Muslim world

Member states of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

The Muslim world is a term given to the world-wide community of those who adhere to the religion of Islam. This community, who are known as Muslims, number approximately one-and-a-half billion people. This community does not constitute a distinct race, but are spread across every race; the world's Muslims are connected only by the heritage of adhering to a common religion.

When believers in Islam co-operate as Muslims, they are known as the "ummah", which means "all of the believers". The faith emphasizes unity and defense of fellow Muslims, so it should be common for Muslim nations to co-operate; however, Muslim politics, particularly Arab politics, has tended to divide rather than unite the Islamic world.

Geographic spread

Many Muslims not only live in, but also have an official status in the following regions:

• Southwest Asia: Arab nations such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq and non-Arab countries like Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran
• Africa: North African countries like Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Sub-Saharan countries like Mali, Nigeria or Somalia.
• the Balkans: countries like Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Eastern Europe: parts of Russia and Ukraine (especially in the Crimea).
• Central Asia: Afghanistan, formerly Soviet states like Uzbekistan
• South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Maldives
• Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Brunei and Malaysia

The countries of Southwest Asia, and many in Northern Africa are considered part of the Middle East.

Also worthy of mention are provinces of Kosovo and Chechnya, where Muslims are in the majority.

Some definitions would also include the sizable Muslim minorities in:

• several countries of the European Union (especially France and the United Kingdom)
• several regions of the Russian Federation
• People's Republic of China
• Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines
• The United States and Canada

Demographics

Muslim-majority countries in green, countries with approx. 50% Muslim population in yellow

One quarter of the world population share Islam as an ethical tradition. Muslims are the majority in 52 nations. They speak about 60 languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds.

• 3-11 million Muslims in the Americas (estimates vary greatly)
  • 2.5-8 million Muslims in Canada and the United States
  • <1-3 million Muslims in Latin and Central America

• 84 million Muslims in Europe (including Turkey)
  • 10 million Muslims in Western Europe, mostly in the UK, France, Germany
  • 7 million Muslims in the Balkans, mostly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania and Republic of Macedonia
  • 67 million Muslims in Turkey

• 284 million Muslims in the Arab League including Iraq (with about 15 million Shia, 60% of the population in Iraq)

• 254 million Muslims in Sub-Saharan Africa

• 67 million Muslims (90% of them Shia) in Iran

• 103 million Muslims in Central Asia
  • 49 million Muslims in the former republics of the Soviet Union: Central Asia - in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan
  • 26 million Muslims in Russia
  • 28 million Muslims in Afghanistan

• 420 million Muslims in South Asia
  • 156 million Muslims in Pakistan
  • 127 million Muslims in Bangladesh
  • 137 million Muslims in India

• 289 million Muslims in East Asia
  • 50 million Muslims in China
  • 209 million Muslims in Indonesia (the largest National Muslim community in the world)
  • 30 million Muslims in the rest of South-East Asia, especially Malaysia and Brunei.
  • A few in Japan, Mongolia, North Korea or the South Pacific

• close to 1.5 billion in total

See: Islam by country

Important organizations

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries includes many nations that are also in the Arab League. Although most oil sources on Earth are not in nations with Muslim majorities, the fully developed exporting regions are.

A politically motivated oil embargo in 1974 (to support Egypt and Syria in their 1973 war against Israel) had drastic economic and political consequences in the United States and Europe. Although such a move would have less impact today, it demonstrates the power of the Muslim World acting in concert, and the key role of religion and ethnicity in the politics of oil regions, with which the Muslim world intersects.

As oil sources in Indonesia, Central Asia and southern regions of Russia become more developed, oil politics may be less dependent on the Arab World but more dependent on the Muslim World as a whole. Activities of Islamists seem destined to play a larger role, as they seek unified policies and support for unified fronts against non-Muslim peoples who control Muslim oil resources.

The Organization of the Islamic Conference formed in 1969 lets the Muslim nations work as a group. Russia joined in 2003.

Main denominations of Islam

The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. The difference between them is primarily in terms of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam.

The overwhelming majority of Muslims in the world are Sunni.

The Shi'a are a majority in Iraq (60%) and in Iran (89%), and Azerbaijan (75%). A more strictly traditional Shia regime maintains power in Iran, although a nominally Sunni minority held political power in Iraq up until the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

There are other differences in Muslims practice their faith, notably there's the Islamists who are fundamentalist.

Islam in law and ethics

In some nations, Muslim ethnic groups enjoy considerable autonomy.

In some places, Muslims implement a form of Islamic law, called shariah in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in many variations, but the main forms are the five (four Sunni and one Shia) schools of jurisprudence (fiqh):

• the Hanafi school in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, West Africa, Egypt,
• the Maliki in North Africa and West Africa,
• the Shafi'i in Malaysia, Indonesia, and East Africa
• the Hanbali in Arabia, and
• Jaferi in Iran and Iraq - where the majority is Shia.

All five are centuries old and many Muslims feel a new fiqh must be created for modern society. Islam has a method for doing this, al-urf and ijtihad are the words to describe this method, but they have not been used in a long time, and few people are trusted enough to use them to make new laws.

So, in most of the Muslim world, people are socially conservative.

