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# One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed).
# One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed).
# One third of the Serbs were to be killed.
# One third of the Serbs were to be killed.

===Kosovo===
The term ''Arnauti'' or ''Arnautaši'' was coined by ethnographers for "''Albanized Serbs''"; [[Serbs]] who had converted to [[Islam]] and went through a process of [[Albanisation]].<ref>Dietmar Müller, ''Staatsbürger aus Widerruf: Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode: ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1878-1941'', [http://books.google.com/?id=0UckOb6n71cC&pg=PA183 p. 183-208]. ISBN 3447052481, 9783447052481</ref><ref name=RK>''Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=aJRYkzl5YC4C&q=arnautasi p. 73]: see footnotes</ref>

Marshall Tito further de-Serbianized the Kosovo region when the Yugoslav League of Communists invited 300,000<ref name=TWR/> Albanians from Albania to settle in Kosovo and forbid<ref name=WOW/> the Serbs that fled during the World War II to return to their homes in Kosovo.<ref name=TWR>[http://books.google.se/?id=U8SzuC4p8J4C&pg=PA101 The wreckage reconsidered: five oxymorons from Balkan deconstruction]</ref>

====In Orahovac====
At the end of the 19th century, writer [[Branislav Nušić]] recorded that the [[Serb]] ''poturice'' (converts to Islam) of [[Orahovac]] began talking Albanian and marrying Albanian women.<ref name=RK/>

When Dr [[Jovan Hadži Vasiljević]] (l. 1866-1948) visited Orahovac in [[World War I]], he could not distinguish [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] from [[Islamisation|Islamicized]] and Albanized Serbs.<ref name=RK/> They spoke [[Serbian language|Serbian]], wore the same costumes, but claimed [[Serbs|Serbian]], [[Albanians|Albanian]] or [[Turkish people|Turk]] ethnicity.<ref name=RK/> The Albanian ''starosedeoci'' (old urban families) were [[Slavic languages|Slavophone]]; they did not speak Albanian but a Slavic dialect (naš govor, ''Our language'') at home.<ref name=RK/>

In the 1921 census the majority of Muslim Albanians of Orahovac were registered under the category "Serbs and Croats".<ref name=RK/>

[[Mark Krasniqi]], the Kosovo Albanian [[ethnographer]], recalled in 1957:<ref name=RK/> ''"During my own research, some of them told me that their tongue is similar to [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] rather than Serbian (it is clear that they want to dissociate themselves from everything Serbian<ref name=RK/>). It is likely they are the last remnants of what is now known in Serbian sources as 'Arnautaši', Islamicised and half-way Albanianised Slavs."''<ref name=RK/>


===Macedonia===
===Macedonia===

Revision as of 14:00, 25 October 2011

Serbianisation or Serbification[1] or Serbisation(Serbian: србизација, посрбљавање, srbizacija, posrbljavanje Bulgarian: сърбизация, посръбчване/sərbizacija, posrəbčvane, Romanian: serbificarea) is the spread of Serbian culture, people, or politics, either by integration or assimilation.

Serbianisation

According to Stephen Schwartz, the term is used to its belief that all South Slavs, comprising Slovenes, Croats, Bosnians, Montenegrins and Macedonians, should consider themselves, in their essential being, as Serbs.[2]

Serbianisation of Croats

Croats were victims of serbianization through history because of political and religious problems. Croats in modern-day Serbia suffered serbianization for centuries.

In Kosovo

Serbianisation has been attributed to Albanians in Kosovo.[3]

In Macedonia

Main article: Bloody Christmas 1945

We find here, as everywhere else, the ordinary measures of "Serbization" — the closing of schools, disarmament, invitations to schoolmasters to become Servian officials, nomination of "Serbomanes," "Grecomanes," and vlachs, as village headmen, orders to the clergy of obedience to the Servian Archbishop, acts of violence against influential individuals, prohibition of transit, multiplication of requisitions, forged signatures to declarations and patriotic telegrams, the organization of special bands, military executions in the villages and so forth.[4]

— Report of the International Commission
Territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia after the 1913.

