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'''Lawrence Mark''' "'''Larry'''" '''Sanger''' (born July 16, 1968<ref name="Enlightenment"/>) is an American former [[philosophy]] lecturer/assistant professor, co-founder of [[Wikipedia]], and the founder of [[Citizendium]].<ref name="Chillingworth" /><ref name="Anderson">
'''Lawrence Mark''' "'''Larry'''" '''Sanger''' (born July 16, 1968) is an American former [[philosophy]] lecturer/assistant professor, co-founder of [[Wikipedia]], and the founder of [[Citizendium]].<ref name="Chillingworth" /><ref name="Anderson">
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chief organizer (2001–02) of its successor, Wikipedia,<ref name="Glyn Moody" /> and founding [[editing#Executive editor|editor-in-chief]] of Citizendium.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire" /> From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development.<ref name="Gouthro" /> Sanger proposed implementing a [[wiki]],<ref name="lets_make_a_wiki" /> which led directly to the creation of Wikipedia.<ref name="MarshallPoe" /> Initially Wikipedia was a complementary project for Nupedia.<ref name="MarshallPoe" /> He was Wikipedia's early community leader<ref name="Bergstein" /> and established many of its original policies.<ref name="Stacy Schiff" /> He spearheaded an alternative wiki-based project, Citizendium.<ref name="Rhys Blakely">
chief organizer (2001–02) of its successor, Wikipedia,<ref name="Glyn Moody" /> and founding [[editing#Executive editor|editor-in-chief]] of Citizendium.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire" /> From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development.<ref name="Gouthro" /> Sanger proposed implementing a [[wiki]], which led directly to the creation of Wikipedia. Initially Wikipedia was a complementary project for Nupedia.<ref name="MarshallPoe" /> He was Wikipedia's early community leader<ref name="Bergstein" /> and established many of its original policies.<ref name="Stacy Schiff" /> He spearheaded an alternative wiki-based project, Citizendium.<ref name="Rhys Blakely">
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Sanger left Wikipedia in 2002, and has since been [[criticism of Wikipedia|critical of the project]].<ref name="Australian IT" /> He articulated that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks [[credibility]] due to, among other things, a lack of respect for [[expertise]].<ref name="Jettison" /> After leaving the project, Sanger taught philosophy at [[Ohio State University]]<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> and was an early strategist for the expert-authored [[Encyclopedia of Earth]].<ref name="Terdiman" /> On September 15, 2006 he publicly announced Citizendium, first envisioned as a [[fork (software development)|fork]] of Wikipedia.<ref name="LaunchingPlan" /> It was launched on March 25, 2007.<ref name="Brian Bergstein" /> Citizendium represents an effort to create a credible and free-access encyclopedia.<ref name="Christopher Dawson" /> Sanger had aimed to bring more accountability to the Internet encyclopedia model.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire" />
Sanger left Wikipedia in 2002, and has since been [[criticism of Wikipedia|critical of the project]].<ref name="Australian IT" /><ref name="Daniel H Pink"/> He articulated that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks [[credibility]] due to, among other things, a lack of respect for [[expertise]].<ref name="Jettison" /> After leaving the project, Sanger taught philosophy at [[Ohio State University]]<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> and was an early strategist for the expert-authored [[Encyclopedia of Earth]].<ref name="Terdiman" /> On September 15, 2006 he publicly announced Citizendium, first envisioned as a [[fork (software development)|fork]] of Wikipedia.<ref name="LaunchingPlan" /> It was launched on March 25, 2007.<ref name="Brian Bergstein" /> Citizendium represents an effort to create a credible and free-access encyclopedia.<ref name="Christopher Dawson" /> Sanger had aimed to bring more accountability to the Internet encyclopedia model.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire" />


He is working on developing educational projects for individuals behind [[WatchKnowLearn]].<ref name="CZ Charter Ratified" /> He has designed a web-based reading program named Reading Bear that teaches children how to read.<ref name="Reading Bear" /> He began blogging on various subjects, including baby reading.<ref name="Toddler" /> He also works [[part-time]] as a writer, speaker, and consultant on the topic of collaborative [[Virtual community|online communities]].<ref name="Internet Consulting" /> He is starting a new crowdsourcing project named InfoBitt.<ref name=":1" />
He is working on developing educational projects for individuals behind [[WatchKnowLearn]].<ref name="CZ Charter Ratified" /> He has designed a web-based reading program named Reading Bear that teaches children how to read.<ref name="Reading Bear" /> He is starting a new crowdsourcing project named InfoBitt.<ref name=":1" />


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Sanger was born in [[Bellevue, Washington]]. When he was seven years old, the family moved to [[Anchorage, Alaska]],<ref name="Chillingworth">
Sanger was born in [[Bellevue, Washington]]. When he was seven years old, the family moved to [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref name="Chillingworth">
{{cite news
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| first = Mark
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| quote = Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.
| quote = Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.
}}</ref><ref name="Marshall Poe" /> At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /><ref name="Alan_Boraas">
}}</ref>
where Sanger spent his formative years and excelled in the classroom.<ref name="Marshall Poe" /> At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> Alan Boraas from ''[[Anchorage Daily News]]'' writes "I can visualize the scene in his high school counselor's office when he announced his intended major. 'Kid,' I can hear the counselor say, 'What are you ever going to do with philosophy?' 'Well, change the way the world thinks, for one thing.'"<ref name="Alan_Boraas">
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He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to [[Reed College]], [[academic major|majoring]] in philosophy.<ref name="Alan_Boraas" /> As a college student, he explored the understanding and sources of knowledge. He also became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities. These interests later helped him to realize the benefits of using a wiki for an online encyclopedia.<ref name="Wade_Roush">
He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to [[Reed College]], [[academic major|majoring]] in philosophy.<ref name="Alan_Boraas" /> In college he became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities.<ref name="Wade_Roush">
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He set up an early attempt with a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."<ref name="Tutor-L">
He set up a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."<ref name="Tutor-L">
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He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list – The ''Association for Systematic Philosophy'' list – managed by Sanger.<ref name="Association for Systematic Philosophy">
He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list, the Association for Systematic Philosophy.<ref name="Association for Systematic Philosophy">
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Dated March 22, 1994, Sanger wrote in his opening [[manifesto]]:
Sanger wrote a [[manifesto]] for the discussion group:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears.<ref name="Marshall Poe">
The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears.<ref name="Marshall Poe">
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>
He received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from [[Reed College]] in 1991, a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|Master of Arts]] from [[Ohio State University]] in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from [[Ohio State University]] in 2000.<ref name="Education">
Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1991, a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|Master of Arts]] from [[Ohio State University]] in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from [[Ohio State University]] in 2000.<ref name="Education">
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| publisher = larraysanger.org
| publisher = larraysanger.org
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| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref> Beginning in 1998 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports", a resource for those concerned about the [[year 2000 problem]], such as managers of computer systems.<ref name="MarshallPoe"/>
}}</ref>
His bachelor thesis is titled ''Descartes' methods and their theoretical background''<ref name="Sanger Works">
{{cite news
| title = Larry Sanger&nbsp;– Works
| url = http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger/Works
| publisher = Citizendium
| date = February 5, 2008
| accessdate = 2009-03-03
}}</ref>
and his doctoral thesis concerned ''Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification''.<ref name="Enlightenment">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification
| url = http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/preamble.html
| publisher = Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship
| year=2000
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
From 1998 to 2000 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports" (formerly at sangersreview.com), a resource for [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K]] watchers.<ref name="Y2K">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports
| url = http://www.sangersreview.com/
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20001025181634/http%3A//www.sangersreview.com/
| publisher = sangersreview.com
| archivedate=January 2, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>

