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Undid revision 909674817 by Aquillion (talk) adding one of the States of Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) using a report from a publicly funded criminology research institute is not "indiscriminate". It's adding WP:V material using a WP:RS source. Restoring per WP:PRESERVE.
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=== Saxony ===
=== Saxony ===
In February 2016, the Saxon Interior Minister [[Markus Ulbig]] claimed that immigrants from North Africa were responsible for 43% of all registered crimes committed by immigrants. Syrian asylum seekers constituted a third of all immigrants but their share of immigrant crime suspects was less than 5%. While Tunisians constituted 4% of all immigrants, they constituted a quarter of all immigrant crime suspects and a third of suspects of multiple crimes (German: ''Mehrfach-/Intensivtätern'').<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article151962729/Nordafrikaner-an-43-Prozent-der-Straftaten-von-Zuwanderern-beteiligt.html|title=Markus Ulbig: Nordafrikaner an 43 Prozent der Straftaten von Zuwanderern beteiligt|last=WELT|date=2016-02-08|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>
In February 2016, the Saxon Interior Minister [[Markus Ulbig]] claimed that immigrants from North Africa were responsible for 43% of all registered crimes committed by immigrants. Syrian asylum seekers constituted a third of all immigrants but their share of immigrant crime suspects was less than 5%. While Tunisians constituted 4% of all immigrants, they constituted a quarter of all immigrant crime suspects and a third of suspects of multiple crimes (German: ''Mehrfach-/Intensivtätern'').<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article151962729/Nordafrikaner-an-43-Prozent-der-Straftaten-von-Zuwanderern-beteiligt.html|title=Markus Ulbig: Nordafrikaner an 43 Prozent der Straftaten von Zuwanderern beteiligt|last=WELT|date=2016-02-08|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>

=== Schleswig-Holstein ===
According to a 2018 study by the ''{{ILL|Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen|de}}'' (KFN), immigrants to Schleswig-Holstein (SH) were showed a higher crime rate than the average German population in the state. A large part of the difference was attributed to the different age and gender demographics of the two groups, but the non-German group showed a 1.6 to 1.8 times higher crime rate after age and gender differences in the groups had been compensated for.The refugee influx of 2015 led to a minor increase in the non-German crime rate in the state primarily in the areas of bodily harm and theft.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1047848713|title=Analyse der Entwicklung der Kriminalität von Zuwanderern in Schleswig-Holstein|last=Glaubitz, Christoffer.|first=|publisher=|others=Bliesener, Thomas, 1958-|year=|isbn=9783981171914|location=Hannover|page=93-95|pages=|oclc=1047848713}}</ref>

The lowest crime rates were recorded among refugees from Syria and the highest crime rates for EU countries Romania and Bulgaria along with Iraq and Iran.<ref name=":9" />

Although non-Germans only represented 8% of the population in SH, they were victims in more than 50% of crimes with non-German perpetrators suhch as killings, bodily harm and sexual assault.<ref name=":9" />


== Violence against women ==
== Violence against women ==

Revision as of 06:20, 10 August 2019

Crimes committed against and by immigrants in Germany. Crimes involving foreigners (German: Ausländerkriminalität) have been a longstanding theme in public debates in Germany.[1] In November 2015, a report that was released by the Federal Criminal Police (BKA) stated that "While the number of refugees is rising very dynamically, the development of crime does not increase to the same extent." Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière (CDU) noted that "refugees are on average as little or often delinquent as comparison groups of the local population."[2] A 2018 statistical study by researchers at the University of Magdeburg using 2009-2015 data argued that, where analysis is restricted to crimes involving at least one German victim and one refugee suspect and crimes by immigrants against other immigrants are excluded, there is no relationship between the scale of refugee inflow and the crime rate.[3] In 2018 the interior ministry under Horst Seehofer (CSU) published, for the first time, an analysis of the Federal Police Statistic (German: Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik (PKS) [de]), which includes all those who came via the asylum system to Germany.[4] The report found that the immigrant group, which makes up about 2% of the overall population, contains 8.5% of all suspects, after violations against Germany's alien law are excluded.[5]

