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| caption4 = [[Newcastle United Jets FC|Newcastle Jets]] and [[Sydney FC]] at [[Newcastle International Sports Centre|Energy Australia Stadium]] in the [[A-League]].
| caption4 = [[Newcastle United Jets FC|Newcastle Jets]] and [[Sydney FC]] at [[Newcastle International Sports Centre|Energy Australia Stadium]] in the [[A-League]].
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'''Football in Australia''' refers to several football codes played in the country including [[Australian rules football|Australian rules]], [[rugby league in Australia|rugby league]], [[rugby union in Australia|rugby union]], [[Soccer in Australia|soccer]] and [[American football in Australia|gridiron]].
'''Football in Australia''' refers to several football codes played in the country including [[Australian rules football|Australian rules]], [[rugby league in Australia|rugby league]], [[rugby union in Australia|rugby union]], [[Soccer in Australia|soccer]] and [[American football in Australia|gridiron]]. Professional football is played in Australia for four of these codes, with the leagues involved including the [[Australian Football League]], the [[National Rugby League]], [[Super Rugby]] and the [[A-League]]. Professional football has been televised for many years with Australian rules and rugby league being the most popular codes on television. Australia has a number of national football teams encompassing several football codes including Australian rules, rugby league, rugby union, soccer, futsal, and gridiron.

⚫
The different football codes attract different participation levels that reflect historical trends. By 2011, soccer had more participants nationally than any other football code with Australian football coming in second. Historically, soccer drew largely from minority ethnic groups, and rugby league and rugby union drew from populations in Queensland and New South Wales. Australian rules football attracted participants from the remaining states and territories. Australian rules also has had one of the highest rates of participation amongst Australia's indigenous communities.


Football first arrived in Australia by 1829. By the 1860s, Australian rules and rugby union clubs were established in Melbourne and Sydney. Soccer would arrive in the colony by 1870. Intercolonial football matches were being played by 1879. Women's football matches were being organised by the 1920s. National football governing bodies were being established in the same time period. The regional football code divide in Australia was still present in the 1980s, with rugby league being the dominant code in Queensland and New South Wales while Australian rules football dominated in the rest of the country, and soccer being played in ethnic enclaves. Attempts to move outside these traditional boundaries were largely unsuccessful.
Football first arrived in Australia by 1829. By the 1860s, Australian rules and rugby union clubs were established in Melbourne and Sydney. Soccer would arrive in the colony by 1870. Intercolonial football matches were being played by 1879. Women's football matches were being organised by the 1920s. National football governing bodies were being established in the same time period. The regional football code divide in Australia was still present in the 1980s, with rugby league being the dominant code in Queensland and New South Wales while Australian rules football dominated in the rest of the country, and soccer being played in ethnic enclaves. Attempts to move outside these traditional boundaries were largely unsuccessful.


⚫
The different football codes attract different participation levels that reflect historical trends. By 2011, soccer had more participants nationally than any other football code with Australian football coming in second. Historically, soccer drew largely from minority ethnic groups, and rugby league and rugby union drew from populations in Queensland and New South Wales. Australian rules football attracted participants from the remaining states and territories. Australian rules also has had one of the highest rates of participation amongst Australia's indigenous communities.
Professional football is played in Australia for four codes, with the leagues involved including the [[Australian Football League]], the [[National Rugby League]], [[Super Rugby]] and the [[A-League]]. Professional football has been televised for many years with Australian rules and rugby league being the most popular codes on television.

Australia has a number of national football teams encompassing several football codes including Australian rules, rugby league, rugby union, soccer, futsal, and gridiron.


==Terminology==
==Terminology==

Revision as of 06:14, 11 September 2013

An AFL match at Carrara Stadium between Adelaide and Melbourne.
An NRL match featuring the Brisbane Broncos.
Crusaders scrum against the Brumbies in Super Rugby.
Newcastle Jets and Sydney FC at Energy Australia Stadium in the A-League.

Football in Australia refers to several football codes played in the country including Australian rules, rugby league, rugby union, soccer and gridiron. Professional football is played in Australia for four of these codes, with the leagues involved including the Australian Football League, the National Rugby League, Super Rugby and the A-League. Professional football has been televised for many years with Australian rules and rugby league being the most popular codes on television. Australia has a number of national football teams encompassing several football codes including Australian rules, rugby league, rugby union, soccer, futsal, and gridiron.