Muslim women often dress extremely modestly, and many do so by choice. Thus, in some countries an interpretation of the Islamic law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing are one of the things that cause tension between the Western World and that of Muslims, concerning particularly Muslims living in western countries.

Islamic economics bans interest or Usury but in most Muslim countries Western banking is allowed. This is another issue that many Muslims have with the Western world.

Civil and political freedoms remain to be a source of controversy. The recent cartoon controversy has been a serious blow to development of freedom of expression in the Muslim world.

Islam in politics

Many people in Islamic countries also see Islam manifested politically as Islamism. In democratic countries there is usually at least one Islamic party. Political Islam is powerful in all Muslim-majority countries. Islamic parties in Turkey, Pakistan and Algeria have taken power. Many in these movements call themselves Islamists, which also sometimes describes more militant Islamic groups. The relationships between these groups and their views of democracy are complex.

Some of these groups practice terrorism. According to US President George W. Bush, they all have a single common agenda:

"The militants believe that controlling one country will rally the Muslim masses, enabling them to overthrow all moderate governments in the region, and establish a radical Islamic empire that spans from Spain to Indonesia," Bush asserted in an October 2005 speech.

Conflicts with Israel and the United States

Israel is very unpopular in the Muslim world, due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the way that the state of Israel came into being in 1948 which many Arabs rejected as unfair.

Some, but not all Muslims see this as a fight against Judaism or Jews. Most Muslims, in fact, make a clear distinction between Judaism and Zionism. In Morocco for instance, the Islamists recently invited Jews to join the party. Other hardline countries, such as Iran, grant Jews exceptional political rights (see Majlis of Iran). Jewish groups also cooperate with Arabs in the West Bank, where Neturei Karta (anti-Zionist orthodox Jewish) leader Rabbi Mosche Hirsch served as the Minister for Jewish Affairs in the Fatah before there was a Palestinian Authority. Like the Arabs, this small group of Jews oppose Israel's creation. In 1979 there was a big shift in the way the Muslim world dealt with the rest of the world. In that year, Egypt made peace with Israel, Iran became an Islamic state after a revolution, and there was an invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. By 2001 the Soviet Union was gone, Jordan had also made peace with Israel, and on September 11, 2001 there were terrorist attacks on the U.S. - which many Muslims believe were made to drive the United States out of the Muslim world, especially Saudi Arabia. In many ways the events of 1979 may have led to the events of 2001.

The 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq are considered part of a "War on Terrorism" by the United States. Many or most Muslims see it as a War on Islam. After the invasion, the Islamic parties won more seats, and a majority of Muslims polled in many nations expressed support for Osama bin Laden and said he would "do the right thing". Olivier Roy is a French scholar who thinks that this does not express support for Al Qaeda or militant Islam but opposescolonialism and possible racism - favourable treatment for Jews especially those living in West Bank settlements, many of whom have American or British passports, and which the United Nations says have no right to live there.

The other conflict Muslims have with the West is regarding nuclear capabilities and weapons. Pakistan's testing of nuclear weapons in 1998 earned it American imposed sanctions. Following the Gulf War, the United Nations put in place sanctions against Iraq, to keep it from developing weapons of mass destruction. The sanctions were, reportedly, the cause of death for 500,000 Iraqi children. The widely criticized 2003 Invasion of Iraq was allegedly an attempt to rid Iraq of Weapons of Mass Destruction, which actually did not exist. The current crisis with Iran is also related to its nuclear progamme.

Growing polarization

In Pakistan, nominally a US ally, virulently anti-American Islamist won local elections in two out of four of the country's provinces and became in mid-2003 the third largest party in the national parliament, their best showing ever. For the first time, their support comes not just from the areas bordering Afghanistan, but even from urban areas.

In Kuwait, elections in July returned Islamic traditionalists and supporters of the royal family, while liberals suffered a severe defeat.

In Indonesia, the growth of various groups allied to those seemingly responsible for the Bali bombing most of which have been invisible, has been marked. It is expected that executions of perpetrators of that attack, which hit mostly citizens of Australia, will polarize that nation further.

Future

Some believe that the Muslim World is destined to democratize and replace constitutional monarchy and military dictatorship with representative democracy. G. E. Jansen in 1979, in his book Militant Islam, postulated that Islamist movements were themselves the most likely path to democratization.

Turkey as the only country in the Islamic World with a strong tradition of secularism as state policy, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia and Algeria may represent the examples of a movement towards democracy. They enjoy substantial local democracy and have active political life.

Many believe that the Muslim World is fated to come into deeper conflict with the western world. At least one Islamic nation, Pakistan, has developed nuclear weapons, and others, e.g. Iran, are debatably attempting it. Weapons of mass destruction are likely to become easier to construct given the modernizing and fast-developing economies of the Muslim World.

See also

• Islam by country
• List of Islamic terms in Arabic
• History of Islam
• Hajj
• Majority Muslim countries
• Organization of the Islamic Conference

External links

• The Islamic World to 1600 an online tutorial at the University of Calgary, Canada.
• MSNBC report citing Wesley Clark that the US planned to invade Iraq, then Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Iran, Somalia, and Sudan - also his own views on Egypt, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
• Al-Jazeera report saying the same thing