Availability and reliability of statistics

Several studies carried out since the 1990s have suggested that the collection of accurate and meaningful statistics makes it difficult to obtain an overall picture of the effect of immigration on crime in Germany. For example, second or third generation immigrants may be classified as "foreigners" whilst recent immigrants may be classified as German.[6] Research also suggests that crimes are more likely to be reported if the suspect is or appears to be a foreigner or immigrant.[6] Because each of Germany’s 16 states has its own police force, federal authorities do not routinely publish national statistics. These are compiled state by state and are sometimes released only after a parliamentary request.[7]

"Guest worker" era in the 1950s-1980s

The Ausländergesetz (Deutschland) [de] (Foreigners Act) of 1965 attempted to control immigration to West Germany.[8]

During the 1950s and 1960s, a group known as Gastarbeiter participated in an organised immigration programme to the former West Germany because of labour shortages in the country. The former East Germany also had labour shortages but their "guest worker" programme tended to encourage immigration from other socialist and communist countries. Although the German government did not plan the program as a permanent method of keeping the "guest workers"[9], after unification and the reform of German Naturalization Laws of the 1990's, former "guest workers" increasingly became German citizens.[10] The first generation of "guest workers" did not have an elevated crime rate, but studies carried out in the 1970s and 1980s suggested that second- and third-generation immigrants had higher crime rates than their German contemporaries who were not from an immigrant background.[11]

A 1991 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich study covering the preceding two decades found that crime rates were higher among immigrants with a strongly different cultural background from Germans. Under the guest worker programme, Turks and Yugoslavs had far higher crime rates than Spaniards and Portuguese, while the highest crime rates were recorded among individuals from third world countries. For third world countries, the immigrants were first generation.[12]

Trends in criminal activity since the 1990s

Studies in the early 2000s tended to show little correlation between migrants and crime in Germany.[13][14]

From the start of 2015 to the end of 2017, 1356600 asylum seekers were registered in total.[4] According to a 2018 study by German criminologists, the crime rate of non-Germans between the ages of 16 and 30 is within the same range as that of Germans.[15] In May 2016, U.S. fact-checker Politifact suggested that, as crimes by immigrants rose 79 percent in 2015 and the number of refugees in the country rose by 440 percent, the crime rate among refugees was lower than that among German natives.[16]

In November 2015, a report by the Federal Criminal Police (BKA) stated that "While the number of refugees is rising very dynamically, the development of crime does not increase to the same extent." the report noted that refugees Kosovo, aus Serbien and Macedonia were overrepresented and Iraqis were underrepresented. The report did not contain representation for refugees from North Africa.[17]

From 2015 to 2016, the number of suspected crimes by refugees, asylum-seekers and illegal immigrants increased by 52.7% percent to 175,438.[18][19][20] Approved refugees were not included in 2016 statistical figures.[19] The figures showed that most of the suspected crimes were by repeat offenders, and that 1 percent of migrants accounted for 40 percent of total migrant crimes.[18] According to police statistics, 31% of immigrant crime suspects were repeat offenders.[20] From 2016 to 2017, the number of crimes committed by refugees, asylum-seekers and illegal immigrants in Germany decreased by 40 percent, which was mostly caused by significantly fewer violations off the alien law, because far fewer asylum seekers entered the country in this year.[21]

The first comprehensive study of the social effects of the one million refugees going to Germany found that it caused "very small increases in crime in particular with respect to drug offenses and fare-dodging."[22][23] A report released by the German Federal Office of Criminal Investigation in November 2015 found that over the period January–September 2015, the crime rate of refugees was the same as that of native Germans.[24] According to Deutsche Welle, the report "concluded that the majority of crimes committed by refugees (67 percent) consisted of theft, robbery and fraud. Sex crimes made for less than 1 percent of all crimes committed by refugees, while homicide registered the smallest fraction at 0.1 percent."[24] According to the conservative newspaper Die Welts description of the report, the most common crime committed by refugees was not paying fares on public transportation.[25] According to Deutsche Welle's reporting in February 2016 of a report by the German Federal Office of Criminal Investigation, the number of crimes committed by refugees did not rise in proportion to the number of refugees between 2014–2015.[26] According to Deutsche Welle, "between 2014 and 2015, the number of crimes committed by refugees increased by 79 percent. Over the same period, the number of refugees in Germany increased by 440 percent."[26]