Football first arrived in Australia by 1829. By the 1860s, Australian rules and rugby union clubs were established in Melbourne and Sydney. Soccer would arrive in the colony by 1870. Intercolonial football matches were being played by 1879. Women's football matches were being organised by the 1920s. National football governing bodies were being established in the same time period. The regional football code divide in Australia was still present in the 1980s, with rugby league being the dominant code in Queensland and New South Wales while Australian rules football dominated in the rest of the country, and soccer being played in ethnic enclaves. Attempts to move outside these traditional boundaries were largely unsuccessful.

The different football codes attract different participation levels that reflect historical trends. By 2011, soccer had more participants nationally than any other football code with Australian football coming in second. Historically, soccer drew largely from minority ethnic groups, and rugby league and rugby union drew from populations in Queensland and New South Wales. Australian rules football attracted participants from the remaining states and territories. Australian rules also has had one of the highest rates of participation amongst Australia's indigenous communities.

Terminology

There are four major football codes in Australia, these are Australian rules football, rugby league, rugby union and soccer.[1] Football, as a term, is used to describe several football codes in Australia including Australian rules, rugby league and soccer.[2]

Footy is sometimes used to describe Australian rules.[3][4] Other terms used to describe Australian rules football include Australian National Football, Aussie Rules, Strules, and aerial ping-pong.[5] The use of the term football to describe Australian rules dates back to at least 1930.[6] Historically, the term "association football" has also been used to refer to Australian rules.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

League football is a term sometimes used to describe rugby league in Australia.[24][25] Other names for rugby league include league and football.[26][27]

Rugby football is another name used in Australia to describe rugby union.[28]

Unlike England, Australia is one of several countries including the United States, New Zealand and Canada where the word soccer is used to describe association football.[29] Use of the term soccer in Australia predates 1913.[6][30] Football alone is not enough to always be understood as soccer. Soccer has been described as being played under "British association rules".[31] The sport has also historically been referred to as "British football".[32]

American football can be referred to in Australia as gridiron football.[33]

Participation

Among the other three football codes, there was historically a regional variation: the Barassi Line is a rough dividing line between areas where Australia rules is most popular and where rugby union and rugby league are most popular. Rugby league participation was historically high in New South Wales and Queensland.[34] Both rugby league and rugby union continue to be popular in the states of New South Wales and Queensland.[33] Some of the relative popularity of one football code over another in terms of participation was a result of media influence on coverage of the two major professional games, rugby league and Australian rules. This influence and their media market desires drove some of the regional patterns for these codes.[35]

Historically, soccer participation was for many years confined to Australian's newly arriving European ethnic groups.[34] By 1975, there were 375,000 registered rugby league players, making it for the first time the third most popular football code nationally based on participation.[34] In 1998/1999, Soccer had a 7.7% Australian participation rate.[36] In the same time frame, Australian rules had 6.2% participation rate.[36] Rugby union had a national participation rate of 5.4% in 1998/1999.[36]

By 2003, there are over 60,000 registered women's soccer players.[37] In Australia, a total of 18,609 girls and women played Australian rules football in 2005 and in 2006 48,054 women played the sport in Australia.[38]

Australian rules football had a total participation rate of 615,549 players in 2007.[39]

In 2008, 269,377 children played rugby league competitively in schools. This is a 390% increase from 2002, when the first accurate census of school competition participation numbers. ARLD schools programs have directly involved more than 1,000,000 children in rugby league-based physical activities by in 2008. In a sign of the game's growing influence, in 2010 over 50,000 Victorian school children attended rugby league school programs.[40]

Soccer was the most popular football code by participation rate in Australia amongst males in 2010.[41]

According to the 2011 data release by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, in 2009 and 2010, 1.2 million Australians over the age of fifteen participated in one football code or another.[42] Australian rules football and outdoor soccer were the most popular football codes played by Australian children in 2009, with 8.6% and 13% participation total.[42]

In 2011, rugby league's governing body counted 1,500,000 people who had played the game in the past year, with an overall participation rate of 14.6%.[43]

