Svetovit

Swiatowid/ Svetovid
Chief pantheon God, fertility and abundance
The Zbruch Idol, sometimes said to represent Svetovid

'Svetovid, Swiatowid or Sventovit is a Slavic deity all seeing creator god, ruling fertility and abundance venerated on the island of Rügen and in Poland, where most examples are found today,

 into the 12th century. He is sometimes considered a local Rugian variant of the pan-Slavic god Perun, though Perun is most often associated with only lightning. 

Sometimes referred to as Beli (or Byali) Vid (Beli = white, bright, shining), Svetovid is often depicted with a sword of decision or hunting bow in one hand and a drinking horn in the other. Other important symbols included the white horse, which were kept in his temple and used in divination.

Appearance

Svetovid is associated with seeing both future and past and divination and depicted as a four-headed god with two heads looking forward and two back. A statue portraying the god discovered in Poland in the 1960's, shows him with four heads, each one looking in a separate direction, a symbolical representation of the four directions of the compass, and also perhaps the four seasons of the year. In this thousand year old totem carving, Swiatowid, as he is called in Poland, is seen reigning with his sword and horn of plenty over the Earthly realm, and below that, the underworld. Today, most existing images of Swaitowid are found in Poland. It has been suggested that each face had a specific colour. In the Ukraine, some

suggest that the northern face of this totem was white (hence White Russia / Belarus and the White Sea), the western, red (hence Red Ruthenia), the southern, black (hence the Black Sea) and the eastern, green (hence Zeleny klyn).

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  Bishop Absalon topples the god Svantevit at Arkona in 1169.

Etymology

Boris Rybakov argued for identification of the faces with the gods Perun, Svarog, Lada and Mokosh (compare Zbruch idol). Joined together, they see all four sides of the world. This gave rise to the etymology of the name of the god as "world-seer" (svet="world", vid="sight"; Svetovid="worldseer"). However, there are alternative forms Sventevith and Zvantewith that suggest the name derives from the word svętъ, meaning "saint, holy". The second stem is sometimes reconstructed as vit="lord, ruler, winner".

The name recorded in chronicles of contemporary Christian monks is Svantevit, which, if we assume it was properly transcribed, could be an adjective meaning approx. "Dawning One" (svantev,svitanje="dawning, raising of the Sun in the morning" + it, adjective suffix), implying either a connection with the "Morning Star" or with the Sun itself.

Alternative names

Beyond the names above referenced, Svetovid can also be known as Svitovyd (Ukrainian), Svyatovit (alternative name in Ukrainian), Svyentovit (alternative name in Ukrainian), Svetovid (Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian and Bosnian, and alternative name in Bulgarian), Suvid (alternative name in Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian), Svantevit (Wendish, alternative name in Ukrainian and possibly the original proto-Slavic name), Svantevid (alternative name in Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian), Svantovit (Czech and Slovak), Svantovít (Czech), Svantovid (alternative name in Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian), Swantovít, Sventovit, Zvantevith (Latin and alternative name in Serbian and Croatian), Świętowit or Światowid (Polish), Sutvid, Svevid, and Vid.

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  Modern Swiatowid statue in Głogów, Poland
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  Modern Swiatowid statue in Otrebusy, Poland
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  Svetovid sun circle, a Slavic solar symbol found on the Zbruch Idol as a symbol of Swiatovid, Slavic pantheon leader.
• One of four Swiatowid wood figures from 9th or 10th century used for home worship, Wolin, Poland
  One of four Swiatowid wood figures from 9th or 10th century used for home worship, Wolin, Poland

Worship

The original name of the island Rügen or Danish Rygen (Polish/Latin: Rugia) at the Baltic Sea was Rujan (meaning red in Old Slavic); thus the name would in translation imply 'The Red Island'. The autochthonous inhabitants of the island were the Slavic tribe, the Rujani, whose name was cognate with the island's; thus translating as people from Rujan. After the destruction and/or assimilation of the Rujani by the Danes, in 1168, the original Slavic name of Rujan was corrupted as Rügen in German and Rygen in Danish.

According to various chronicles (i.e. Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus and Chronica Slavorum by Helmold), the temple at Jaromarsburg contained a giant wooden statue of Swiatowid / Svantevit depicting him with four heads (or one head with four faces) and a horn of abundance. Each year the horn was filled with fresh mead.

The temple was also the seat of an oracle in which the chief priest predicted the future of his tribe by observing the behaviour of a white horse identified with Svantevit and casting dice (horse oracles have a long history in this region, being already attested in the writings of Tacitus). The temple also contained the treasury of the tribe and was defended by a group of 300 mounted warriors which formed the core of the tribal armed forces.

Origins

Some interpretations claim that Swiatowid / Svetovit was another name for Radegast, while another states that he was a fake god, a Christian Wendish construction based on the name St. Vitus. However, the common practice of the Christian Church was to replace existing pagan deities and places of worship with analogous persons and rituals of Christian content, so it seems more likely that Saint Vitus was created to replace the original Svanto-Vit. In Croatia, on the island of Brač, the highest peak is called Vid's Mountain. In the Dinaric Alps there is a peak called "Suvid" and a Church of St. Vid. Among the Serbs, the cult of Svetovid is partially preserved through the Feast of St. Vitus, "Vidovdan", one of the most important annual events in Serbian Orthodox Christian tradition.

Science fiction

The science fiction story "Delenda Est" by Poul Anderson depicts an alternate history world where Carthage defeated Rome, Christianity never arose and in the 20th century, Svantevit is still a main deity of a major European power called Littorn (that is, Lithuania). A devotee of this god, in the story, is called Boleslav Arkonsky – a name evidently derived from the above-mentioned temple at Arkona.

See also

• Demiurge
• The Slav Epic (Painting: "The Celebration of Svantovit")

External links

• from Zbrucz Archeological Museum in Kraków - Poland
• actual Svetovit monument - galleries from polish cities
• Svetovit figure discovered in Wolin - Poland