A 2015 study in the European Economic Review found that the immigration of more than 3 million people of German descent to Germany after the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a significant increase in crime.[27] The effects were strongest in regions with high unemployment, high preexisting crime levels or large shares of foreigners.[27]

For several types of crime and drug crime in particular, it was reported that organised crime gangs were dominated by people from countries with high rates of immigration to Germany.[4] In 2017, the most common nationality of foreign organized crime gangs was Albanian with 21 gangs, the great majority of which were active in drug trafficking.[4] In 2017 there were 13 identified Serbian organized crime gangs, active in drug crime, property crime and violent crime.[4] In 2017 there were 12 Kosovar gangs, active in property crime, drug trade and forgeries.[4] Syrian gangs were active in drug trade and drug smuggling.[4]

The Independent reported that in 2017 crime in Germany was at its lowest for 30 years, and that crimes by non-Germans had fallen by 23% to just over 700,000.[28] At the same time, there was a significant increase in politically and racially motivated crime. Out of 462 right-wing offenders with outstanding warrants identified by Germany's Interior Ministry, 104 were wanted for crimes classified as violent and 106 were wanted for crimes classified as politically motivated.[7]

In 2018, the Wall Street Journal analysed German crime statistics for crime suspects and found that the foreigners, overall 12.8% of the population, made up a disproportionate share of crime suspects (34.7%), see horizontal bar chart.[29]

In 2018, the interior ministry's report "Criminality in the context of immigration" (German: Kriminalität im Kontext von Zuwanderung) [4] for the first time summarized and singled out all people who entered Germany via the asylum system. The group called "immigrants" includes all asylum seekers, tolerated people, "unauthorized residents" and all those entitled to protection (subsidiary protected, contingent refugees and refugees under the Geneva Convention and asylum). The group represented roughly 2 percent of the German population by the end of 2017,[5] and was suspected of committing 8.5 percent of crimes (violations of Germany's alien law are not included). The numbers suggest that the differences could at least to some extent have to do with the fact that the refugees are younger and more often male than the average German. The statistics show that the asylum-group is highly overrepresented for some types of crime. They account for 14.3 percent of all suspects in crimes against life (which include murder, manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter), 12.2 percent of sexual offences, 11.4 percent of thefts and 9.7 percent of body injuries The report also shows differences between the origin of migrants. Syrians are underrepresented as suspects, whereas citizens from most African countries, especially northern Africans are strongly overerrepresented. Afghans and Pakistanis are particularly overerrepresented in sexual offenses.[4][5]

The 2019 "Criminality in the context of immigration" report showed an increase of 102% in the number of Germans who were victims of a crime committed by a member of the immigrants group (including all those who came via the asylum system to Germany) than vice versa. In the category "crimes against life" there were 230 cases where the victim is a German and a suspect belongs to the immigrant group; because of the way police statistics are collected, the number from 2018 included the 81 German victims of a terrorist attack, the 2016 Berlin truck attack which were all counted as homicide or attempted homicide victims. The number of immigrants attacked by Germans in 2018 was recorded as 33. In the category "sexual offences", 3261 Germans were victims of crimes with an immigrant among the suspects, whilst 89 immigrants were victims of crimes with a German among the suspects.[30]