In December 2001 Sanger was married,<ref name=Married>
{{cite web
|title=Meta:Historical/Community
|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta:Historical/Community|work=wikimedia.org
|accessdate=August 21, 2011
}}</ref>
meeting his wife online,<ref name=SangerVideo>
{{cite video
| people = Larry Sanger
| date = February 28, 2009
| title = Larry Sanger – SISCTI 34
| url = http://vimeo.com/7178138
| format = SWF,FLV,FLASH
| medium = Videotaped
| language = English, Español
| publisher = SISCTI
| location = Monterrey, México
| time = 19:30
| ref = August 21, 2011
}}</ref>
and they have since had two children.


==Nupedia and Wikipedia==
==Nupedia and Wikipedia==
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| date = June 1, 2007
| date = June 1, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-06-01
| accessdate = 2007-06-01
}}</ref><ref name="SangerLinks" />
in January 2001, Sanger proposed a [[wiki]] be created to spur article development,<ref name="lets_make_a_wiki" /><ref name="wikipedia-l-000671">
{{cite news
| first = Jimmy
| last = Wales
| url = http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html
| title = LinkBacks?
| format=Email
| work = wikipedia-l archives
| publisher = [[Bomis]]
| date = October 30, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
and the result of this proposal was Wikipedia,<ref name="MarshallPoe">
in January 2001, Sanger proposed a [[wiki]] be created to spur article development, and the result of this proposal was Wikipedia,<ref name="MarshallPoe">
{{cite news
{{cite news
| first = Marshall
| first = Marshall
| last = Poe
| last = Poe
| authorlink = Marshall Poe
| title = The Hive
| title = The Hive
| url = http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/
| url = http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/
| publisher = [[The Atlantic Monthly]]
| publisher = [[The Atlantic Monthly]]
| date = September 2006
| date = September 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| accessdate = 2013-10-22
| quote = Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be 'fed into the Nupedia process' of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called 'Wikipedia.' Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. 'Humor me,' he wrote. 'Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes.' And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.
| quote = Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be 'fed into the Nupedia process' of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called 'Wikipedia.' Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. 'Humor me,' he wrote. 'Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes.' And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.<ref name="my resignation" /> Nupedia shut down in 2003,<ref name="Susan Youngwood">
Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.<ref name="my resignation" /> Historian [[Marshall Poe]] wrote in 2006 that Sanger's resignation was his second "great contribution" to Wikipedia, after building it.<ref name="Marshall Poe" /> Nupedia shut down in 2003,<ref name="Susan Youngwood">
{{cite news
{{cite news
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| first = Susan
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| date = March 25, 2007
| date = March 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial&nbsp;– Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.}}</ref><ref name="SangerLinks">
| quote = The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial&nbsp;– Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.}}</ref> Contemporary media sources describe Wikipedia as having been founded by Wales and Sanger.<ref name="Peter Meyers">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| url = http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html
| title = My role in Wikipedia (links)
| publisher = larrysanger.org
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
The citations include earlier versions of selected Wikipedia pages,<ref name="Early Wikipedia Pages">
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'Wikipedia' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&dir=prev&offset=–20040119212409&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = Wikipedia
| date = June 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'History of Wikipedia' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Wikipedia&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = Wikipedia
| date = August 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'Larry Sanger' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Sanger&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = Wikipedia
| date = August 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'Jimmy Wales' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&offset=20040909053247&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = Wikipedia
| date = September 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
press releases from Wikipedia in the years of 2002–04,<ref name="Early Wikipedia Press Releases">
{{cite news
| title = Free Encyclopedia Project, Wikipedia, Creates 20,000 Articles in a Year (Wikipedia 2002 Press release)
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2002
| work = describing Sanger and Wales as "co-founders"
| publisher = Wikipedia
| date = January 15, 2002
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article (Wikipedia 2003 Press release)
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003
| work = stating Sanger and Wales founded the site
| publisher = Wikipedia
| date = January 21, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages (Wikipedia 2004 Press release)
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/February_2004
| work = describes Sanger as a founder
| publisher = Wikipedia
| date = February 25, 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
and early media coverage stories<ref name="Peter Meyers">
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describing Wikipedia as founded by Wales and Sanger.<ref name="Bergstein" /><ref name="SangerLinks" /> Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.<ref name="Peter Meyers" /> Jimmy Wales identified himself in August 2002 as "co-founder" of Wikipedia.<ref name="Yahoo!">
<ref name="Bergstein" /> Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.<ref name="Peter Meyers" /> Jimmy Wales identified himself in August 2002 as "co-founder" of Wikipedia.<ref name="Yahoo!">
{{cite news
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}}</ref>
During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known as a co-founder.<ref name="Bergstein" /><ref name="SangerLinks" /><ref name="Peter Meyers" /> The [[Wikimedia Foundation]]'s first press release in 2004 described Sanger as co-founder.<ref name="Wikimedia Foundation 2004 Press Release">
During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known as a co-founder.<ref name="Bergstein" /><ref name="Peter Meyers" /> The [[Wikimedia Foundation]]'s first press release in 2004 described Sanger as co-founder.<ref name="Wikimedia Foundation 2004 Press Release">
{{cite news
{{cite news
| url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206
| url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206
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| quote = The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger.
| quote = The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger.
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
Sanger is widely cited in the media as a [[History of Wikipedia#Early roles of Wales and Sanger|co-founder]].<ref name="Wikipedia co-foundership references">
Sanger is widely cited in the media as a co-founder.<ref name="Wikipedia co-foundership references">
{{cite news
{{cite news
| first = Ben
| first = Ben
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| quote = Larry Sanger was my employee working under my direct supervision during the entire process of launching Wikipedia. He was not the originator of the proposal to use a wiki for the encyclopedia project – that was Jeremy Rosenfeld. And Larry has himself publicly stated, 'To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine.
| quote = Larry Sanger was my employee working under my direct supervision during the entire process of launching Wikipedia. He was not the originator of the proposal to use a wiki for the encyclopedia project – that was Jeremy Rosenfeld. And Larry has himself publicly stated, 'To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine.
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
Wales has, however, also been quoted in the press as far back as October 2001, stating that it was "Larry (who) had the idea to use Wiki software."<ref name="wikipedia-l-000671" />


