XML document. This is a different approach to that of the OpenDocument format, which uses a subset of SVG, and includes vector graphics as separate files.

A DrawingML graphic's dimensions are specified in English Metric Units (EMUs). This unit is defined as 1/360,000 of a centimeter and thus there are 914,400 EMUs per inch, and 12,700 EMUs per point. This unit was chosen so that integers can be used to accurately represent most dimensions encountered in a document. Floating point cannot accurately represent a fraction that is not a sum of powers of two and the error is magnified when the fractions are added together many times, resulting in misalignment. As an inch is 2.54 centimeters, or 127/50, the inch must be divided by 127 so that both 1 inch and 1 centimeter are an integer. To accurately represent decimal to 2 digits, a divisor of 100 is needed. To accurately represent a point a divisor of 72 is needed, which also allows divisions of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 to be accurate. Multiplying these together gives 127×72×100 = 914,400 units per inch (the least common multiple would work as well which would have been 228,600 per inch and 90,000 per centimeter). According to Rick Jelliffe, programmer and standards activist (ISO, W3C, IETF), EMUs are a rational solution to a particular set of design criteria.[42]

Container structure

Main article: Open Packaging Conventions
Container structure of Part 2 of the Ecma Office Open XML standard, ECMA-376

Office Open XML documents are stored in Open Packaging Convention (OPC) packages, which are ZIP files containing XML and other data files, along with a specification of the relationships between them.[43] Depending on the type of the document, the packages have different internal directory structures and names. An application will use the relationships files to locate individual sections (files), with each having accompanying metadata, in particular MIME metadata.

A basic package contains an XML file called [Content_Types].xml at the root, along with three directories: _rels, docProps, and a directory specific for the document type (for example, in a .docx word processing package, there would be a word directory). The word directory contains the document.xml file which is the core content of the document.

[Content_Types].xml
This file describes the contents of the package. It also contains a mapping for file extensions and overrides for specific URIs.
_rels
This directory contains relationships for the files within the package. To find the relationships for a specific file, look for the _rels directory that is a sibling of the file, and then for a file that has the original file name with a .rels appended to it. For example, if the content types file had any relationships, there would be a file called [Content_Types].xml.rels inside the _rels directory.
_rels/.rel
This file is where the package relationships are located. Applications look here first. Viewing in a text editor, one will see it outlines each relationship for that section. In a minimal document containing only the basic document.xml file, the relationships detailed are metadata and document.xml.
docProps/core.xml
This file contains the core properties for any Office Open XML document.
word/document.xml
This file is the main part for any Word document.

Relationships

Relationship files in Office Open XML

An example relationship file (word/_rels/document.xml.rels), is: 

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes" ?>
<Relationships
  xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/package/2005/06/relationships">
  <Relationship Id="rId1"
    Type="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2006/relationships/image"
    Target="http://en.wikipedia.org/images/wiki-en.png"
    TargetMode="External" />
  <Relationship Id="rId2"
    Type="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2006/relationships/hyperlink"
    Target="http://www.wikipedia.org"
    TargetMode="External" />
</Relationships>

As such, images referenced in the document can be found in the relationship file by looking for all relationships that are of type http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2006/relationships/image. To change the used image, edit the relationship.

The following code shows an example of inline markup for a hyperlink: 

<w:hyperlink r:id="rId2" w:history="1"
  xmlns:r="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships" 
  xmlns:w="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main">

In this example, the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is represented by "rId2". The actual URL is in the accompanying relationships file, located by the corresponding "rId2" item. Linked images, templates, and other items are referenced in the same way.

Embedded or linked media file relations

Pictures can be embedded or linked using a tag: 

<v:imagedata w:rel="rId1" o:title="example" />

This is the reference to the image file. All references are managed via relationships. For example, a document.xml has a relationship to the image. There is a _rels directory in the same directory as document.xml, inside _rels is a file called document.xml.rels. In this file there will be a relationship definition that contains type, ID and location. The ID is the referenced ID used in the XML document. The type will be a reference schema definition for the media type and the location will be an internal location within the ZIP package or an external location defined with a URL.

Document properties

Office Open XML uses the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set and DCMI Metadata Terms to store document properties. Dublin Core is a standard for cross-domain information resource description and is defined in ISO 15836:2003.