Organised crime

See also: Organized crime in Germany

Arab and Kurdish organized crime gangs have their roots in asylum seekers who began arriving in the 1980s.[31] In the 1980s thousands of Arabs and Kurds from districts of Lebanon and Turkey, significant portions of whome were stateless, sought asylum in Germany. Unlike the earlier guest workers, were allowed to work but instead received social benefits and often did not integrate into German society. Some of the arrived families instead relied on tribal and Islamic codes of justice.[29] Groups of extended Arab and Kurdish families centered in Berlin are active in selling illegal drugs and running illegal prostitution, but have invested in legal businesses including real estate, fitness studios, gambling and restaurants.[31] They exploit asylum seekers who arrived in the European migrant crisis of 2015-2016, employing them as streetcorner durg dealers.[31]

In 2017, 16 Nigerian crime gangs were active in illegal immigration (German: Schleuserkriminalität) drug crime and other offenses in the night life scene.[32]

In an opinion piece in the Sueddeutsche Zeitung in September 2018, the political scientist Ralph Ghadban [de] argued that federal authorities had refused to recognise the specific problem of organized crime gangs based on family ties and ethnicity (Clan-Kriminalität [de]), subsuming it under "organised crime" and that, encouraged by the success of the Arab clans, families from other ethnic groups, including Chechens, Albanians, and Kosovars were developing similar structures. According to Ghadban, these structures present a threat to liberal, individualised societies because they hinder integration. A modern society, he says, only functions when people voluntarily follow its rules, but clan members consider themselves members of a family rather than citizens of a country, and do not submit to the rule of law, regarding individuals who do so as weak and unprotected.[33]

According to the Wall Street Journal, the ethnic crime clans represent both a security threat as well as an example of what can happen when integration of immigrants fails.[29]

Honor killings

See also: Honor killings § Germany

Investigating criminal records for partner homicides from the years 1996-2005 period, the BKA concluded that there were about 12 cases of honour killings in Germany per year, including cases involving collective family honor and individual male honor, out of an average about 700 annual homicides. An accompanied study of all homicides in Baden-Württemberg show that men from Turkey, Yugoslavia and Albania have a between three and fime times overrepresentation for partner homicides, both honor and non-honor releated. The causes for the higher rate was given as low education and social status of these groups along with cultural traditions of violence against women.[34]

Sexual offences

Fraction of sexual offense cases with at least one immigrant suspect
Bundeskriminalamt and Der Spiegel[35]

At least one immigrant was identified as a suspect in 3404 sexual offence cases reported in 2016, representing a proportion of 9.1% of the total; this was twice the proportion in the previous year. According to statistics collected by the German Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), the number of immigrants suspected of sexual offences in Germany has gone up in absolute numbers in the 2012-2016 period, whilst the number of German perpetrators has gone down.[35]

In 2017, immigrants represented 2% of the population and 15.9% of suspects in rape and sexual assault cases.[5]

In 2017, the proportion of asylum seekers (defined as "asylum applicants, quota or civil war refugees or irregular immigrants") relative to the total population had risen, while the number of asylum seekers as a percentage of sexual offence suspects had fallen slightly since 2016.[36]

Gang rape

See also: Rape in Germany

After the gang rapes where immigrants were suspect in Freiburg, Munich and Velbert, an overview of police gang rape statistics in the 2010s was published by Tagesschau in 2018. The profile of the suspects and convicted fit that of sex crime in general as they were almost all male. Additionally foreign[clarification needed] perpetrators were overrepresented compared to their share of the overall population in Germany. The absolute number of gang rapes were not increasing, but the proportion of foreign[clarification needed] suspects rose and the proportion of Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi suspects rose. One reason cited for the increase was that these demographics have larger proportions of young males, which are inherently overrepresented for crime.[37]

The number of assault gang rapes were significantly higher in periods prior to 2015 and the European migrant crisis, with the exception of 2016 where the New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany nearly doubled the number of cases. In 2017 there were 122 cases, the fewest since the German reunification in 1990.[37] The sexual assaults in Cologne on New Year's Eve 2016 nevertheless ended the atmosphere of euphoria earlier in the year when hundreds of thousands of migrants had arrived in Germay.[38]

