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m The 3HO/SSSC website EPSweb link keeps being hacked directly on their servers and the report link has twice been replaced with a escort/porn site link. Added this citation of the report in case users or other editors want to view the report themselves while the other link is being hacked
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In March 2020, anti-cult activist Be Scofield published an article in her magazine ''The Guru'' reporting alleged sexual abuse of female followers by Harbhajan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-05|title=Master of Deceit: How Yogi Bhajan Used Kundalini Yoga for Money, Sex and Power|url=https://gurumag.com/master-of-deceit-how-yogi-bhajan-used-kundalini-yoga-for-money-sex-and-power/ |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=The Guru}}</ref> That same month, the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation commissioned An Olive Branch (AOB) to look into the allegations. While not licensed to perform investigations, the AOB published an accusatory report in August.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Report on an Investigation into Allegations of Sexual and Related Misconduct by Yogi Bhajan |journal=An Olive Branch Investigation |date=August 10, 2020 |url=https://epsweb.org/aob-report-into-allegations-of-misconduct/}}</ref> Soon after, other media published stories based on the report that considered the allegations to be "more likely than not" true.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stacie|last1=Stukin |title=Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse |journal=Los Angeles Magazine |date=July 15, 2020 |url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/yogi-bhajan/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan 'more likely than not' raped his followers |journal=Asia Samachar |date=August 15, 2020 |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/15/33085/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan's fall from grace. The ‘sexual abuse’ is just the just beginning |journal=Asia Samachar |date=August 20, 2020 |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/20/yogi-bhajans-fall-from-grace-the-sexual-abuse-is-just-the-just-beginning/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Legacy of Yogi Bhajan swirls in controversy years after his death |journal=Santa Fe New Mexican |date=November 14, 2020 |url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/legacy-of-yogi-bhajan-swirls-in-controversy-years-after-his-death/article_c2abc18a-fe91-11ea-80d7-735e51ee0008.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A New Report Details Decades of Abuse at the Hands of Yogi Bhajan |journal=Yoga Journal |date=August 15, 2020 |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/abuse-in-kundalini-yoga/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan, yoga guru and founder of 3HO, ‘more likely than not’ sexually abused followers, says report |journal=Religion News Service |date=August 18, 2020 |url=https://religionnews.com/2020/08/18/yogi-bhajan-yoga-guru-and-founder-of-3ho-more-likely-than-not-sexually-abused-followers-says-report/}}</ref>
In March 2020, anti-cult activist Be Scofield published an article in her magazine ''The Guru'' reporting alleged sexual abuse of female followers by Harbhajan Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-05|title=Master of Deceit: How Yogi Bhajan Used Kundalini Yoga for Money, Sex and Power|url=https://gurumag.com/master-of-deceit-how-yogi-bhajan-used-kundalini-yoga-for-money-sex-and-power/ |access-date=2020-06-09 |website=The Guru}}</ref> That same month, the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation commissioned An Olive Branch (AOB) to look into the allegations. While not licensed to perform investigations, the AOB published an accusatory report in August.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Report on an Investigation into Allegations of Sexual and Related Misconduct by Yogi Bhajan |journal=An Olive Branch Investigation |date=August 10, 2020 |url=https://epsweb.org/aob-report-into-allegations-of-misconduct/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020-08-10 An Olive Branch Report to 3HO re YB Abuses.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h6W_UyinOeIThWJ3s0FS7o8egLKLWUYU/view?usp=embed_facebook|access-date=2021-02-28|website=Google Docs}}</ref>Soon after, other media published stories based on the report that considered the allegations to be "more likely than not" true.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stacie|last1=Stukin |title=Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse |journal=Los Angeles Magazine |date=July 15, 2020 |url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/yogi-bhajan/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan 'more likely than not' raped his followers |journal=Asia Samachar |date=August 15, 2020 |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/15/33085/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan's fall from grace. The ‘sexual abuse’ is just the just beginning |journal=Asia Samachar |date=August 20, 2020 |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/20/yogi-bhajans-fall-from-grace-the-sexual-abuse-is-just-the-just-beginning/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Legacy of Yogi Bhajan swirls in controversy years after his death |journal=Santa Fe New Mexican |date=November 14, 2020 |url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/legacy-of-yogi-bhajan-swirls-in-controversy-years-after-his-death/article_c2abc18a-fe91-11ea-80d7-735e51ee0008.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A New Report Details Decades of Abuse at the Hands of Yogi Bhajan |journal=Yoga Journal |date=August 15, 2020 |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/abuse-in-kundalini-yoga/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan, yoga guru and founder of 3HO, ‘more likely than not’ sexually abused followers, says report |journal=Religion News Service |date=August 18, 2020 |url=https://religionnews.com/2020/08/18/yogi-bhajan-yoga-guru-and-founder-of-3ho-more-likely-than-not-sexually-abused-followers-says-report/}}</ref>
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Revision as of 17:06, 28 February 2021