According to all known documents actually dating from before 2005, the critical concept of marrying two of the three fundamental elements of Wikipedia, namely an encyclopedia and a wiki, first took form when Sanger met up with an old friend, [[Ben Kovitz]].<ref name="Sidener" /><ref name="Glyn Moody" /> This meeting occurred at a dinner on January 2, 2001, and it was here that Sanger was first introduced to the functionality of wiki software. Kovitz was a computer programmer and a regular on [[Ward Cunningham]]'s [[WikiWikiWeb|wiki]].<ref name="Sidener">
According to all known documents actually dating from before 2005, the critical concept of marrying two of the three fundamental elements of Wikipedia, namely an encyclopedia and a wiki, first took form when Sanger met up with an old friend, [[Ben Kovitz]].<ref name="Sidener" /><ref name="Glyn Moody" /> This meeting occurred at a dinner on January 2, 2001, and it was here that Sanger was first introduced to the functionality of wiki software. Kovitz was a computer programmer and a regular on [[Ward Cunningham]]'s [[WikiWikiWeb|wiki]].<ref name="Sidener">
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}}</ref><ref name="Marshall-Poe" />
}}</ref><ref name="Marshall-Poe" />
Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.<ref name="lets make a wiki">
Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it. Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Nupedia Wiki" and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."<ref name="Marshall-Poe">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| url = http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html
| format=Email
| work = Nupedia-l mailing list
| publisher = [[Nupedia]]
| title = Let's make a wiki
| date = January 10, 2001
| archivedate=April 14, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Nupedia Wiki"<ref name="lets make a wiki" /> and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."<ref name="Marshall-Poe">
{{cite news
{{cite news
| first = Marshall
| first = Marshall
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| page = 3
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic," the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."</ref><ref name="WikiPedia">
}} Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic," the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."</ref><ref name="WikiPedia">
{{cite news
{{cite news
| title = WikiPedia
| title = WikiPedia
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| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website [[Kuro5hin]], in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.<ref name="Jettison">
In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website [[Kuro5hin]], in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.<ref name="Daniel H Pink"/><ref name="Jettison">
{{cite news
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| first = Larry
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| ref = August 21, 2011
| ref = August 21, 2011
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
Stressing that successful communication need not be informative, and that good communication is very different than good information. Sanger is careful to point out his criticisms of Wikipedia are not as much based on its lack of [[meritocracy]], but rather in its credibility as an informational medium. Sanger sees most [[web 2.0]] websites as being built upon communication and socialization, instead of impersonal information resources. As a consequence of this, Sanger sees a continuing demand for more authoritative information sources. Saying: "Even in the field of encyclopedias, while the industry does seem to have taken a blow, some of the heavyweights are still alive and kicking."<ref name=FateOfWiki>{{cite web|last=Sanger|first=Larry|title=THE FATE OF EXPERTISE AFTER WIKIPEDIA|url=http://larrysanger.org/old-writing-and-speeches/published-writings/|work=larrysanger.org|publisher=LAWRENCE M. SANGER|format =PDF|accessdate=August 21, 2011}}</ref>


Sanger, a philosophy instructor,<ref name="Rachel Aviv">
Sanger, a philosophy instructor,<ref name="Rachel Aviv">
Line 790: Line 649:
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
began work as a lecturer at [[The Ohio State University]], where he taught philosophy until June 2005.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> His professional interests are [[epistemology]] (in particular), [[17th century philosophy|early modern philosophy]], and ethics.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /><ref name="Alan_Boraas" /> In his spare time, he plays and teaches [[music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]] on the [[Musical styles (violin)#Fiddle|fiddle]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Dayton, Ohio]], and also manages a site about the [[Donegal fiddle tradition]].<ref name="Donegal fiddle music">
began work as a lecturer at [[The Ohio State University]], where he taught philosophy until June 2005.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> His professional interests are [[epistemology]] (in particular), [[17th century philosophy|early modern philosophy]], and ethics.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /><ref name="Alan_Boraas" />
{{cite news
| title = An Appreciation of the Donegal Fiddle
| url = http://www.geocities.com/Athens/6464/hmpg.html
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20091026153528/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/6464/hmpg.html |archivedate = October 26, 2009
| publisher = [[GeoCities]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25}}</ref>


In December 2005, [[Digital Universe|Digital Universe Foundation]] announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.<ref name="DigitalUniverse">
In December 2005, [[Digital Universe|Digital Universe Foundation]] announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.<ref name="DigitalUniverse">
Line 1,291: Line 1,144:
|work=[[Wayback Machine]]
|work=[[Wayback Machine]]
|publisher=WatchKnow
|publisher=WatchKnow
|accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> In 2010, he worked on developing a reading-tutorial [[application software|application]] that will be applicable for beginning readers of all ages.<ref name="WatchKnow Reader">
|accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> In 2010, he worked on developing a reading-tutorial [[application software|application]] for beginning readers which was launched as Reading Bear in 2011.<ref>
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Plans for WatchKnow Reader
| url = http://larrysanger.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/How-and-Why-I-Taught-My-Toddler-to-Read.htm
| work = Larry Sanger
| date = December 23, 2010
| accessdate = 2010-12-24
}}</ref> After almost a year of development, he launched the reading program Reading Bear in 2011.<ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news
| first = Paul
| first = Paul
Line 1,317: Line 1,161:
| publisher = Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group
| publisher = Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group
| accessdate =
| accessdate =
}}</ref> Sanger is interested in incorporating vast online teaching video multimedia encyclopedias for early education using technology.<ref name="Paul Sawers">{{cite web|accessdate=January 8, 2011|url=http://thenextweb.com/insider/2011/11/19/larry-sanger-on-co-founding-wikipedia-and-how-online-education-could-change-the-world/|publisher=[[The Next Web]]|title=Larry Sanger on co-founding Wikipedia and how online education could change the world|date=November 19, 2011|first=Paul|last=Sawers}}</ref>
}}</ref> He has been known to blog on various subjects, including baby reading.<ref name="Toddler">

