Phosphatidylserine: Difference between revisions
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===Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder=== |
===Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder=== |
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First pilot studies indicate that PS supplementation might be beneficial for children with [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]].<ref name="Hirayama_2006">{{cite journal | author=Hirayama S, Masuda Y, Rabeler R | year=2006 | month=September/October | title=Effect of phosphatidylserine administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children | journal=Agro Food | volume=17 | issue=5 | pages=32–36 | url=http://www.lipamin-ps.com/upd/file/agro_16_20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Vaisman_2008">{{cite journal |author=Vaisman N, Kaysar N, Zaruk-Adasha Y, Pelled D, Brichon G, Zwingelstein G, Bodennec J |year=2008 | month = | title=Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume=87 | issue=5 | pages=1170–1180 |pmid=18469236 | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/5/1170}}</ref> |
First pilot studies indicate that PS supplementation might be beneficial for children with [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]].<ref name="Hirayama_2006">{{cite journal | author=Hirayama S, Masuda Y, Rabeler R | year=2006 | month=September/October | title=Effect of phosphatidylserine administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children | journal=Agro Food | volume=17 | issue=5 | pages=32–36 | url=http://www.lipamin-ps.com/upd/file/agro_16_20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Vaisman_2008">{{cite journal |author=Vaisman N, Kaysar N, Zaruk-Adasha Y, Pelled D, Brichon G, Zwingelstein G, Bodennec J |year=2008 | month = | title=Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume=87 | issue=5 | pages=1170–1180 |pmid=18469236 | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/5/1170}}</ref> |
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A follow-up study backed up previous findings. The study found children supplementing with 200 mg PS per day for two months saw a significant improvement in ADHD symptoms. <ref name=”Hirayama_2013”>{{cite journal | author=Hirayama S., Terasawa K., Rabeler R., Hirayama T., Inoue T., Tatsumi Y., Purpura M. & Jäger R. | year=2013 | title=The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | journal=Human Nutrition and Dietetics | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23495677</ref> |
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== Safety == |
== Safety == |
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Revision as of 20:06, 16 May 2013
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| DrugBank | |
PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| C13H24NO10P | |
| Molar mass | 385.304 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid component, usually kept on the inner-leaflet (the cytosolic side) of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, phosphatidylserine is no longer restricted to the cytosolic part of the membrane, but becomes exposed on the surface of the cell.[1]
Possible health benefits
Memory and cognition
Early studies of phosphatidylserine distilled the chemical from bovine brain. Commercially available products are made from cabbage or soybeans, because of concerns about mad cow disease.[2] The fatty acids attached to the serine in the plant-based products have a similar, but not identical, chemical structure,[3] but without the risk of infection.
Although a preliminary study in rats indicated that the soy product was as effective as that of bovine origin in one of three behavioral tests,[4][5] later clinical trials in humans found that "a daily supplement of S-PS (soybean derived PS) does not affect memory or other cognitive functions in older individuals with memory complaints."[6]
On May 13, 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration stated "based on its evaluation of the totality of the publicly available scientific evidence, the agency concludes that there is not significant scientific agreement among qualified experts that a relationship exists between phosphatidylserine and reduced risk of dementia or cognitive dysfunction." FDA also stated "of the 10 intervention studies that formed the basis of FDA's evaluation, all were seriously flawed or limited in their reliability in one or more ways." It concludes that "most of the evidence does not support a relationship between phosphatidylserine and reduced risk of dementia or cognitive dysfunction, and that the evidence that does support such a relationship is very limited and preliminary."