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa
In 1985
Born(1929-08-26)August 26, 1929
Kot Harkarn, Punjab, British India
DiedOctober 6, 2004(2004-10-06) (aged 75)
Española, New Mexico, United States
Citizenship
Known for
SpouseBibi Inderjit Kaur
ChildrenRanbir Singh, Kulbir Singh, Kamaljit Kaur

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa (born as Harbhajan Singh Puri)[1] (August 26, 1929 – October 6, 2004), also known as Yogi Bhajan and Siri Singh Sahib to his followers, was an Indian-born-American yoga teacher, spiritual teacher, and entrepreneur. He introduced his version of Kundalini Yoga to the United States. He was the spiritual director of the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation, with over 300 centers in 35 countries.[2]

Bhajan has been accused posthumously of sexual abuse of his female followers; a report found the allegations more likely than not to be true.[3][4][5][6]

Biography

Early life

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa was born on August 26, 1929 into a Sikh family in Kot Harkarn, Gujranwala district, in the province of Punjab (now in Pakistan). His father, Dr. Kartar Singh Puri, served the British Raj as a medical doctor. His mother, a Hindu, was named Harkrishan Kaur. His father was raised in the Sikh tradition and young Harbhajan was educated in a Catholic school run by nuns. Singh learned the fundamentals of Sikhism from his paternal grandfather, Bhai Fateh Singh. Theirs was a well-to-do landlord family, owning most of their village in the foothills of the Himalayas.

His schooling was interrupted in 1947 by the violent partition of India, when he and his family fled to New Delhi as refugees. There, Harbhajan Singh attended Camp College – a hastily put together arrangement for thousands of refugee students – and led the Sikh Students Federation in Delhi.[7] Four years later, he graduated with a master's degree in economics.[8] The dubious nature of his Ph.D from a diploma mill later in his life, bring up questions of his claims that he was awarded a Masters Degree in Economics after only four years at a 'hastily put together' college. The sources for this claim are from documents created by his loyal followers and no external documentation is provided.

In 1953, Harbhajan Singh entered the Indian Civil Service. He served in the Revenue Department, where his duties took him all over India. Eventually, Harbhajan Singh was promoted to the post of customs inspector for the country's largest airport, outside Delhi.[9] He married Inderjit Kaur Uppal in Delhi in 1954. Together, they had three children, Ranbir Singh Bhai, Kulbir Singh and Kamaljit Kaur.[10]

Throughout his life, Harbhajan Singh continued his practice and pursuit of yogic knowledge.[11] Singh's government duties often facilitated his traveling to remote ashrams and distant hermitages to seek out reclusive yogis and swamis. In the mid-1960s, Harbhajan Singh took up a position as instructor at the Vishwayatan Ashram in New Delhi, under Dhirendra Brahmachari.[9] Harbhajan Singh emigrated to Canada in 1968.