{{cite news
In February 2013, Sanger started a project named InfoBitt. On Twitter, he described the project: "My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high-quality content—a problem I've long wanted to solve. Not a wiki".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/larry-sanger-wikipedia-new-crowdsourcing-venture/|title=Wikipedia cofounder Larry Sanger on his next revolution|first=Kevin|last=Morris|publisher=The Daily Dot|date=13 February 2013|accessdate=14 February 2013}}</ref>
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = How and Why I Taught My Toddler to Read
| url = http://larrysanger.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/How-and-Why-I-Taught-My-Toddler-to-Read.htm
| work = Larry Sanger
| date = December 14, 2010
| accessdate = 2010-12-17
}}</ref> A blog post, "Is There a New Geek Anti-Intellectualism?" was discussed in 2011.<ref name="Anti-Intellectualism">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Is There a New Geek Anti-Intellectualism?
| url = http://larrysanger.org/2011/06/is-there-a-new-geek-anti-intellectualism/
| publisher = larrysanger.org
}}</ref> Sanger is interested in incorporating vast online teaching video multimedia encyclopedias for early education using technology.<ref name="Paul Sawers">{{cite web|accessdate=January 8, 2011|url=http://thenextweb.com/insider/2011/11/19/larry-sanger-on-co-founding-wikipedia-and-how-online-education-could-change-the-world/|publisher=[[The Next Web]]|title=Larry Sanger on co-founding Wikipedia and how online education could change the world|date=November 19, 2011|first=Paul|last=Sawers}}</ref> He is a writer, speaker, and a consultant on the topic of collaborative [[Virtual community|online communities]].<ref name="Internet Consulting">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Consulting
| url = http://larrysanger.org/consulting.html
| publisher = larrysanger.org
| accessdate = 2008-08-10
}}</ref>


==Personal life==
In February 2013, Sanger posted an advert on [[Craigslist]] seeking a developer for a [[crowdsourcing]] project named ''InfoBitt''.<ref>[https://twitter.com/lsanger/status/311852599311740928 Twitter]</ref> On Twitter, he described the project: "My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high-quality content—a problem I've long wanted to solve. Not a wiki".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/larry-sanger-wikipedia-new-crowdsourcing-venture/|title=Wikipedia cofounder Larry Sanger on his next revolution|first=Kevin|last=Morris|publisher=The Daily Dot|date=13 February 2013|accessdate=14 February 2013}}</ref>
Sanger moved to [[San Diego, California]], in February 2000 when he was first hired by Wales to develop Nupedia.<ref>Reagle, Joseph Michael (2010). ''Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=ml7SlTq8XvIC&pg=PA35 page 35]. MIT Press, ISBN 0262014475</ref> He was married in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], in December 2001.<ref>Anderson, Jennifer Joline (2011). ''Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=3Ql0ic5dTmgC&pg=PA74 page 74]. ABDO, ISBN 1617148121</ref> In January 2002 he returned to [[Columbus, Ohio]],<ref name="Marshall Poe"/> where he currently resides with his wife and two children.<ref name="Daniel H Pink"/>


==Selected writings==
==Selected writings==
Line 1,357: Line 1,180:


; Academic work
; Academic work
* Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification&nbsp;– doctoral thesis.<ref name="Enlightenment" />
* Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification&nbsp;– doctoral thesis.
* Descartes' methods and their theoretical background&nbsp;– bachelor thesis.<ref name="Sanger Works" />
* Descartes' methods and their theoretical background&nbsp;– bachelor thesis.


; Essays
; Essays
Line 1,384: Line 1,207:
* {{srlink|User:Larry Sanger|User:Larry Sanger}}&nbsp;– Sanger's account on the English Wikipedia.
* {{srlink|User:Larry Sanger|User:Larry Sanger}}&nbsp;– Sanger's account on the English Wikipedia.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 User:Larry Sanger/Origins of Wikipedia]&nbsp;– An essay discussing the origins of Wikipedia.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 User:Larry Sanger/Origins of Wikipedia]&nbsp;– An essay discussing the origins of Wikipedia.
* [http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/index.html Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification]&nbsp;– index.
* [http://larrysanger.org/2011/02/looong-interview-with-me-by-dan-schneider-in-cosmoetica/ Looong interview with me by Dan Schneider in Cosmoetica]&nbsp;– An in-depth interview with Sanger.
* [http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/11/ Video interview: Larry Sanger talks about Wikipedia and his plans with Citizendium]&nbsp;– Mostly in English, with a German introduction and subtitles.
* [http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/11/ Video interview: Larry Sanger talks about Wikipedia and his plans with Citizendium]&nbsp;– Mostly in English, with a German introduction and subtitles.
{{Wikipediahistory}}
{{Wikipediahistory}}

Revision as of 20:03, 22 October 2013

Larry Sanger
Sanger in July 2006
Born
Lawrence Mark Sanger

(1968-07-16) July 16, 1968 (age 56)
Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
Alma materReed College (BA)
Ohio State University (MA, PhD)
OccupationInternet Project Developer
WebsiteLarrySanger.org

Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is an American former philosophy lecturer/assistant professor, co-founder of Wikipedia, and the founder of Citizendium.[1][2] He grew up in Anchorage, Alaska.[1] From an early age he has been interested in philosophy.[3] Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Reed College in 1991 and a Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000.[4] Most of his philosophical work has focused on epistemology, the theory of knowledge.[3]

He has been involved with various online encyclopedia projects.[5] He is the former editor-in-chief of Nupedia,[6] chief organizer (2001–02) of its successor, Wikipedia,[7] and founding editor-in-chief of Citizendium.[8] From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development.[9] Sanger proposed implementing a wiki, which led directly to the creation of Wikipedia. Initially Wikipedia was a complementary project for Nupedia.[10] He was Wikipedia's early community leader[11] and established many of its original policies.[12] He spearheaded an alternative wiki-based project, Citizendium.[13]

Sanger left Wikipedia in 2002, and has since been critical of the project.[14][15] He articulated that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks credibility due to, among other things, a lack of respect for expertise.[16] After leaving the project, Sanger taught philosophy at Ohio State University[3] and was an early strategist for the expert-authored Encyclopedia of Earth.[17] On September 15, 2006 he publicly announced Citizendium, first envisioned as a fork of Wikipedia.[18] It was launched on March 25, 2007.[19] Citizendium represents an effort to create a credible and free-access encyclopedia.[20] Sanger had aimed to bring more accountability to the Internet encyclopedia model.[8]