FDA gave "qualified health claim" status to phosphatidylserine, allowing labels stating that, "Consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly" and "Consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly," with the disclaimer that, "Very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests that phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim."[7]
Sports nutrition
Phosphatidylserine has been demonstrated to speed up recovery, prevent muscle soreness, improve well-being, and might possess ergogenic properties in athletes involved in cycling, weight training and endurance running. Soy-PS, in a dose dependent manner (400 mg), has been reported to be an effective supplement for combating exercise-induced stress by blunting the exercise-induced increase in cortisol levels.[8][unreliable source?] PS supplementation promotes a desirable hormonal balance for athletes and might attenuate the physiological deterioration that accompanies overtraining and/or overstretching.[9][unreliable source?] In recent studies, PS has been shown to enhance mood in a cohort of young people during mental stress and to improve accuracy during tee-off by increasing the stress resistance of golfers.[10][unreliable source?] Apparently all of the studies showing benefits in sports performance with supplementation were published in the same journal, had a low number of subjects, and were authored by one or more employees of Increnovo LLC, which has filed for patents related to marketing of PS supplements and is partnered with Chemi Nutra, a leading producer of PS supplements[11]
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
First pilot studies indicate that PS supplementation might be beneficial for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.[12][13]
A follow-up study backed up previous findings. The study found children supplementing with 200 mg PS per day for two months saw a significant improvement in ADHD symptoms. [14]
Safety
Traditionally, PS supplements were derived from bovine cortex (BC-PS); however, due to the potential transfer of infectious diseases, soy-derived PS (S-PS) has been established as a potential safe alternative. Soy-derived PS is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) and is a safe nutritional supplement for older persons if taken up to a dosage of 200 mg three times daily.[15] Phosphatidylserine has been shown to reduce specific immune response in mice.[16][17]
Dietary sources
PS can be found in meat, but is most abundant in the brain and in innards such as liver and kidney. Only small amounts of PS can be found in dairy products or in vegetables, with the exception of white beans.
Table 1. PS content in different foods.[18]
| Food | PS Content in mg/100 g |
|---|---|
| Soy lecithin | 5900 [19] |
| Bovine brain | 713 |
| Atlantic mackerel | 480 |
| Chicken heart | 414 |
| Atlantic herring | 360 |
| Eel | 335 |
| Offal (average value) | 305 |
| Pig's spleen | 239 |
| Pig's kidney | 218 |
| Tuna | 194 |
| Chicken leg, with skin, without bone | 134 |
| Chicken liver | 123 |
| White beans | 107 |
| Soft-shell clam | 87 |
| Chicken breast, with skin | 85 |
| Mullet | 76 |
| Veal | 72 |
| Beef | 69 |
| Pork | 57 |
| Pig's liver | 50 |
| Turkey leg, without skin or bone | 50 |
| Turkey breast without skin | 45 |
| Crayfish | 40 |
| Cuttlefish | 31 |
| Atlantic cod | 28 |
| Anchovy | 25 |
| Whole grain barley | 20 |
| European hake | 17 |
| European pilchard (sardine) | 16 |
| Trout | 14 |
| Rice (unpolished) | 3 |
| Carrot | 2 |
| Ewe's Milk | 2 |
| Cow's Milk (whole, 3.5% fat) | 1 |
| Potato | 1 |
The average daily PS intake from the diet in Western countries is estimated to be 130 mg.
Metabolism
Phosphatidylserine is biosynthesized in bacteria by condensing the amino acid serine with CDP (cytidine diphosphate)-activated phosphatidic acid.[20] In mammals, phosphatidylserine is produced by base-exchange reactions with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Conversely, phosphatidylserine can also give rise to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, although in animals the pathway to generate phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylserine only operates in the liver.[21]
Applications
Research
Annexin-A5 is a naturally-occurring protein with avid binding affinity for PS. Labeled-annexin-A5 enables visualization of cells in the early- to mid-apoptotic state in vitro or in vivo. Another PS binding protein is Mfge8.
Tumors
Technetium-labeled annexin-A5 enables distinction between malignant and benign tumours whose pathology includes a high rate of cell division and apoptosis in malignant compared with a low rate of apoptosis in benign tumors.