Although a promised position as director of a new yogic studies department at the University of Toronto did not materialize because of the death of his sponsor, Harbhajan Singh made a considerable impact in the predominantly Anglo-Saxon metropolis. In three months, he established classes at several YMCAs, co-founded a yoga centre, was interviewed for national press and television, and helped set in motion the creation of eastern Canada's first Sikh temple in time for Guru Nanak's five hundredth birthday the following year.[12]

Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization

Main article: 3HO
1970 gathering at Santa Clara Canyon, New Mexico

In 1969, Harbhajan Singh established the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation to further his missionary work. During this time he allegedly abused and manipulated many people, particularly women.[13]

The Yogi's brand of Sikhism appealed to the hippies who formed the bulk of his early converts. The Sikh practice of not cutting one's hair or beard was already accepted by the hippie culture, as was Sikh vegetarianism. They liked to experience elevated states of awareness and they also deeply wanted to feel they were contributing to a world of peace and social justice. Yogi Bhajan offered them all these things with vigorous yoga, an embracing holistic vision, and an optimistic spirit of sublime destiny.[14]

Meanwhile, the surviving communal businesses had incorporated and many had grown exponentially to keep pace with the rising demand for health-oriented products and services. This period also saw an increased interest in yoga worldwide.[15] To serve the changing times, Harbhajan Singh created the International Kundalini Yoga Teachers Association, dedicated to setting standards for teachers and the propagation of the teachings.[16] In 1994, the 3HO Foundation joined the United Nations as a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, representing women's issues, promoting human rights, and providing education about alternative systems of medicine.[17]

Aquarian age timeline

With Sant Fateh Singh 1971

In spring of 1969, soon after Harbhajan Singh had begun teaching in Los Angeles, a hit medley "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" was topping the music charts and being played everywhere. The performers, The 5th Dimension, happened to be signed to a record label owned by one of his students (and his green card sponsor), musician and entrepreneur Johnny Rivers.[18]

Yogi Bhajan incorporated the storyline of the dawning new age into his teachings, a case of melding Western astrology with Sikh tradition. He proclaimed "Guru Nanak was the Guru for the Aquarian Age." It was, Harbhajan Singh declared, to be an age where people first experienced God, then believed, rather than the old way of believing and then being liberated by one's faith.[19] Yogi Bhajan's timeline for the arrival of the Aquarian age varied over the years, but in 1992, he fixed it at 2012 and gave his students a set of morning meditations to practice until that date to prepare themselves.[20]

Inter-faith work

With A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and Sushil Kumar (Jain monk), San Francisco 1975
Meeting Pope John Paul II at the Vatican, 1984

In the summer of 1970, Harbhajan Singh participated in an informal "Holy Man Jam" at the University of Colorado at Boulder with Swami Satchidananda—another Eastern yogi who has been accused of sexual abuse of his students, Stephen Gaskin of The Farm in Tennessee, Zen Buddhist Bill Quan-roshi, and other local spiritual leaders. A few weeks later, he organized a gathering of spiritual teachers to engage and inspire the 200,000 attendees of the Atlanta International Pop Festival on the stage between the performances of the bands.[21]

All through the 1970s and 80s, as the Siri Singh Sahib of Sikh Dharma, Harbhajan Singh actively engaged in and chaired numerous inter-religious councils and forums, including the Inter-Religious Council of Southern California, the World Conference for the Unity of Man, and the World Parliament of Religions.[22] In 1999, he gave a presentation at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Cape Town, South Africa.[23]

Political influence in U.S.

As early as 1970, Khalsa was known to call on members of Congress in their Washington offices.[24] He also befriended successive governors of the state of New Mexico. Harbhajan Singh was known as a Democrat. Since 1980, he was both friend and adviser to Bill Richardson.[25]

Healing arts

When U.S. President Nixon called drugs America's "Number one domestic problem", Harbhajan Singh Khalsa launched a pilot program with two longtime heroin addicts in Washington, D.C. in 1972.[26] The next year, a full-blown drug treatment center known as "3HO SuperHealth" was launched in Tucson, Arizona. The program used Kundalini Yoga, diet and massage therapy to treat the addicts and taught hundreds of techniques of yogic exercise and meditation. Many have been catalogued by their traditionally known effects in calming and healing the mind and body. Some of those techniques have been scientifically studied and applied in clinical practice with favorable results.[27]