Immediately after annexation of Vardar Macedonia to the Kingdom of Serbia, the Macedonian Slavs were faced with the policy of forced serbianisation.[5][6] Those who declare as the Bulgarians were tortured, imprisoned or deported to Bulgaria.[7] Many high clergy of Bulgarian Orthodox Church were expelled: Cosmas of Debar (Bishop), Axentius of Bitola (Archbishop), Neophytus of Skopje, Meletius of Veles, Boris of Ohrid and others.[8] The population of Macedonia was forced to declare as Serbs. Those who refused were beaten and tortured.[9] prominent people and teachers from Skopje who refused to declare as Serbs were deported to Bulgaria.[8] International Commission concluded that the Serbian state started in Macedonia wide sociological experiment of "assimilation through terror."[8]

During the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the government of the Kingdom pursued a linguistic Serbisation policy towards the Bulgarians in Macedonia,[10] then called "Southern Serbia" (unofficially) or "Vardar Banovina" (officially). The dialects spoken in this region were referred to as dialects of Serbo-Croatian.[11] Either way, those southern dialects were suppressed with regards education, military and other national activities, and their usage was punishable.[12] The Serbianisation of the Bulgarian language and population in Republic of Macedonia increased after WWII. Persons declaring their Bulgarian identity were imprisoned or went into exile, and in this way Vardar Macedonia was effectively de-Bulgarised.[13]

Romanians and Vlachs

Serbianisation has been attributed to Romanians and Vlachs, since the 19th century.[14]

De-Serbianisation

Islamisation and Turkification occurred under Ottoman rule, starting from the 15th century to the 19th century, meaning that some Christian Serbs were persecuted and forcefully converted to Islam, thus also becoming Turks in the process of changing names and culture. Turks often chose Christian wives, either buying them from their parents or took them by force.[15][16]

Croatia

In the Military Frontier (1500-1800)

A large part of the Habsburg unit of Uskoks, who fought a guerilla war with the Ottoman Empire were ethnic Serbs (Serbian Orthodox Christian) who fled from Ottoman Turkish rule and settled in Bela Krajina and Zumberak.[17][18][19][20]

Serbs in the Roman Catholic Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, after demands from the community, the Pope establishes the Eparchy of Marča (Vratanija) with seat at the Serbian-built Marča Monastery and instates a Byzantine vicar as bishop sub-ordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop of Zagreb, working to bring Serbian Orthodox Christians into communion with Rome which caused struggle of power between the Catholics and the Serbs over the region. In 1695 Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Lika-Krbava and Zrinopolje is established by metropolitan Atanasije Ljubojevic and certified by Emperor Josef I in 1707. In 1735 the Serbian Orthodox protested in the Marča Monastery and becomes part of the Serbian Orthodox Church until 1753 when the Pope restores the Roman Catholic clergy. On June 17, 1777 the Eparchy of Križevci is permanently established by Pope Pius VI with see at Križevci, near Zagreb, thus forming the Croatian Greek Catholic Church which would after the World War I include other people; Rusyns and Ukrainians of Yugoslavia.[19][20] Catholic Croats of Turopolje and Gornja Stubica celebrate the Đurđevdan (Jurjevo), a Serbian tradition maintained by Uskoks descendants (adjacent to White Carniola, where Serbs formed communities in 1528).

Second World War

The Ustasha forcefully converted Serbs. The Serbs were referred to and viewed as "Croats of Eastern faith". The Ustaše aimed at an ethnically "pure" Croatia, and saw the Serbs that lived in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina as the their biggest obstacle. Thus, Ustaše ministers Mile Budak, Mirko Puk, and Milovan Žanić declared in May 1941 that the goal of the new Ustaše policy was an ethnically clean Croatia. They also publicly announced the strategy to achieve their goal:

  1. One third of the Serbs (in the Independent State of Croatia) were to be forcibly converted to Catholicism.
  2. One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed).
  3. One third of the Serbs were to be killed.

Kosovo

The term Arnauti or Arnautaši was coined by ethnographers for "Albanized Serbs"; Serbs who had converted to Islam and went through a process of Albanisation.[21][22]

Marshall Tito further de-Serbianized the Kosovo region when the Yugoslav League of Communists invited 300,000[23] Albanians from Albania to settle in Kosovo and forbid[24] the Serbs that fled during the World War II to return to their homes in Kosovo.[23]

In Orahovac

At the end of the 19th century, writer Branislav Nušić recorded that the Serb poturice (converts to Islam) of Orahovac began talking Albanian and marrying Albanian women.[22]

When Dr Jovan Hadži Vasiljević (l. 1866-1948) visited Orahovac in World War I, he could not distinguish Orthodox from Islamicized and Albanized Serbs.[22] They spoke Serbian, wore the same costumes, but claimed Serbian, Albanian or Turk ethnicity.[22] The Albanian starosedeoci (old urban families) were Slavophone; they did not speak Albanian but a Slavic dialect (naš govor, Our language) at home.[22]