According to the December 2012 data release of the Australian Bureau of Statistics, soccer (including both outdoor and indoor) had approximately 683,300 participants in 2011–2012, or 5.82% of all Australians who participated in sport, while Australian Rules football had 241,500 participants, or 2.06% of all sport participants. The other football codes are not differentiated in the ABS statistics, and had altogether 320,200 participants, or 2.73% of all sport participants.[44]

Indigenous participation

Australian rules football has traditionally been one of the most popular football codes played by Australia's Indigenous community.[45] 11% of Australian Football League players identified themselves as Indigenous Australians in 2011.[46]

In 1944, the first Aboriginal rugby league club was founded in Redfern, New South Wales the Redfern All Blacks. The first All Indigenous Australian National Rugby League team was named in 2009.[45]

One of the early Australian Indigenous players on the rugby union national team was Lloyd McDermott who had two caps in 1962 in tests against New Zealand's All Blacks.[47]

The popularity of soccer began to grow in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in the 2000s.[47] One of the first Indigenous Australians to make the national team was John Kundereri Moriarty, who was supposed to tour with the team in 1961 but the national federation was unable to hold the tour as they were facing FIFA sanctions at the time. Other notable indigenous soccer players included Charlie Perkins who played and coached Pan-Hellenic and Harry Williams who was a member of the Australian team at the 1974 FIFA World Cup.[47][48]

Safety

The issue of safety around football in Australia is driven by the situation in American sport. Concussions are a problem for all four major football codes in Australia, though the problem is less acute in soccer. A summit was held by leadership in the big four professional football leagues to address these issues in 2011.[24]

In Brisbane, Queensland in 1980, 63% of all sport related injuries were as a result of one of the four major football codes.[49] 10.2% of Australian football players in one medical study had a head or neck injury.[49] The most common injury for an Australian rules player is a lower limb injury, accounting for about 60% of all injuries.[49] In Australian rules, injuries as a result of contact occurred 71% of the time compared to other causes of injury.[49]

History

The 1908 Wallabies

Early forms of football were played in Sydney by 1829.[50] Regular football competitions were organised in New South Wales by 1850 (an early form of Rugby), with organised competition being played in Queensland (Rugby) and Victoria (Victorian Rules football) soon after. Victorian rules football was codified in 1858.[51][52] Australian football clubs still around in the current Australian Football League were founded by 1858.[53][51][52] Australian rules was first played in Australia in 1859.[54] A rugby union team was established at the University of Sydney in 1864.[55] Rugby union was being played in Australia by 1874 when the sport was established in Sydney.[35] Soccer was being played in Australia by the 1870s,[56][34][35] with the game's early base in Australia found in Sydney.[57] with the first team formally being organised in Sydney in 1880 that was named the Wanderers.[58][59] In 1879 Interstate matches in Australian rules football began with a match between representative teams from then colonies Victoria and South Australia. Interstate matches in Australian rules football were very important in Australian culture, with lack of a national competition for most of the 20th century the matches were given great importance as it gave the opportunity to show which state produced the best players, and as most players played in their states state league it gave the opportunity to show which league the was the best. Every 5 year's a national carnival was played with winners playing off in a final. Interstate matches ran from 1879 to 1999. In 1897 the Victorian Football League, which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded[55][60] after breaking away from the Victorian Football Association.[60] By 1894, Australian rules had gained a foothold in Western Australia's Goldfields region. Two teams, the Rovers and Coolgardie, existed in Coolgardie by that time, although matches were infrequent and unorganised, with no standardised rules. The Hannans Football Club was formed on 3 May 1895 at a meeting at the Exchange Hotel in Kalgoorlie.[61] During the 1890s and 1900s, Australian football did not gain much traction in New South Wales in this period, where rugby union was the predominant code. The major exception was the Riverina area of New South Wales close to the Victorian border, and closer to Melbourne than Sydney.[62] In 1900, a soccer league was established in Tasmania that would continue for ten years until being disrupted by the Boer War.[32]

The Australia national rugby union team had their first international test against New Zealand in 1903, and first international tour in 1908, earning their nickname of the Wallabies after two British journalist used it to refer to the team.[63] At the 1908 Summer Olympics, Australia won the first ever Olympic gold medal in rugby union.[34]

During The Great War, Australian rules was played on the fields of Gallipolli.[64]