Violent crime

In 2016, immigrant suspects constituted 14.9% of the suspects while representing 2% of the population.[19][39]

Blade weapon crimes

According to the police union, the German government does not keep a record of knife and blade related crimes as a distinct type of crime. The German Police Trade Union (DPoIG) has highlighted the issue and has sought that individuals carrying a knife be prosecuted under attempted murder provisions in German law. The union urged the government to compile statistics nationwide on knife incidents, to establish whether the impression of an increase in knife crime and the involvement of younger immigrants was based on fact.[40]

A series of prominent incidents led to a political discussion. Such incidents included some where an attacker murdered their partner (the 2017 Kandel stabbing attack, the Reutlingen knife attack, the murder of Mireille B, the 2018 Hamburg stabbing attack), as well as incidents like the 2018 Burgwedel stabbing where a 17-year-old Syrian stabbed and injured a woman following a brawl between two youths in a supermarket, the 2018 Flensburg stabbing incident where a 24-year-old Eritrean refugee was shot and killed after stabbing a police woman with a kitchen knife, and the 2017 Siegaue rape case where a 31-year-old Ghanaian used a machete in an attack where a victim was raped.[41][42][43][44]

Statistics

In German Federal Police Office (BKA) statistics on immigrant crime, "immigrant" include:

  • Asylum seekers
  • Migrants who are temporarily allowed to stay despite not having received refugee status
  • Illegal immigrants
  • Quota refugees

Suspects with approved asylum applications are not included.[35]

According to the German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees people with an immigrant background (German: Migrationshintergrund) are those born without German citizenship, or born with at least one parent without citizenship.[45]

By region

Baden-Württemberg

Knife attacks strongly rose in the state Baden-Württemberg (BW) from 3,858 in 2013 to 4,874 in 2017. The number of suspects of knife attacks who were asylum seekers rose from 220 in 2013 to 898 in 2017. As a reaction to these figures, Interior Minister Thomas Strobl (CDU) asked other German federal states to record knife attacks in their crime statistics.[46]

In 2017, 579 953 crimes were committed which was a decrease of 4.5%, of which refugees accounted for 39 459 which represented a decrease of 7.5%. Refugees from Gambia were strongly overrepresented as drug traffickers in the state. A total of 6600 refugees from Gambia lived in the state and more than 800 of those were suspects in drug offences out of a total of 2700 refugee drug offence suspects. BW was particularly exposed to this phenomenon since asylum applications from Gambian residents were processed at the BAMF office in Karlsruhe and Gambia had increasingly become an international hub in the cocaine trade.[47][48]

Bavaria

Bavaria is the state through which most immigrants are entering Germany.[49] Bavaria registered 5506 crimes with at least one foreign suspect in 2009. This increased to 13,203 such crimes in 2014 and to 36,027 such cases in 2016. Bavarian officials indirectly attribute the increase to the migration policy of the federal government during the European migrant crisis.[5]

Berlin

Deutsche Welle (DW) reported in 2006 that, in Berlin, young male immigrants were three times more likely to commit violent crimes than their German peers.[50] It also noted that violent crime was a rare problem in the western German city of Duisburg, where the immigrant population is just as large as it is Berlin. According to a report by Berlin police, the fraction of foreign suspects in crime has been steadily rising since 2007. The highest share of foreign crime suspects was noted in 2016 at 44.8%.[51]

According to the director of the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, young people turn to crime in the 14-17 age range, before job prospects and job markets influence life decisions, where instead peer pressure from existing crime gangs are the overriding factor. The director therefore concluded that young immigrants lack job market prospects because they have embraced crime, rather than the other way around.[50]