Core properties

An example document properties file (docProps/core.xml) that uses Dublin Core metadata, is: 

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<cp:coreProperties xmlns:cp="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/package/2006/metadata/core-properties"
  xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
  xmlns:dcmitype="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <dc:title>Office Open XML</dc:title>
  <dc:subject>File format and structure</dc:subject>
  <dc:creator>Wikipedia</dc:creator>
  <cp:keywords>Office Open XML, Metadata, Dublin Core</cp:keywords>
  <dc:description>Office Open XML uses ISO 15836:2003</dc:description>
  <cp:lastModifiedBy>Wikipedia</cp:lastModifiedBy>
  <cp:revision>1</cp:revision>
  <dcterms:created xsi:type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2008-06-19T20:00:00Z</dcterms:created>
  <dcterms:modified xsi:type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2008-06-19T20:42:00Z</dcterms:modified>
  <cp:category>Document file format</cp:category>
  <cp:contentStatus>Final</cp:contentStatus>
</cp:coreProperties>

Structure of the standard

ISO/IEC 29500:2008

The ISO/IEC standard is structured into four parts, each of which are independent standards.[44] Part 2 specifying Open Packaging Conventions is, for example, used by other files formats including XPS and Design Web Format. The ISO/IEC 29500:2008 version is also known ECMA-376 2nd edition (2008)

Part 1. Fundamentals and Markup Language Reference (5560 pages)
Contains conformance definitions
Contains the reference material for WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared MLs and Custom XML Schema, defining every element and attribute including the element hierarchy (parent/child relationships)
XML schemas for the markup languages are declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG
Defines the custom XML data storing facility
Schemas are included in the text
Part 2. Open Packaging Conventions (129 pages)
Defines the Open Packaging Conventions (package model, physical package)
Defines core properties, thumbnails and digital signatures
XML schemas for the OPC are declared as XML Schema Definitions (XSD) and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)
Part 3. Markup Compatibility and Extensibility (40 pages)
Describes extension facilities of OpenXML documents and specifies elements and attributes by which applications with different extensions can interoperate
Extensibility rules are expressed using NVDL (ISO/IEC 19757-4)
Part 4. Transitional Migration Features (1464 pages)
Contains reference material of legacy and transitional interest
Contains controversial material such as compatibility settings and the graphics markup language VML
Contains list of differences between ECMA-376 1st edition and ISO/IEC 29500:2008 (ECMA-376 2nd edition)

The standard specifies two levels of document and application conformance, strict and transitional for each of WordprocessingML, PresentationML and SpreadsheetML. The standard also specifies applications descriptions of base and full.

ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)

The ECMA standard is structured in five parts to meet the needs of different audiences.[22]

Part 1. Fundamentals
Vocabulary, notational conventions and abbreviations
Summary of primary and supporting markup languages
Conformance conditions and interoperability guidelines
Constraints within the Open Packaging Conventions that apply to each document type
Part 2. Open Packaging Conventions
Defines the Open Packaging Conventions (package model, physical package)
Defines core properties, thumbnails and digital signatures
XML schemas for the OPC are declared as XML Schema Definitions (XSD) and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)
Part 3. Primer
Informative (non-normative) introduction to WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, VML and Shared MLs, providing context and illustrating elements through examples and diagrams
Describes the custom XML data storing facility within a package to support integration with business data
Part 4. Markup Language Reference
Contains the reference material for WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared MLs and Custom XML Schema, defining every element and attribute including the element hierarchy (parent/child relationships)
XML schemas for the markup languages are declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG
Defines the custom XML data storing facility
Part 5. Markup Compatibility and Extensibility
Describes extension facilities of OpenXML documents and specifies elements and attributes by which applications with different extensions can interoperate
Extensibility rules are expressed using NVDL (ISO/IEC 19757-4)

Licensing

Reasonable and Non Discriminatory

Ecma International provides specifications that "can be freely copied by all interested parties without restrictions".[45] Under the Ecma International code of conduct in patent matters [46], participating and approving member organisations are required to make available their patent rights on a Reasonable and Non Discriminatory (RAND) basis. While making patent rights available on a RAND basis is considered a common minimum patent condition for a standard, international standardization has a clear preference for royalty-free patent licensing. That is why Microsoft, a main contributor to the standard, provided a Covenant Not to Sue[47] for its patent licensing. The covenant received a mixed reception, with some (like the Groklaw blog) identifying problems[48] and others (such as Lawrence Rosen, an attorney and lecturer at Stanford Law School) endorsing it.[49]

Open Specification Promise

Main article: Open Specification Promise

Microsoft also added the format to their Open Specification Promise[50] in which

"Microsoft irrevocably promises not to assert any Microsoft Necessary Claims against you for making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing or distributing any implementation to the extent it conforms to a Covered Specification […]"

subject to certain restrictions. Office Open XML can therefore be used under the Covenant Not to Sue or the Open Specification Promise.