The Victorian Rugby League was running a rugby league premiership by the 1920s and also selected a representative Victorian XIII to tour domestically.[65] Some of the earliest games of women's soccer played in Australia were played in Brisbane in 1921.[66] Around that period, there were at least three active teams, with over 60 combined total players.[66] In September 1921, a game was played at the Brisbane Cricket Ground between a team from North Brisbane and a team from South Brisbane. The match had over 10,000 people in attendance.[66] The North Brisbane team wore red and the South Brisbane team wore blue.[67] The game was won by North Brisbane with a score of two to zero.[67] Early football outfits for women were not that different than outfits worn today: long socks, long-sleeved football jerseys, baggy shorts, and purpose worn football shoes.[66] In 1922, a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of physical education for girls. They came up with several recommendations regarding what sports were and were not appropriate for girls to play based on the level of fitness required. Football was completely medically inappropriate for girls to play. It was medically appropriate for all girls to be able to participate in, so long as they were not done in an overly competitive manner, swimming, rowing, cycling and horseback riding.[68] The first international soccer match played by Australia was against New Zealand in 1922.[69] In 1923, a soccer team from Southern China toured Tasmania.[32] In 1924, the Australian Rugby League Board of Control, later to be known as the Australian Rugby League, was formed to administer the national team (the Kangaroos), and later as the national governing body for the sport of Rugby League. In 1928 the team also adopted the national colours of green and gold for the first time, having previously used blue and maroon, making the Kangaroos the third national sporting body to do so after cricket in 1899 and the Australian Olympic team starting in 1908.[70]

During the 1930s, rugby league, which had gone professional, began to overtake rugby union in popularity in Queensland, with the league being the dominant spectator code by 1937.[71]

The first organised rugby league competition played in Darwin occurred in 1941 when 9 teams, mostly made up of ex-servicemen decided to make one unified competition and compete between and against each other. Some of the teams represented the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal Australian Navy, and the Australian Army. There were also teams made up of citizens in Darwin, along with a team made up entirely of indigenous Australians living in Darwin.[72]

Soccer was used a cultural gateway to introduce new European arrivals during the 1940s to Australian culture.[34][73]

During the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, women's Australian rules football saw a large expansion in the number of competitors.[74] In 1974, the Australian team qualified for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the first successful qualification to the FIFA World Cup in the country's history after failing to qualify to the 1966 and 1970 tournaments. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team for more than three decades.[58]

The regional football code divide in Australia was still present in the 1980s, with rugby league being the dominant code in Queensland and New South Wales while Australian rules football dominated in the rest of the country. When codes went outside of their traditional geographic home, they had little success in gaining new fans and participants.[75] During the 1980s, Australian soccer players began to start playing regularly in overseas professional leagues, with the most successful player of the decade being Craig Johnston who scored a goal in the 1986 F.A. Cup Final for Liverpool.[58] The first professional VFL/AFL players from Sydney and the Sydney AFL did not begin to emerge until the 1980s. Russell Morris was one of the early players to make the grade, followed by Sanford Wheeler, Greg Stafford, Nick Davis and Lenny Hayes. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in AFL players coming from the Sydney region, and in 2007, a total of 11 AFL players identified themselves as coming from this region.[76] In 1989, the Victorian Football League decided to rebrand themselves as a national league and renamed the league the Australian Football League.[77]

During the 1990s, soccer in Australia faced a challenge in attracting youth players because of the ethnic nature of the sport at the highest levels of national competition. The sport's governing body made an effort to make the game less ethnically oriented. At the same time, rival football codes were intentionally trying to bring in ethnic participants in order to expand their youth playing base.[78] In 1995, rugby union became professional in Australia following an agreement between SANZAR countries and Rupert Murdoch regarding pay television rights for the game.[79]