He is working on developing educational projects for individuals behind WatchKnowLearn.[21] He has designed a web-based reading program named Reading Bear that teaches children how to read.[22] He is starting a new crowdsourcing project named InfoBitt.[23]

Early life and education

Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington. When he was seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska.[1][24] At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics.[3][25]

He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to Reed College, majoring in philosophy.[25] In college he became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities.[3] He set up a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."[26] He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list, the Association for Systematic Philosophy.[27] Sanger wrote a manifesto for the discussion group:

The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears.[24]

Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy in 1991, a Master of Arts from Ohio State University in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000.[4] Beginning in 1998 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports", a resource for those concerned about the year 2000 problem, such as managers of computer systems.[10]

Nupedia and Wikipedia

Further information: History of Wikipedia

Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.[9] It was co-founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief.[28][29] He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors.[9] Articles were reviewed before being posted on the site.[30] With Wales and Sanger frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia,[31] in January 2001, Sanger proposed a wiki be created to spur article development, and the result of this proposal was Wikipedia,[10] officially launched on January 15, 2001.[32][33][34] It was initially intended as a collaborative wiki for the public to write entries that would then be fed into the Nupedia review process of expertise.[10] The majority of Nupedia's experts wanted little to do with this project, so Sanger initiated a separate site named Wikipedia.[10] Originally, Bomis planned to make Wikipedia profitable.[35]

To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching, Wikipedia had outgrown Nupedia, and a small community of editors gathered.[10] By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger spearheaded and named the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules",[36] "Neutral point of view", and "Verifiability".[12] Wikipedia quickly took off, but just months after it was launched, things started to go off the rails, Sanger says, and by the summer of 2001 the new online community was being "overrun" by what he described as "trolls" and "anarchist-types", who were "opposed to the idea that anyone should have any kind of authority that others do not".[37] Sanger responded by proposing a stronger emphasis for expert editors, individuals with the authority to resolve disputes and enforce the rules.[37]

Tired of endless content battles and feeling he had a lack of support from Wales, Sanger eventually left the project.[37] Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia,[5] a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. In early 2002 Bomis announced plans to sell advertising on Wikipedia in part to pay for Sanger's job, but the project was against any commercialization.[38] Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002 after the collapse in Internet advertising spending;[39][40] Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.[39] Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.[39] Historian Marshall Poe wrote in 2006 that Sanger's resignation was his second "great contribution" to Wikipedia, after building it.[24] Nupedia shut down in 2003,[41] shortly after Wikipedia's second anniversary.[30]

Origins of Wikipedia

Wales started to play down Sanger's role in the founding of the project in 2005, a few years after Sanger left Wikipedia.[42][43][44] In light of Wales' view, Sanger posted on his personal webpage several links which supported his role as a co-founder.[11] Contemporary media sources describe Wikipedia as having been founded by Wales and Sanger.[45][46] [11] Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.[45] Jimmy Wales identified himself in August 2002 as "co-founder" of Wikipedia.[47][48] During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known as a co-founder.[11][45] The Wikimedia Foundation's first press release in 2004 described Sanger as co-founder.[49] Sanger is widely cited in the media as a co-founder.[50][51][52] Sanger said "While I was organizing Wikipedia, Wales was in the background and focused on Bomis.com.[53]

In 2005, Wales stated that he had initially heard of the wiki concept in 2001 not from Sanger, but instead from Jeremy Rosenfeld.[53]

According to all known documents actually dating from before 2005, the critical concept of marrying two of the three fundamental elements of Wikipedia, namely an encyclopedia and a wiki, first took form when Sanger met up with an old friend, Ben Kovitz.[5][7] This meeting occurred at a dinner on January 2, 2001, and it was here that Sanger was first introduced to the functionality of wiki software. Kovitz was a computer programmer and a regular on Ward Cunningham's wiki.[5][7] Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis.[54][55] Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it. Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Nupedia Wiki" and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."[55][56]

It was Jimmy Wales who added the third critical ingredient to the mix. He directed Sanger to give essentially unrestricted editorial access to this new wiki to the "non expert" public.[38] Sanger came up with the name 'Wikipedia', writing at the time that he believed it would merely be "a silly name for what was at first a very silly project."[38][57] Sanger first conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia project only as a means to hopefully accelerate Nupedia's slow growth. During Wikipedia's critical first year of growth, Sanger spearheaded and guided the following that gathered around this nucleus. Through this early period, he served as Wikipedia's "chief organizer",[58] a position which has not been filled since his departure from Wikipedia.[11][38][59] Sanger is also credited with creating and enforcing many of the policies and strategy that made Wikipedia possible during its first formative year.[12][60] Thus it was that Wikipedia was in fact an accidental spin-off of Nupedia.[61] Originally it was only intended to act as a 'feeder site' to generate rough articles for Nupedia, where the articles would then theoretically be 'polished up' by the 'more qualified' volunteer editors that were expected to be found there.[10]

Post-Wikipedia

Since Sanger parted ways with Wikipedia in 2002 he has been critical of its accuracy, among other things.[14] In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.[15][16] While stating that he "appreciate[s] the merits of Wikipedia fully" and "knows and supports the mission and broad policy outlines of Wikipedia very well," Sanger opined that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, trolls, and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems, he maintained, were a feature of the project's "anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise."[16] The article was the subject of much controversy in the blogosphere, and led to some reaction in the news media as well.[15][62] In September 2009, Sanger mentioned one reason for distancing himself from Wikipedia: "I thought that the project would never have the amount of credibility it could have if it were not somehow more open and welcoming to experts." He pointed out "The other problem was the community had essentially been taken over by trolls to a great extent. That was a real problem, and Jimmy Wales absolutely refused to do anything about it."[40]

Sanger identifies the purpose of the Internet as being equally about communication, as it is about information;[63]

Sanger, a philosophy instructor,[64] began work as a lecturer at The Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005.[3] His professional interests are epistemology (in particular), early modern philosophy, and ethics.[3][25]

In December 2005, Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.[65] He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.[66][67] The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the expert-authored and edited Encyclopedia of Earth,[17] an electronic reference about the Earth.[68]

In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.[69]