In the 1990s, police in the Berlin district Neukölln raised concerns about a dozen Lebanese-kurdish families, but their concerns were rebutted with the families being war refugees and they would some day return to their home countries. In 2011, of the 25 Arab extended families (German: Großfamilien) in Berlin, six were heavily involved in crime. According to a migration official in Neukölln, of the 204 young repeat offenders, half had an Arab name.[52]. In Berlin, clans of Arab descent have organised parallel societies in Berlin and Bremen where they sustain themselves by crime.[53][54][55][56] In Berlin, 20 extended families with each having up to 500 members are established according to estimates of the police, but not all family members are involved in crime. According to the Landeskriminalamt, a third of a all court proceedings against organized crime concerns members of the clans. About half of the clan suspects had a German passport.[56] In July 2018, 77 real estate properties to a value of 10 million euro were confiscated from Arab clan "R" by the authorities as they had been purchased with funds earned by crime.[57]

In a sample of the 3930 prison population of Berlin 31 March 2018, 51% had no German citizenship. Of the individuals in pre-trial detention facilities, 75% had foreign nationality. Individuals from 90 different countries serve sentences in Berlin prisons.[58]

Bremen

According to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, of the 2600 "Mhallami-Kurds" (German: Mhallamiye-Kurden) 1100 have been indicted for crime in court. This term makes it clear that the controversial Arab families originated in the Kurdish areas of Turkey.[52] The families are noted for their readiness to use violence and attendands threats thereof, which according to police goes beyond mere crime, but serves as a display of power to the surroundings.[52]

North Rhine-Westphalia

North Rhine-Westphalia is the most populous state in the German federation, and has the largest share of the country's refugees. In 2015, it was estimated that, of over 17 million inhabitants, nearly 200,000 were immigrants who had arrived within the past two years.[59]

Oberhausen

In 2017, two years after the migrants and refugee "crisis", reception centres in Oberhausen were said to be operating below their full capacity. The city's chief of police said that, whereas initially the reception centres were overcrowded and it was not unusual to be called out to break up fights among the migrants, the problem was no longer noticeable. He added that "The small protests against migrants and refugees have also have stopped. They used to be massively outnumbered by pro-migrant demonstrators anyway."[60]

Duisburg

Duisburg's crime rate was reported to have fallen by 7 per cent in 2017, and its per capita crime rate is lower than most bigger cities, despite the reputation of the suburb of Marxloh: 64 per cent of Marxloh's 20,000 inhabitants have what is termed a "migration background"; many of these are second-generation immigrants who were born in Germany.[61]

In 2018, crime by Duisburg-based clans originating from various ethnic backgrounds (German: Clankriminalität) was felt by the authorities to require a response; two prosecutors were tasked with counter-acting such crime. According to Horst Bien, chief of the public prosecutor's office there are about 70 extended families (German: Großfamilien) of Turkish, Kurdish and Arab descent with about 2800 members in total; many of these are not involved in crime. Commonly the charges involve grievous bodily harm, robbery, extortion and narcotics trade.[62]

Foreign prison population of NRW

NRW has the highest prison population of any German state. In 2018, of 18,000 prisoners, 36% were foreigners. Peter Brock, the chairman of the NRW prison workers' union, suggested that this high proportion is because German offenders with a permanent residence and/or a job may not be given a prison sentence when a foreign perpetrator without a fixed place of residence would be imprisoned.[63]

According to legal authorities of NRW, prisons try to treat all prisoners equally but say that the restrictions associated with the deprivation of liberty have a disproportionate effect on foreign prisoners, who find it harder to cope with the environment and are hindered by the language barrier cultural backgrounds which are significantly different from those of German prisoners.[64]

Individual incidents

On 12 January 2019, 1300 police and customs officials took part in an effort against Arab crime clans in Essen, Duisburg, Bochum, Dortmund, Recklinghausen and Gelsenkirchen. It was the largest police operation in the history of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). The interior minister of NRW, Herbert Reul, said that the police operation was intended to send a clear message, that state laws are the laws of Germany, not "family law".[65] The operation targeted 100 gaming halls, betting agencies, shisha-bars, cafés and discotheques. Of those 25 were closed immediately due to breaches of building or hygiene regulations . Several hundred killos of untaxed tobacco and a number of weapons such as knives and telescopic batons were confiscated. Police arrested 14 people.[66]