By 2001, Australian soccer players were plying their trade around the globe with 150 of them playing over seas.[34] In 2002, the Australian government again intervened in sport when Senator Rod Kemp, the Minister for Arts and Sport, announced that Soccer Australia was to be restructured by the Australian Sports Commission. At the time, the organisation had A$2.6 million in debt. National organisational problems were mirrored on the state level at the time of the take over. The Australian Sports Commission delivered back a report that recommended 53 changes to be made in four key areas. One suggestion involved separating the management of the national governing body from that of the national league.[80] Former Australian Rugby Union CEO John O'Neil was brought in to make these changes and the organisation changes its name in 2005 to Football Federation Australia as part of an effort to reposition the sport in the country.[81] A U17 Youth Girls Competition was established by Football Victoria in 2004. This was following legal action taken against them in the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal following a complaint to the Equal Opportunity Commission by Penny Cula-Reid, Emily Stayner, and Helen Taylor.[82]

In 2006, the Australian team competed in the 2006 FIFA World Cup; their second FIFA World Cup appearance after 32 years of failing to qualify for the tournament.[83] Popularity of Australian rules in Queensland was evident in the 2006 AFL Draft with a record 11 recruits, including 8 of the first 32 picks. The majority of the movement was in the regional areas, with some picks from previously undrafted regional areas such as Townsville, Toowoomba and Mackay providing AFL talent.[84][85] Also in 2006, both Sydney's and Melbourne's grand finals featured teams from interstate, reflecting the shift in professional football in Australia.[86]

In 2007, Natasha Puatjimi, a 13-year-old from the Tiwi Islands made history becoming the first girl to win a junior Australian rules league best & fairest. She was crowned best and fairest player in the Yarra Junior Football League's under 13 (blue) division for her dazzling displays for Ivanhoe. After her win, she was invited to train with legendary Kevin Sheedy and the Essendon Bombers.[87][88] In 2010, the rugby league club Melbourne Storm were found to have been systematically breaching the NRL salary cap rules over five years. The club was fined a record Australian sporting fine of $1,689,000, stripped of two premierships and three minor premierships, and prevented from accumulating any premiership points in the 2010 NRL season.[89]

Professional football

Professional football leagues in Australia include the Australian Football League, and the National Rugby League.[90][77] Up until the late 2000s, there were three major football codes competing every weekend, which included Australian rules, rugby league and rugby union.[91] Unlike in Europe and the United States, professional clubs tend to be member run organisations instead of single owner, for profit businesses.[92] The major football codes and professional leagues in the country all watch what their competition does in order to improve their own strategic picture in the Australian sporting landscape.[77]

The Australian Football League saw money pour into the sport during the 1990s and 2000s. In 1993, total player payments were A$24 million but reached A$95 million by 2003.[93] In 2007, the Australian Football League had the greatest financial stability of all the leagues in Australia with turnover of A$280 million, with the National Rugby League coming in second with A$120 million. At the same time, the AFL had highest level of corporate support with major national and international sponsors such as Air Emirates, Vodafone and Toyota. The AFL also beat the NRL in terms of geographic spread of their teams, with the AFL having teams in five states while the NRL had teams in three states in 2007. In 2007, the AFL was also spending A$30 million in youth player development compared to the NRL's A$15 million.[94]

The National Rugby League traces its roots back to the 1890s when rugby league split from rugby union as the code went professional. By 1908, the professional New South Wales Rugby League was created.[90] Collective player bargaining came to the professional game by 1982, with 95% of all played having joined the player union by 1991.[95] Media access to the sport was one of the main reasons for a split in the sport in the 1990s that resulted in the New South Wales Rugby League facing competition from the Rupert Murdoch backed Super League, and the "Super League war" in 1997, which ended with the founding of the National Rugby League which had become a national, not state based, professional competition.[96]

Football code Main governing body National competition Australian clubs
Australian football AFL Commission Australian Football League 18
Rugby league Australian Rugby League Commission National Rugby League 15 (+1 in NZ)
Association football Football Federation Australia A-League 10 (+1 in NZ)
Rugby union Australian Rugby Union Super Rugby 5 (+5 in both NZ, SA)

Spectatorship

Australian sport fans have historically attended events in large numbers, dating back to the country's early history. An early football game played in Melbourne in 1858 had 2,000 spectators.[97] Australian sport fans have behaved unruly at times, with police being required at Australian football games dating back to the 1860s.[97] By 1897, tens of thousands of spectators attended an early Australian rules football match at a time when top level soccer matches in England would draw six thousand fans. A finals match between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood in 1938 drew 96,834 fans.[98] In 1909, at a time when rugby union had not yet become professionalised, 52,000 people in Sydney attended a game between New South Wales and New Zealand. The spectators accounted for 10% of the total population of Sydney at the time.[71] The 1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand included a match in Melbourne, the first rugby league game to be played in Victoria. The match between England and New South Wales drew 12,000 spectators.[99]