The question of accuracy over Wikipedia article content spurred Sanger to unveil plans for a new encyclopedia called Citizendium, the citizen's compendium.[70] At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium as a fork of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork were to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences would be no anonymous editing: every author/editor would have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors: it would aspire to be a "real encyclopedia."[71] More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the FAQ.[72] The initial fork was of the English language Wikipedia.[73] Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles.[74] On September 27, 2006 Sanger announced that he would take a leave of absence from Digital Universe "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation."[18] In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for education online. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students."[75] In 2008, Sanger was at Oxford University to debate the proposition that "the internet is the future of knowledge." Sanger agreed that today's wikis and blogs are fundamentally changing the way knowledge is created and distributed.[76]

Citizendium

Main article: Citizendium

On March 25, 2007, Citizendium launched which coincided with a feature-length Associated Press article that ran widely, with a title in USA Today of "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia."[19] Unlike Wales, who has compared his role in Wikipedia with that of a British monarch,[77] Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and in 2007 announced his intention to step off the leadership team in two or three years.[78] Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."[79][80] Citizendium has a form of peer-review, in which the site's content is subject to "gentle expert oversight."[81][82][83]

Citizendium is a smaller encyclopedia than Wikipedia, offering more than 16,000 articles, of which 159 have been expert reviewed.[84] The state of the Citizendium project is still active and articles are being written and maintained.[85] Larry Sanger discussed in November 2011 that the project collected enough donations to keep the server running "for several months".[85] As of 2011, the idea of Citizendium outdoing Wikipedia appears quite remote.[86]

Contrast to Wikipedia

Building on Sanger's experience from other collaborative encyclopedias,[5] Citizendium represents an effort to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia.[20][78] Sanger aims to improve upon the wiki-based encyclopedia model by bringing more accountability and academic quality to articles.[8] In an interview with CNET News in 2007 Sanger explained there is a need to start a Wikipedia alternative.[87]

Citizendium is wiki-based, and several aspects set it apart from Wikipedia.[88][89][90] Prospective contributors on Citizendium are required to sign in using real names.[91][92][93] Users of Wikipedia may contribute anonymously, or create a username. This username does not necessarily have a connection with their real name.[94][95] Experts in their field of expertise have a role in the Citizendium community to approve articles on the basis of accuracy.[78] The Good Article and the Featured Article systems on Wikipedia employs a review by editors.[96] Wikipedia is perceived to promote consensus and not truth[97] and verifiability is the inclusion criteria – reporting on what other sources have to say.[98] Citizendium experts have the final say for article content[73][99] and it is not necessary to cite a source for a content decision on Citizendium.[100] Citizendium attempts to prevent future wiki-vandalism in the tradition of Stephen Colbert,[83] who once asked users on air to add false information to articles about elephants.[101]

Post-Citizendium

In early 2009, Sanger effectively ceased to edit Citizendium, although an announcement confirming this was not made until July 30, 2009 on the Citizendium-l mailinglist.[102] He had worked at WatchKnowLearn project,[102] a non-profit online community devoted to rating and organizing into a large directory hundreds of thousands of short videos and other media, making it possible to find subjects taught to school kids watchable on one website.[103] Business Edge Services and Technologies, Inc. completed the project under the direction of Larry Sanger.[104] Sanger was the executive director of the system.[103]

In April 2010 Sanger sent a letter to the FBI detailing his concern that Wikimedia Commons was hosting child pornography in its pedophilia and lolicon categories later clarified as "obscene visual representations of the abuse of children".[105][106] Sanger said that he felt it was his civic duty to report the images.[107]

On September 22, 2010, Sanger stepped down as editor-in-chief of Citizendium but is still willing to offer advice and continues to support the goals of the project.[21] In December 2010, commenting to WikiLeaks, he said: "Speaking as Wikipedia's co-founder, I consider you enemies of the U.S.—not just the government, but the people."[108]

He is working on developing educational projects for individuals behind WatchKnowLearn, originally named WatchKnow.[21][109] In 2010, he worked on developing a reading-tutorial application for beginning readers which was launched as Reading Bear in 2011.[110] The web-based reading program is designed to teach children how to read at no cost.[22] Sanger is interested in incorporating vast online teaching video multimedia encyclopedias for early education using technology.[85]

In February 2013, Sanger started a project named InfoBitt. On Twitter, he described the project: "My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high-quality content—a problem I've long wanted to solve. Not a wiki".[23]

Personal life

Sanger moved to San Diego, California, in February 2000 when he was first hired by Wales to develop Nupedia.[111] He was married in Las Vegas, Nevada, in December 2001.[112] In January 2002 he returned to Columbus, Ohio,[24] where he currently resides with his wife and two children.[15]

Selected writings

A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written:[113]

Academic work
  • Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification – doctoral thesis.
  • Descartes' methods and their theoretical background – bachelor thesis.
Essays
Presentations