The Open Specification Promise was included in documents submitted to ISO in support of the ECMA-376 fast track submission.[51] Ecma International asserted that, "The OSP enables both open source and commercial software to implement [the specification]."[52]

Standardization

Main article: Standardization of Office Open XML

Office Open XML was standardized first by Ecma International as ECMA-376 (published 7 December 2006). This standard was then fast-tracked in the Joint Technical Committee 1 of ISO and IEC where it became an International Standard, ISO/IEC 29500:2008 (published November 2008). The ISO standardization process was controversial: There were allegations that, prior to the vote, "unprecedented numbers of Microsoft partner companies from several countries have joined standards organisations" in order to rig the vote by "stuffing the ballot boxes". ZDNet reports that Microsoft later admitted that it had sought to influence the vote around the world, by "encourag[ing] its partners to participate".[53]

Response

Support for Office Open XML

Several governments, companies, organizations and software products support the Office Open XML document format. For example:

  • Some of these participated in the development of the Office Open XML formats[59], as well as other companies like Intel and Toshiba all working together inside the Ecma International Office Open XML technical committee (TC45).[60][61][62]
  • The Open XML Community launched in May 2007, with 327 inaugural members. The community has now grown to over 3,100 members.[67][68][69] The website for the Open XML Community is hosted by Microsoft.[70]
  • Former Gnome Foundation board member Miguel de Icaza, who started the GNOME and Mono projects, showed support for the Office Open XML document format, stating “OOXML is a superb standard and yet, it has been FUDed so badly by its competitors that serious people believe that there is something fundamentally wrong with it.”[75][76]
  • According to Ars Technica, Office Open XML gained a number of supporters including some who are directly affiliated with the OpenDocument format.[77]
  • One of the most outspoken Office Open XML supporters from the ODF camp is Patrick Durusau, a coeditor of the ODF specification.[77][78]
  • The non-profit organization RosettaNet Malyasia announced the release of a business-to-business standard called RosettaNet Automated Enablement standard (RAE) using the Office Open XML document standard.[82]
  • Members and partners of the Interop Vendor Alliance test and promote interoperability of Office Open XML files across a wide range of applications on mixed platforms.[83] The Website is hosted by Microsoft.[84][85][86][87]

Criticism of ECMA-376 1st edition

The ODF Alliance UK Action Group has stated that with OpenDocument an ISO standard for Office files already exists.[88] Further, they argue that the Office Open XML file-format is heavily based on Microsoft's own Office applications and is thus not vendor-neutral, and that it has inconsistencies with existing ISO standards such as time and date formats and color codes.[88]

In August 2007, the Linux Foundation published a blog post calling upon ISO National Bodies to vote “No, with comments” on OOXML. It said, ”OOXML is a direct port of a single vendor’s binary document formats. It avoids the re-use of relevant existing international standards (e.g. several cryptographic algorithms, VML, etc.). It lists a large number of “Compatibility Settings” for legacy applications (e.g. footnoteLayoutLikeWW8, autoSpaceLikeWord95, useWord97LineBreakRules, etc.) which would be difficult for other developers to implement and hardly what you would find in an aspirational, consolidated best practices document. There are literally 100s of technical flaws that should be addressed before standardizing OOXML including continued use of binary code tied to platform specific features, propagating bugs in MS-Office into the standard, proprietary units, references to proprietary/confidential tags, unclear IP and patent rights, and much more.”[89]