Hamburg

Hamburg police reported criminal proceedings being opened against 38,000 people in the first six months of 2016, of which 16,600 persons or 43% of the defendants had no German papers. This represents a rise from 41% of defendants without German papers in 2015.[67] The number of foreign criminals increased by 16.7% over 2015; 9.5% of the suspects were refugees. The figures did not include crimes against the German alien law. Foreign crime gangs were named as one reason for the rising figures. Refugees committed mostly pickpocketing, representing 30.6% of all suspects. 27.5% of suspects in drug dealing also arrived as refugees. Another common crime committed by refugees was bodily injury, with 1,014 cases reported, mostly in the asylum centers.[67]

Lower Saxony

A 2018 study claimed that in Lower Saxony, chosen by the researchers because of its typicality, reported that violent crime increased by 10.4% in 2015 and 2016, with 92.1% of the increase attributable to migrants and a third of these crimes being committed within the migrant community, i.e. against other migrants.[68] The researchers concluded that this was related to the fact that many migrants who arrived in Germany in recent years are single males aged 14-30, the group that is most likely to commit crime, regardless of racial origin. The criminologist Christian Pfeiffer, author of the study, pointed to the experiences of "those who find out as soon as they arrive that they are totally undesirable here. No chance of working, of staying here."[68]

Saxony

In February 2016, the Saxon Interior Minister Markus Ulbig claimed that immigrants from North Africa were responsible for 43% of all registered crimes committed by immigrants. Syrian asylum seekers constituted a third of all immigrants but their share of immigrant crime suspects was less than 5%. While Tunisians constituted 4% of all immigrants, they constituted a quarter of all immigrant crime suspects and a third of suspects of multiple crimes (German: Mehrfach-/Intensivtätern).[17]

Schleswig-Holstein

According to a 2018 study by the Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen [de] (KFN), immigrants to Schleswig-Holstein (SH) were showed a higher crime rate than the average German population in the state. A large part of the difference was attributed to the different age and gender demographics of the two groups, but the non-German group showed a 1.6 to 1.8 times higher crime rate after age and gender differences in the groups had been compensated for.The refugee influx of 2015 led to a minor increase in the non-German crime rate in the state primarily in the areas of bodily harm and theft.[69]

The lowest crime rates were recorded among refugees from Syria and the highest crime rates for EU countries Romania and Bulgaria along with Iraq and Iran.[69]

Although non-Germans only represented 8% of the population in SH, they were victims in more than 50% of crimes with non-German perpetrators suhch as killings, bodily harm and sexual assault.[69]

Violence against women

Women with a migration background (German: Migrationshintergrund) are, according to some studies, more often and more seriously affected by domestic violence from partners and have more difficulty extricating themselves from an abusive relationship.[70]

Female Genital Mutilation

See also: Prevalence of female genital mutilation by country § Europe

FGM has been illegal in Germany since June 2013.[71][72] According to women's right organisation Terre des Femmes in 2014, there were 25,000 victims living in Germany and a further 2,500 are at risk of being mutilated. Perpetrators are migrant parents who take their children abroad, mostly during holidays, for the mutilation or bring foreign practitioners to Germany to mutilate several girls at once.[71] In 2018, the estimate had increased to 65000. A further 15500 were at risk of having the mutilation done to them which represented an increase of 17% on the previous year.[73]

According to the BMFSFJ most of the victims originated in Eritrea, Indonesia, Somalia, Egypt and Ethiopia.[74]

Crimes against immigrants since the 1990s

The long history of Turkish immigration to Germany resulted in Turkish immigrant families becoming one of the largest ethnic minorities in Germany,[75] estimated at between 2.5 and 4 million.[76] Around a third of these still hold Turkish citizenship.[77] On 27 October 1991, Mete Ekşi (de), a 19-year-old student from Kreuzberg, was attacked by three neo-Nazi German brothers. Ekşi's funeral in November 1991 was attended by 5,000 people.[78] Aslı Bayram's father was murdered in 1994 by a neo-Nazi and Bayram herself was wounded in the attack.[79]