References
- ^ Verhoven, B (1995-11-01). "Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure, a phagocyte recognition signal, on apoptotic T lymphocytes". The Journal of experimental medicine. 182 (5): 1597–601. doi:10.1084/jem.182.5.1597. PMC 2192221. PMID 7595231.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Can phosphatidylserine improve memory and cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's disease?". mayoclinic.com. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
- ^ "Phosphatidylserine and Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia (Qualified Health Claim: Final Decision Letter)". Fda.gov. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
- ^ Blokland A, Honig W, Brouns F, Jolles J (1999). "Cognition-enhancing properties of subchronic phosphatidylserine (PS) treatment in middle-aged rats: comparison of bovine cortex PS with egg PS and soybean PS". Nutrition. 15 (10): 778–83. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00157-4. PMID 10501292.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Crook, T. H. (1998). Treatment of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Effects of Phosphatidylserine in Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics. Vol. 2. Chicago: Health Quest Publications. pp. 20–29.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, Verhey FR, Jolles J, Riedel WJ. (2001). "The influence of soy-derived phosphatidylserine on cognition in age-associated memory impairment". Nutritional Neuroscience. 4 (2): 121–34. PMID 11842880.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Phosphatidylserine and Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia (Qualified Health Claim: Final Decision Letter)". Fda.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
- ^ Jäger R, Purpura M, Kingsley M (2007). "Phospholipids and sports performance". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 4: 5. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-5. PMC 1997116. PMID 17908342.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Starks MA, Starks SL, Kingsley M, Purpura M, Jäger R (2008). "The effects of phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 5: 11. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-11. PMC 2503954. PMID 18662395.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Jäger R, Purpura M, Geiss KR, Weiß M, Baumeister J, Amatulli F, Schröder L, Herwegen H. (2007). "The effect of phosphatidylserine on golf performance". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 4 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-23. PMC 2217563. PMID 18053194.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Chemi Nutra & Increnovo Receive Patent Related to Increased Testosterone Levels". Retrieved May 13, 2013.
- ^ Hirayama S, Masuda Y, Rabeler R (2006). "Effect of phosphatidylserine administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children" (PDF). Agro Food. 17 (5): 32–36.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vaisman N, Kaysar N, Zaruk-Adasha Y, Pelled D, Brichon G, Zwingelstein G, Bodennec J (2008). "Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 87 (5): 1170–1180. PMID 18469236.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ {{cite journal | author=Hirayama S., Terasawa K., Rabeler R., Hirayama T., Inoue T., Tatsumi Y., Purpura M. & Jäger R. | year=2013 | title=The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | journal=Human Nutrition and Dietetics | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23495677
- ^ Jorissen BL, Brouns F, Van Boxtel MP, Riedel WJ (2002). "Safety of soy-derived phosphatidylserine in elderly people". Nutr Neurosci. 5 (5): 337–343. doi:10.1080/1028415021000033802. PMID 12385596.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hoffmann PR, Kench JA, Vondracek A; et al. (2005). "Interaction between phosphatidylserine and the phosphatidylserine receptor inhibits immune responses in vivo". J. Immunol. 174 (3): 1393–404. PMID 15661897.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Carr DJ, Guarcello V, Blalock JE (1992). "Phosphatidylserine suppresses antigen-specific IgM production by mice orally administered sheep red blood cells". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 200 (4): 548–54. PMID 1508948.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Souci SW, Fachmann E, Kraut H (2008). Food Composition and Nutrition Tables. Medpharm Scientific Publishers Stuttgart.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ C.R. Scholfield (October 1981). "Composition of Soybean Lecithin". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 58 (10): 890.
- ^ Phosphatidylserine and related lipids
- ^ "Phosphatidylcholine, structure, occurrence, biochemistry and analysis". Lipidlibrary.aocs.org. 2012-04-30. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
External links
- DrugBank info page
- FDA Qualified Health Claim Phosphatidylserine and Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia
- Phosphatidylserines at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)