Total average game attendance for the Australian Football League and the National Rugby League increased between 1970 and 2000, with the AFL going from an average attendance of 24,344 people per match in 1970 to 27,325 by 1980 to 25,238 in 1990 and 34,094 by 2000. The National Rugby League had an average per game attendance of 11,990 in 1970, saw a decrease in 1980 to 10,860 but increased to 12,073 by 1990 and improved on that to 14,043 by 2000.[100]

73,811 people attended a gridiron National Football League game between the Denver Broncos and San Diego Chargers at ANZ Stadium in Sydney in 1999.[101] In March 1999, 104,000 fans attended a double header match in the National Rugby League at Stadium Australia four days after the venue formally opened.[102] A National Soccer League game was held in Launceston, Tasmania in 2002 between Perth Glory and Melbourne Knights at Aurora Stadium. The match was a 1–1 draw and attracted a crowd of 5324 fans.[103] Aurora Stadium in Tasmania hosted two A-League pre-season games, attracting over 8000 spectators at the 2007–08 match.[104] FFT is actively pursuing the possibility of an A-League club based in the state.[105] Australian rules football was the most popular football code by attendance in Western Australia in 2004 with over 1,030,000 spectators attending WAFL and AFL matches in 2004.[106] In the 2006/2007 season, the A-League Melbourne Victory averaged 27,728 people to their home matches throughout the season. The 2009–10 regular season was considerably lower.[107] In 2011, the Australian Football League had a cumulative attendance of 7,139,272, a record for the competition and an average attendance of 36,425.[108] In 2010, the National Rugby League's premiership set a record for regular season attendance to NRL matches.[109]

Australian Bureau of Statistics survey Spectator Attendance at Sporting Events, 2009–10 reported the following findings regarding female attendance at football sporting events. Survey found that an estimated 3.3 million females attended one or more sporting events as spectators. This represented 37% of females aged 15 years and over in Australia and 54% of females aged 15–17 years. The top footbal sports in attendance were: Australian rules football (1,171,100), rugby league (594,700), soccer (354,800), and rugby union (209,300).[110]

Leagues/tournaments Total spectatorship Average match attendance Year Refs
A-League 1,772,133 12,658 2012/2013 [111]
Australian Football League 6,778,559 32,747 2012 [112]
National Rugby League 3,153,142 16,423 2012 [113]
Rugby League State of Origin 216,153 72,051 2013 [114]

Media coverage

There is a long history of television coverage of football in Australia. From 1957 to 2001, the Seven Network was the network for the Australian Football League. The only year that Seven was not the network for the league was in 1987 when the AFL was on the ABC. An exclusive deal was agreed upon by Seven in 1976 for a five-year deal worth A$3 million.[115] Not all football television deals have been good. The deal made by Ten Network to the New South Wales Rugby League was worth considerably more, worth A$48 million for a five-year deal that also included broadcasting rights for the State of Origin and the Australia national rugby league team. This deal was terminated early because the network could not afford to pay out.[116] The 1967 NSWRFL season's grand final became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network had paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights.[117] Rugby league, which includes NRL, State of Origin and national team matches, had the highest aggregate television ratings of any sport in 2009[118] and 2010.[119] Also, in a world first, the Nine Network broadcasted free-to-air the first match of the 2010 State of Origin series live in 3D in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.[120][121]

Most Australian film ignores Australia's football codes,[122] although there are a number of Australian football films. When football is depicted, the primary codes presented are Australian rules and to a lesser degree rugby. The sports often appear in the background in an attempt to make a film more authentically Australian.[122][123] They include The Club. The film was based on a play produced in 1977, in Melbourne. It has been in the senior English syllabi for four Australian states for many years.[123] The film was written by David Williamson, directed by Bruce Beresford and starring John Howard, Jack Thompson, Graham Kennedy and Frank Wilson.[124] Another Australian football film is The Final Winter, released in 2007. It was directed by Brian Andrews and Jane Forrest and produced by Anthony Coffee, and Michelle Russell, while independently produced it is being distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was written by Matthew Nable who also starred as the lead role 'Grub' Henderson. The film, which earned praise from critics,[125] focuses around Grub who is the captain of the Newtown Jets football team in the early 1980s and his determination to stand for what rugby league traditionally stood for while dealing with his own identity crisis.[126] Other Australian football films include Australian Rules and Footy Legends.[127][128]