In 1993, an arson attack against a Turkish household in the town of Solingen in North Rhine-Westphalia caused the deaths of five people. Ahead of a commemorative event in 2018, 25 years after the event, Turkey's Foreign Office noted that "racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia are on the rise" in Germany and a representative of the family who were attacked called for reconciliation. A spokesman for anti-right demonstrators at the commemoration said, "When you look at how the mood was back then and how it is turning again now, I believe it's important to rally in the streets and to speak out against it."[80]

According to a 2016 study, there were 1,645 instances of anti-refugee violence and social unrest in Germany during the years 2014 and 2015.[81]

According to the German Federal Criminal Office, there were 797 attacks against residences of refugees or migrants from January to October 2016. 740 attacks had a right-wing background, which also couldn't be ruled out in 57 further cases. Of these, 320 cases of property damage were recorded, in 180 cases propaganda material was dispersed and in 137 cases violence was used. In addition, 61 incidents of arson as well as 10 violations of the Explosives Law, 4 of them in front of a residence of refugees, were registered. According to Der Tagesspiegel, there were also 11 cases of attempted murder or homicide. In 2015, there had been 1,029 attacks against refugee residences, following 199 in 2014.[82] Germany's interior ministry stated that 560 people, including 43 children, had been injured in such attacks during 2016.[83]

A 2017 study found that "the strength of right-wing parties in a district considerably boosts the probability of attacks on refugees in that area."[84]

A 2018 paper by the Institute of Labor Economics found that xenophobic violence during the 1990s in Germany reduced the integration and well-being of immigrants.[85][page needed] Another 2018 report, by the VBRG, a victim support group, showed an 8% increase in the number of violent far-right attacks in eastern Germany during the year, with a total of 1,200 such attacks having taken place in the regions of Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia.[86]

Vigilantism and anti-immigrant protests

Vigilantism against immigrants is considered to have become more widespread after the sexual assaults by migrants in Cologne and other German cities on New Year's Eve 2015. In January 2016 a mob attacked a group of Pakistanis in Cologne, and at Bautzen in February, an arson attack on a hostel for asylum seekers took place[87] In February 2018, in Heilbronn, a 70-year-old man knifed three immigrants while drunk, in a protest "about the current refugee policy".[88] A perceived increase in attacks on immigrants led to Chancellor Angela Merkel condemning anti-immigrant "vigilante" groups following the Chemnitz incident.[89]

Political and social impact

Four violent crimes committed during the week of 18 July 2016, three of them by asylum seekers, created significant political pressure for changes in the Angela Merkel administration policy of welcoming refugees.[90] The Wall Street Journal reported that two notorious crimes committed by asylum seekers in consecutive weeks in December 2016 had added fuel to debates on immigration and surveillance in Germany.[91] The Siegaue rape case as well as the 2017 Kandel stabbing attack, in which a migrant who had been denied refugee status but who had not been deported killed his 16-year-old ex-girlfriend, intensified the discussion about admitting migrants.[92]

The rape and murder of 14-year-old Susanna Feldmann in Wiesbaden in May 2018 sparked a debate on how the 20-year-old Kurdish Iraqi suspect and his family were able to leave the country using fake identities after the murder, as well as how he had been able to stay in Germany after his asylum application had been rejected.[93][94]

Criminologists commenting on the situation in 2018 pointed out that the demographics of the migrants is an important factor: young males (of all origins) were responsible for half of all violent crimes in 2014, and young men made up 27% of all asylum-seekers who came in 2015. Dr Dominic Kudlacek, of the Criminological Research Unit of Lower Saxony lists other risk factors such as social deprivation, being alone, living in refugee camps with little privacy and spending most of their time with other people suffering from these risk factors which can add to the likelihood of committing crimes.[36]

Criminologist Simon Cottee cites sociologist Stanley Cohen when he suggests that fear of immigrant crime among Germans is a form of moral panic to which societies are subject from time to time.[95]

See also

References

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