Specific criticism

  • ECMA-376 1st edition does not support ISO 8601:2004 "Representation of Dates and Times" in spreadsheets. Spreadsheet implementations replicate a Lotus 1-2-3 [90] bug that incorrectly handles 1900 as a leap year. Products complying with ECMA-376 1st edition using the WEEKDAY() spreadsheet function, could assign incorrect dates to some days of the week, and also miscalculate the number of days between certain dates.[91]. ECMA-376 2nd edition (ISO/IEC 29500) does use 8601:2004 "Representation of Dates and Times".[92][93]
  • ECMA-376 1st edition "Embedded Object Alternate Image Requests Types" and "Clipboard Format Types" in the standard refer back to Windows Metafiles or Enhanced Metafiles – each of which are proprietary formats that have hard-coded dependencies on the Windows itself. It should instead have referenced the platform neutral standard ISO/IEC 8632 "Computer Graphics Metafile".[94] The Windows Metafile format has since been listed in the Open Specification Promise, Microsoft's legal statement concerning unrestricted use of Microsoft intellectual property.[95]
  • Office Open XML (ISO/IEC 29500:2008 Part 4 - Transitional Migration Features) contains specific compatiblity settings used when converting existing office documents to Office Open XML, most notably: autoSpaceLikeWord95, footnoteLayoutLikeWW8, lineWrapLikeWord6, mwSmallCaps, shapeLayoutLikeWW8, suppressTopSpacingWP, truncateFontHeightsLikeWP6, uiCompat97To2003, useWord2002TableStyleRules, useWord97LineBreakRules, wpJustification and wpSpaceWidth.[96]. The compatibility settings are fully documented in the ISO/IEC 29500 / Ecma 2nd edition specifications".[97].
  • Use of DrawingML and the transitional-use-only VML instead of W3C recommendation SVG.[98] VML did not become a W3C recommendation.[99]
  • Use of Office MathML instead of W3C recommendation MathML.[100]. MathML[101] is a W3C recommendation for the "inclusion of mathematical expressions in Web pages" and "machine to machine communication" that has been around since about 1999. However, most mathematicians continue to use the much older TeX format as their main method for typesetting complex mathematical formulae. TeX is not an ISO standard, but is fully documented and is the de facto standard for typesetting mathematical expressions.
  • Office Open XML does not define a macro language, leaving this aspect to be application-defined.[102]
  • The standard is long, with the version submitted to ISO comprising 6546 pages. Google alleges that this length is unnecessary, saying that the OpenDocument specification is 867 pages in length and achieves the same goals.[103] That coupled with the fast track standardization process, Google notes, reduces the review time per page ratio.[103]
  • Robert Weir (an IBM employee and co-chair of the OASIS OpenDocument Format TC) wrote a blog entry illustrating the three different syntaxes in ECMA-376 1st edition for specifying the color and alignment of text depending on whether the document is a text, spreadsheet, or presentation. “What is the engineering justification for this horror?” he asked, asserting that “ODF uses the W3C's XSL-FO vocabulary for text styling, and uses this vocabulary consistently.”[104]

Worldwide consideration of open standards for office documents

Many countries and administrations worldwide are considering, moving toward or adopting published, open standards for information transfer and storage. In terms of office document formats, this most often means that both OOXML and ODF are, or have been, under consideration.

Belgium
Belgium's Federal Public Service for Information and Communication Technology in 2006 was evaluating the adoption of the Office Open XML format. It already then confirmed that it would consider all ISO standards to be open standards specifically mentioning Office Open XML as such a possible future ISO standard. [105]
Denmark
In June 2007, the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation recommended that beginning with January 1, 2008 public authorities must support at least one of the two word processing document formats Office Open XML and ODF in all new IT solutions, where appropriate.[106]
Germany
In Germany the Office Open XML standard is currently under observation by the governmental office for standards in public IT („Koordinierungs- und Beratungsstelle der Bundesregierung für Informationstechnik in der Bundesverwaltung“ (KBSt). The latest release of „SAGA“ (Standards and Architectures for E-Government-Applications) includes Office Open XML file formats. The standard may be used to exchange complex documents when further processing is required.[107]
Japan
On June 29, 2007, the government of Japan published a new interoperability framework which gives preference to the procurement of products that follow open standards.[108][109] On July 2 the government declared that they hold the view that formats like Office Open XML which organizations such as Ecma International and ISO had also approved was, according to them, an open standard [citation needed]. Also, they said that it was one of the preferences, whether the format is open, to choose which software the government shall deploy.
Lithuania
Lithuanian Standards Board has adopted the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 Office Open XML format standard as Lithuanian National standard. The decision was made by Technical Committee 4 Information Technology on March 5, 2009. The proposal to adopt the Office Open XML format standard was submitted by Lithuanian Archives Department under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania.[110]
Norway
Norway's Ministry of Government Administration and Reform is evaluating the adoption of the Office Open XML format. The ministry put the document standard under observation in December 2007.[111]
Switzerland
In July 2007, the Swiss Federal Council announced adherence SAGA.ch e-Government standards mandatory for its departments as well as for cantons, cities and municipalities. The latest version of SAGA.ch includes Office Open XML file formats.[112]
United States of America
On April 15, 2009, the ANSI-accredited INCITS organisation voted to adopt ISO/IEC 29500:2008 as an American National Standard.[113]
The state of Massachusetts has been examining its options for implementing XML-based document processing. In early 2005, Eric Kriss, Secretary of Administration and Finance in Massachusetts, was the first government official in the United States to publicly connect open formats to a public policy purpose: "It is an overriding imperative of the American democratic system that we cannot have our public documents locked up in some kind of proprietary format, perhaps unreadable in the future, or subject to a proprietary system license that restricts access."[114] Since 2007 Massachusetts classifies Office Open XML as "Open Format" and has amended its approved technical standards list — the Enterprise Technical Reference Model (ETRM) — to include Office Open XML. Massachusetts now formally endorses Office Open XML formats for its public records.[115]