National teams

National football teams include the Australia national association football team ("Socceroos") who compete in FIFA World Cup / AFC Asian Cup / Olympic Football qualification and finals tournaments, the Australia national rugby union team ("Wallabies") who compete in the Tri Nations matches and the World Cup while the Australian rugby league team ("Kangaroos") compete in various Ashes, ANZAC, Four Nations and World Cup rugby league test matches. The Australia international rules football team is composed of players from the Australian Football League and compete against the best Gaelic football players from Ireland in a hybrid International Rules Series.

Sport Team Nickname Refs
Rugby union Men's Wallabies [63]
Women's Wallaroos [129]
Rugby league Men's test Kangaroos [130][131][132]
Men's Under-20 Junior Kangaroos
Women's Jillaroos [133][134]
Wheelchair rugby Steelers (official) Wheelabies (unofficial) [135][136]
Soccer Men's Socceroos [137]
Men's Under-23 Olyroos
Men's Under-20 Young Socceroos
Men's Under-17 Joeys
Women's Matildas
Women's Under-20 Young Matildas
Beach soccer
Futsal Men's Futsalroos [138]
International rules football Men's
Women's
Gridiron (American football) National team Australian Outbacks [139][140]

Australian rules

Despite some speculation that there would be a women's division at the 2008 Australian Football International Cup with at least Australia, USA, Canada and Papua New Guinea competing, nothing came of the initiative, and only a senior men's tournament was held. There is also International Rules Football with the Australia women's international rules football team competing against the Ireland women's international rules football team.[141][142]

Soccer

The Socceroos have appeared at the FIFA World Cup in 1974, 2006 and 2010. At the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the Socceroos surprised many by reaching the Round of 16, losing 1–0 in injury time to the eventual champions Italy.[143]

The Matildas are Australia's senior national women's team.[144] The team gives female athletes opportunities to play in high level competition.[37] The national team first started representing the country during the 1970s.[144] In 1978, the team competed in their first international tournament.[145] This tournament was the World Women's Invitational in Taipai, Taiwan.[145] Prior to 1978, Australia had only ever really competed against New Zealand on an international level.[145] The first FIFA Women's World Cup was held in 1991.[146] Australia did not qualify, having been beaten by New Zealand because of goal difference.[146] In 1995, Australia did qualify and finished last in the tournament.[146] In 1999, Australia finished eleventh out of sixteen.[147] In 2003, Australia finished last in their group.[147] The Young Matildas are Australia's U-20 women's national team.[148] The team was initially organised as a U-19 team,[145] but became a U-20 team when FIFA changed the upper age limit for its top women's age-grade competition from 19 to 20 effective in 2006. They have competed in several tournaments including the 2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship (predecessor to today's U-20 Women's World Cup).[145]

References

  1. ^ "Football in Australia". Australia.gov.au. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  2. ^ Gatt, Ray (17 August 2013). "Son of Spain has Socceroos in his sights". The Australian. Australia. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  3. ^ Paula Hunt; Glenn Manton (2012). Mongrel Punts and Hard Ball Gets: An A-Z of Footy Speak. Red Dog Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-74259-094-3. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  4. ^ Barry Blake (2007). Australian Language and Culture. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-099-0. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  5. ^ Richard I. Cashman; Michael McKernan (31 December 1981). Sport: money, morality, and the media. New South Wales University Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-160-7. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  6. ^ a b "CRICKET". The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954). NSW: National Library of Australia. 22 November 1930. p. 14. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  7. ^ "ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL". Advocate (Burnie, Tas. : 1890 – 1954). Burnie, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 15 October 1923. p. 4. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  8. ^ "ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL:". The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957). Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia. 27 May 1946. p. 11. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  9. ^ "ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL". Mirror (Perth, WA : 1921 – 1956). Perth, WA: National Library of Australia. 9 May 1931. p. 4. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
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Bibliography

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