References

  1. ^ a b c Chillingworth, Mark (November 27, 2006). "Expert edition". Information World Review. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.
  2. ^ Anderson, Nate (November 21, 2007). "Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki". Ars Technica. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Roush, Wade (January 2005). "Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All". Technology Review. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  4. ^ a b Sanger, Larry. "Larry Sanger – Education". larraysanger.org. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e Sidener, Jonathan (September 23, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.
  6. ^ Nauffts, Mitch (March 27, 2007). "5 Questions For...: Larry Sanger, Founder, Citizendium". Philanthropy News Digest. Foundation Center. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c Moody, Glyn (July 13, 2006). "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. [Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992–1996, 1997–1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000–2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and 'chief organiser,' Wikipedia.
  8. ^ a b c LeClaire, Jennifer (March 27, 2007). "Wikipedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium". NewsFactor Network. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c Gouthro, Liane (March 10, 2000). "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia". PCWorld. Archived from the original on March 14, 2000. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be 'fed into the Nupedia process' of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called 'Wikipedia.' Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. 'Humor me,' he wrote. 'Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes.' And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.
  11. ^ a b c d e Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia". MSNBC. Associated Press. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial – Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.
  12. ^ a b c Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). "Know It All". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
  13. ^ Blakely, Rhys (September 7, 2007). "Wikipedia amateurs face backlash from the experts". The Times. London. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  14. ^ a b "Wikipedia founder sets up rival". Australian IT. October 19, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  15. ^ a b c d Pink, Daniel H (March 2005). "The Book Stops Here". Wired. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  16. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  17. ^ a b Terdiman, Daniel (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'". CNET. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  18. ^ a b Sanger, Larry (September 27, 2006). "Citizendium launch plan as of September 26". Citizendium-l mail list. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  19. ^ a b Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved March 25, 2007. This week, Sanger takes the wraps off a Wikipedia alternative, Citizendium. His goal is to capture Wikipedia's bustle but this time, avoid the vandalism and inconsistency that are its pitfalls.
  20. ^ a b Dawson, Christopher (February 23, 2007). "Citizendium seeks to be the Wikipedia you can cite". ZDNet. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  21. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (September 22, 2010). "Citizendium Charter Ratified". Citizendium blog. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
  22. ^ a b Kelley, Michael. "Web-based reading program targets young learners". Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group.
  23. ^ a b Morris, Kevin (February 13, 2013). "Wikipedia cofounder Larry Sanger on his next revolution". The Daily Dot. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  24. ^ a b c d Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 2. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  25. ^ a b c Boraas, Alan (September 2, 2006). "Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  26. ^ Sanger, Larry (August 30, 1995). "Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities". scout.wisc.edu. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  27. ^ Sanger, Larry (March 22, 1994). "Association for Systematic Philosophy". George Mason University. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  28. ^ Williams, Sam (April 27, 2004). "Everyone is an editor". Salon Media Group. p. 2. Retrieved April 15, 2009.[dead link]
  29. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  30. ^ a b Lanxon, Nate (June 5, 2008). "The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters". CNET. p. 5. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  31. ^ Betz, Lindsay (June 1, 2007). "Wikipedia formed by former Buckeye". The Lantern. The Ohio State University. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
  32. ^ Cohen, Noam (October 18, 2007). "Wikipedia". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  33. ^ Walker, Leslie (September 9, 2004). "Spreading knowledge, the Wiki way". Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  34. ^ Long, Tony (January 15, 2008). "Jan. 15, 2001: Enter Wikipedia, for Better and Worse". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  35. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says". London: The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ "Rules To Consider". Ignore all rules. wikipedia.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2001. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  37. ^ a b c Waters, Richard (November 10, 2006). "Wikipedia stand-off in search for online truth". Financial Times. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
  38. ^ a b c d Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities.—Larry Sanger.
     • Sanger, Larry (April 19, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  39. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (March 1, 2002). "My resignation—Larry Sanger". Meta-Wiki. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  40. ^ a b Ferraro, Nicole (October 9, 2009). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Speaks Out Against Jimmy Wales". Internet Evolution. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
  41. ^ Youngwood, Susan (April 1, 2007). "Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?". Vermont Sunday Magazine. Rutland Herald. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
  42. ^ Mitchell, Dan (December 24, 2005). "Insider Editing at Wikipedia". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  43. ^ Hansen, Evan (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved March 25, 2007. 'I must say I am amused,' Sanger wrote in a posting on Wikipedia on Monday. 'Having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out.'
  44. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (February 12, 2009). "What's in a name? Everything, when you're talking wiki value". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  45. ^ a b c Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2007."I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.
  46. ^ Heim, Judy (September 4, 2001). "Free the Encyclopedias!". Technology Review. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
     • Mayfield, Kendra (January 28, 2003). "Not Your Father's Encyclopedia". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  47. ^ Wales, Jimmy (August 6, 2002). "3apes open content web directory". Yahoo! Tech Groups forum post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009. I'm Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Nupedia and Wikipedia, the open content encyclopedias.
  48. ^ "Wikipedia boss challenged over claims made in Hot Press". Hot Press. April 24, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
  49. ^ "Wikimedia press releases/500,000 Wikipedia articles". Wikimedia Foundation. 2004. Retrieved April 23, 2009. The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger.
  50. ^ Hammersley, Ben (January 30, 2003). "Common knowledge". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 18, 2003. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
     • Olsen, Stefanie (October 16, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder plans 'expert' rival". CNET. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
     • Del Conte, Natali T (October 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Starting Rival Online 'Encyclopedia Project'". Fox News. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
     • Carvin, Andy (April 10, 2007). "Wikipedia's New Competition: Citizendium". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  51. ^ Boran, Marie (July 16, 2007). "Wikipedia disrespects experts says co-founder". Silicon Republic. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2007. Apart from advertising, Sanger and co-founder Wales also disagree about who actually founded Wikipedia in the first place. Wales has previously claimed to be the sole founder of the online collaborative encyclopedia. Maybe he should check his facts on Wikipedia which says that both men were identified as co-founders in 2001.
  52. ^ O'Toole, Jason (May 7, 2009). "Citizen Sanger". Hot Press. Retrieved May 25, 2009. Larry Sanger is widely credited as "co-founder" of Wikipedia – something Wales disputes." In a 2009 Hot Press interview Sanger said in part: "I essentially guided what was a blank, infinitely expandable community bulletin board into a rapidly growing encyclopedia. I formulated or articulated many of the most basic policies of the website and, more importantly, actually enforced these policies. Had I not enforced the policies in those early months, the project simply would have become another wiki – which is to say, nothing in particular, or whatever users happen to want to make it. What really made Wikipedia catch on was the notion, which I was very keen to promote, that we were merely using a wiki for the special purpose of creating an encyclopedia, not a collection of opinions, not a dictionary, not many other things that you can use a wiki to create. Jimmy was understood to be a very hands-off owner or distant overseer, and so his involvement in that seminal first year was far less than mine. This makes sense, of course, because while he was busy being CEO of Bomis, my job was to start Wikipedia – which I did.