Application support

Main article: Office Open XML software

The Office Open XML format is used in free software and in proprietary software. This includes office suites (both traditional and web-based) and individual applications such as word-processors, spreadsheets, presentation, and data management applications. Prominent applications supporting Office Open XML include:

ECMA-376 implementations

The ECMA-376 1st edition (December 2006) standard is supported in several office suites from various vendors.

Office applications

Viewers, filters and converters

  • Microsoft has created Office Open XML Converter for Mac OS X that can convert Office Open XML files to the former binary file formats used in older versions of Microsoft Office.[143]
  • OxygenOffice includes xmlfilter which is the code that OpenOffice.org 3 will use to process Office Open XML files, and xmlfilter is completely different than OdfConverter.[144] This filter however is only for importing Office Open XML files not for exporting them.
  • docXConverter by Panergy Ltd. converts from WordprocessingML to Rich Text Format (RTF) and from SpreadsheetML to Comma-separated values (CSV). docXConverter can be used to transfer WordprocessingML data to other applications that read RTF data such as Word 97.[145]
  • Microsoft and Sonata Software created a plugin to convert Office Open XML text documents to DAISY XML, an open standard format used for creating spoken document for disabled people.[146]
  • Google search supports direct HTML view of Office Open XML files. Found files can be viewed directly in a converted HTML view.[147]
  • OpenXML Document Viewer is an open source command line utility that provides Office Open XML to HTML transformation to display WordprocessingML files in web browsers.[148]
  • DataViz MacLinkPlus Deluxe 16 supports Office Open XML file formats.[149]

Other products

Planned and beta software

Implementations of new 2008 version

Template:Future software The newest version of Office Open XML is formally known as either ISO/IEC 29500:2008 or as ECMA-376 2nd edition (December 2008). IS 29500 is subject to an active maintenance program through the committee ISO/IEC SC34 WG4 which is working on a revision for minor edits (a Corrigendum) and a revision for substantive technical isuses (an Amendment)[166]

Microsoft, whose products currently only support the version of Office Open XML submitted as an ECMA standard, has committed to using the ISO/IEC 29500 standard in their products[167] and has also committed to participate in the maintenance of this standard.

Microsoft has stated that Microsoft Office 2010 will be the first version of Microsoft Office to support ISO/IEC 29500, though no release date has been announced.[29]

On July 28, 2008 Murray Sargent, a software development engineer in the Microsoft Office team confirmed that Word 2007 will have a service pack release that enables it to read and write ISO standard OOXML files.[168] However, the 2009 Service Pack 2 release did not expose any IS 29500 features in its user interface.

In a ZDNet article Alex Brown, leader of the ISO/IEC group in charge of deciding maintenance processes for any ISO/IEC 29500 Standard, stated

"I am hoping that Microsoft Office will shortly be brought into line with the [ISO/IEC] 29500 specification, and will stay that way".[169]

On March 13, 2008 Doug Mahugh, a Senior Product Manager at Microsoft specializing in Office client interoperability and the Open XML file formats confirmed that version 1.0 of the Open XML Format SDK

"will definitely be 100% compliant with the final ISO/IEC 29500 spec, including the changes accepted at the BRM".[170]

In a ComputerWorld interview from 2008, Doug Mahugh said that

"Microsoft would continue to update the SDK to make sure that applications built with it remained compliant with an Open XML standard as changes were made in the future".[171]

Implementations

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to OOXML.

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