In the 1921 census the majority of Muslim Albanians of Orahovac were registered under the category "Serbs and Croats".[22]

Mark Krasniqi, the Kosovo Albanian ethnographer, recalled in 1957:[22] "During my own research, some of them told me that their tongue is similar to Macedonian rather than Serbian (it is clear that they want to dissociate themselves from everything Serbian[22]). It is likely they are the last remnants of what is now known in Serbian sources as 'Arnautaši', Islamicised and half-way Albanianised Slavs."[22]

Macedonia

The region of present-day Macedonia is sometimes called southern Serbia (part of Old Serbia) by Serbs. Marshall Tito formed SR Macedonia out of the 1929-1941 Vardar Banovina, and encouraged the forming of the Macedonian identity, a Macedonian dialect, and subsequently the separation of Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Macedonia.[24]

Montenegro

De-serbisation occurred in Montenegro when Josip Broz Tito came to power in Yugoslavia.[citation needed] Prior to the 20th century the name Montenegrin was used as a regional/national affiliation.

In the 1921-census results, Serbs composed 92.96%, numbering 231,686 in Montenegro. From 1948 to 1991, the percentage of Serbs never exceeded 10% (ranging from 3-10% every 10 years) as a result of the Montenegrin national awakening. In 2003, Serbs composed 31.99%, numbering 198,414, as to the percentage in 1948 was 1.78%, a third of previously declared Montenegrins now re-declared as Serbs. (see Demographic history of Montenegro)

Notable individuals of non-Serb origin who declare as Serbs

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The Real Face of Serbian Education in Macedonia". newspaper "Makedonsko Delo", No. 9 (Jan. 10, 1926), Vienna, original in Bulgarian. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  2. ^ "Beyond "Ancient Hatreds"By Stephen Schwartz,What really happened to Yugoslavia". Hoover Institution.
  3. ^ Raymond van den Boogaard, ‘Lessen van de oorlog op de Balkan’ (‘Lessons from the Balkan War’), Van Es & Samiemon & Starink (eds.), Redacteuren, p. 213.
  4. ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War
  5. ^ Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918-1992
  6. ^ R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the twentieth century - and after
  7. ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (p. 52)
  8. ^ a b c Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (p. 165)
  9. ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (p. 53)
  10. ^ "An article by Dimiter Vlahov about the persecution of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia". newspaper "Balkanska federatsia", No. 140, 20 August 1930, Vienna, original in Bulgarian. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  11. ^ Friedman, V. (1985) "The sociolinguistics of literary Macedonian" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Vol. 52, pp. 31-57
  12. ^ "By the Shar Mountain there is also terror and violence". newspaper "Makedonsko Delo", No. 58, 25 January 1928, Vienna, original in Bulgarian. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  13. ^ Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia by Bernard Anthony Cook ISBN 0815340583 [1]
  14. ^ M. V. Fifor. Assimilation or Acculturalisation: Creating Identities in the New Europe. The case of Vlachs in Serbia. Published in Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in Central Europe, Jagellonian University, Cracow
  15. ^ I took up lodgings near the church at the home of a Turk called Hasan, who had bought a Christian woman as his wife. - Marino Bizzi, 1610.
  16. ^ A Christian woman approached me here, the wife of a Turk. With tears in her eyes, she explained that she was the most unfortunate and desperate woman in the country because she was being kept in the power of a Turk (although she was his wife) and could not get away from him - Marino Bizzi
  17. ^ Europe:A History by Norman Davies (1996), p. 561.
  18. ^ Goffman (2002), p. 190.
  19. ^ a b http://books.google.se/books?id=ovCVDLYN_JgC
  20. ^ a b http://books.google.se/books?id=0pmkrY29qkIC
  21. ^ Dietmar Müller, Staatsbürger aus Widerruf: Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode: ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1878-1941, p. 183-208. ISBN 3447052481, 9783447052481
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo, p. 73: see footnotes
  23. ^ a b The wreckage reconsidered: five oxymorons from Balkan deconstruction
  24. ^ a b War of words: Washington tackles the Yugoslav conflict
  25. ^ Halpern, Dan (2005-05-08). "The (Mis)Directions of Emir Kusturica". The New York Times.
  26. ^ Glas Javnosti, 19. Jan 2001, Ko je ovaj čovek: Emir Kusturica, by Zorica Vulić
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