  53. ^ a b NewsAssignment.net (May 3, 2007). "Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness". Wired. Retrieved April 25, 2009. Larry Sanger was my employee working under my direct supervision during the entire process of launching Wikipedia. He was not the originator of the proposal to use a wiki for the encyclopedia project – that was Jeremy Rosenfeld. And Larry has himself publicly stated, 'To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine.
  54. ^ "Ben Kovitz". WikiWikiWeb. January 19, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  55. ^ a b Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 3. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic," the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."
  56. ^ "WikiPedia". WikiWikiWeb. January 19, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  57. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  58. ^ "Larry Sanger on co-founding Wikipedia and how online education could change the world". Retrieved December 28, 2012. At first I resigned as Chief Organizer of Wikipedia – that was my title, by the way. I was never called 'Editor'.
  59. ^ Singer, Michael (January 16, 2002). "Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One". Jupitermedia. Archived from the original on March 16, 2003. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Wales has supplied the financial backing and other support for the project, and Sanger, who earned a PhD in Philosophy from Ohio State in 2000, has led the project.
  60. ^ Tally, Steve (March 20, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder to speak on campus". Purdue University News Service. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  61. ^ Blundo, Joe (April 26, 2007). "Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  62. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (January 6, 2006). "Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe". CNET. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  63. ^ Larry Sanger (February 28, 2009). Larry Sanger – SISCTI 34 (SWF,FLV,FLASH) (Videotaped) (in English and Español). Monterrey, México: SISCTI. Event occurs at 19:09.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  64. ^ Aviv, Rachel (January 10, 2006). "Mondo Wikipedia". The Village Voice. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  65. ^ "Lawrence Sanger, PhD, Director of Distributed Content Programs". Digital Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  66. ^ "Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'". PR Newswire. Digital Universe. January 17, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  67. ^ "Contributor: Lawrence Sanger". Encyclopedia of Earth. Digital Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  68. ^ "About the EoE". Encyclopedia of Earth. Digital Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  69. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 2006). "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project". The Text Outline Project. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  70. ^ Niccolai, James (September 26, 2006). "Wikipedia to fight vandals in Germany". InfoWorld. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
  71. ^ "Next Wikipedia, take a right". Wikipedia, Citizendium, and the politics of knowledge: An interview with Larry Sanger. Dossier Open Source. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  72. ^ "Citizendium FAQ". Citizendium. March 25, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  73. ^ a b Fisher, Ken (September 19, 2006). "New Citizendium to correct Wikipedia's wrongs?". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  74. ^ "Citizendium". Citizendium. March 25, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  75. ^ Sanger, Larry (June 2007). "Education 2.0". Egon Zehnder International. The Focus Online. Retrieved June 1, 2007. The future of education could lie in a digital degree-granting institution that lives on the Internet.
  76. ^ Keen, Andrew (June 2, 2008). "Andrew Keen on New Media". The Independent. London. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  77. ^ McNichol, Tom (March 1, 2007). "Building a Wiki World". Business 2.0. CNN. Retrieved March 25, 2007."I'm sort of like a British monarch," Wales said, while smiling.
  78. ^ a b c Anderson, Nate (February 25, 2007). "Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Citizendium has over 500 participants, most of whom have been individually screened. Growth has been sometimes erratic; Sanger says that the site gained 50–75 contributors on a single day after being featured on Slashdot. Edits have now topped 500 per day, which Sanger says compares favorably with the earliest days of Wikipedia.
  79. ^ Thomson, Iain (April 13, 2007). "Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder". iTnews. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  80. ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site". ECT News Network. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Wikipedia's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Wikipedia and many avoid Wikipedia altogether. We may take Wikipedia as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content. Where Wikipedia shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility
  81. ^ Heater, Brian (January 26, 2007). "Q&A With Citizendium Creator Dr. Larry Sanger". AppScout.com. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  82. ^ "Use with caution: The perils of Wikipedia". CNN. Associated Press. November 4, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
  83. ^ a b McCarthy, Caroline (January 23, 2007). "Citizendium: Wikipedia co-founder Sanger's Wikipedia rival". CNET News. Retrieved April 5, 2007. There will also be "gentle expert oversight" to provide some guidance, and presumably to prevent future wiki-vandalism in the manner of Stephen Colbert.
  84. ^ Gross, Melanie (May 21, 2012). "Wikipedia down? Try these alternatives". gHacks Technology News. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  85. ^ a b c Sawers, Paul (November 19, 2011). "Larry Sanger on co-founding Wikipedia and how online education could change the world". The Next Web. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
  86. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (October 27, 2011). "Citizendium turns five, but the Wikipedia fork is dead in the water". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  87. ^ Tiwari, Neha (April 5, 2007). "Wikipedia today, Citizendium tomorrow". CNET. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2007. I think we absolutely need another wiki—first of all, simply because Wikipedia lacks credibility, unfortunately. It's a good starting place, as people say—on some subjects anyway—but it isn't really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don't think that the Wikipedia community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Wikipedia into something that's really reliable.
  88. ^ Frith, Holden (March 26, 2007). "Wikipedia founder launches rival online encyclopaedia". The Times. London. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  89. ^ Appel, Justin (February 23, 2007). "More 'reliable' Wikipedia soon to launch". eSchool News. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
  90. ^ Cohen, Jason Z (March 3, 2008). "Citizendium's Larry Sanger: Experts Make It Better". LinuxInsider. ECT News Network. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  91. ^ Lombardi, Candace (March 26, 2007). "Wikipedia rival makes its debut". ZDNet. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  92. ^ Read, Brock (April 5, 2007). "Citizendium's Creator in His Own Words". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
  93. ^ Leider, JP (October 17, 2006). "Wiki and the U student". The Minnesota Daily. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  94. ^ Thompson, Bill (December 16, 2005). "What is it with Wikipedia?". BBC News. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  95. ^ Maxcer, Chris (March 9, 2007). "Wikipedia Ain't Broke, but Needs Fixing". LinuxInsider. ECT News Network. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  96. ^ Murley, Diane (2008). "In Defense of Wikipedia" (PDF). Law Library Journal. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
  97. ^ Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds". The Times. London. Retrieved August 16, 2007. Wikipedia seeks not truth but consensus, and like an interminable political meeting the end result will be dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices.
  98. ^ Hendry, Andrew (June 6, 2007). "Who's behind Wikipedia?". Computer World. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  99. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia". More experts, less fiddling?. The Register. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.
  100. ^ Sanger, Larry. "CZ:We aren't Wikipedia". Citizendium. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  101. ^ McCarthy, Caroline (August 1, 2008). "Colbert speaks, America follows: All hail Wikiality". CNET.
  102. ^ a b Sanger, Larry (July 30, 2009). "[Citizendium-l] My recent absence". Citizendium. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
  103. ^ a b "About WatchKnow". WatchKnow.org. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
  104. ^ "Business Edge Works with Wikipedia Co-Founder to Launch WatchKnow.org". Vocus, Inc. November 27, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
  105. ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights". BBC News. May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  106. ^ Metz, Cade (May 9, 2010). "Jimbo Wales exiles 'porn' from Wikiland". The Register. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  107. ^ Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI". The Inquirer. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  108. ^ Gordon Crovitz, L (December 6, 2010). "Julian Assange, Information Anarchist". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
  109. ^ "WatchKnow". Wayback Machine. WatchKnow. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  110. ^ Sawers, Paul (November 2, 2011). "Wikipedia co-founder launches Reading Bear, an online phonics tutorial for kids". The Next Web, Inc. Retrieved 2013-10-9. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  111. ^ Reagle, Joseph Michael (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia, page 35. MIT Press, ISBN 0262014475
  112. ^ Anderson, Jennifer Joline (2011). Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders, page 74. ABDO, ISBN 1617148121
  113. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Larry Sanger". larrysanger.org. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
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