Alleged sexual abuse

In March 2020, anti-cult activist Be Scofield published an article in her magazine The Guru reporting alleged sexual abuse of female followers by Harbhajan Singh.[28] That same month, the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation commissioned An Olive Branch (AOB) to look into the allegations. While not licensed to perform investigations, the AOB published an accusatory report in August.[29] [30]Soon after, other media published stories based on the report that considered the allegations to be "more likely than not" true.[31][32][33][34][35][36]

Appalled by the commissioning of An Olive Branch to write a report based on the presumption of wrong-doing by Yogi Bhajan, three members of the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation Board tendered their resignations in June. [37] One of them, Guru Amrit Singh Khalsa, then sought out and commissioned Barbara W. Thompson, a licensed investigator based in An Olive Branch’s home state of Pennsylvania to write a professional assessment of the AOB Report. Her report was released on December 31, 2020. Known as "The Thompson Report", it found deficiencies in the qualifications of the AOB authors and in the methodology of their report. It found that the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation deviated from normal practice by instructing the "investigators" to not only conduct a survey, but also to evaluate and determine the final implications of their own report, and criticized the report's definition of "investigation".[38]

Obituaries and memorials

Congressman Tom Udall with Harbhajan Singh Khalsa's widow, "Bibiji"

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa died of complications of heart failure at his home in Española, New Mexico, on October 6, 2004, aged 75. He was survived by his wife, sons, daughter and five grandchildren.[39]

His passing was widely noted in the press, with obituaries appearing in The Los Angeles Times,[40] the Times of India,[41] The New York Times,[42] and Yoga Journal.[43] In addition, Singh's passing was noted by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, which closed its offices to commemorate his death.[44]

The State of New Mexico honored Yogi Bhajan by naming of a highway after him. State Highway 106 which ran in front of his home was renamed the Yogi Bhajan Memorial Highway.[45] The New Mexico Government took the unprecedented measure of flying its flags at half-mast for two days (Oct 7–8) in honour of Yogi Bhajan after his death on Oct 6, and declared Oct 23 "Yogi Bhajan Memorial Day". [46]

Reception

Media coverage

Khalsa received significant coverage in the North American media, particularly in the early 1970s when yoga was still a matter of general curiosity. He continues to receive coverage due to an online campaign of accusations of abuse originating in early 2020.[47] Yogi Bhajan's message of no drugs, family values and healthy living was widely popular, and many of the media stories were positive, serving not only to educate the public, but also to publicize the work of the 3HO Foundation. Some focused on the lifestyle, others on the inspiration behind the organization.[48][49][50] Others focused on Singh's holistic approach to drug addiction.[51][52][53] Some writers reported on Singh's officiating at mass marriages where many couples would be betrothed and everyone wore white.[54][55][56] Others zeroed in on the issue of Sikhs up against the US Army dress code.[57][58] While Newsweek, USA Today and Maclean's Magazine in Canada published favorable articles about Harbhajan Singh in 1977, James Wilde of Time wrote a critical article that year, titled "Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism". Wilde alleged that Gurucharan Singh Tohra, former President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), had stated that Harbhajan Singh is not the leader of Sikhism in the Western World as he claimed, and that Tohra had denied the SGPC had ever given the title of Siri Singh Sahib to Singh. Another quote from the Time Magazine article: "The current chancellor insists that Bhajan lives in a moderate manner and asserts that reports of illicit affairs and of women in the yogi's bedroom are 'absolutely untrue'."[59]

The Time article was followed by emphatic rebuttals from Tohra. There was also a demonstration held outside Time's London office and a detailed demand for a retraction published under the title "Time Will Tell" in the 3HO publication Beads of Truth, Issue 36, Fall 1977.[60]

Harbhajan Singh is mentioned in reference works including the New Age Encyclopedia.[61] Western scholarly appraisal of his work may be found in Hew McLeod's Who is a Sikh?[62] and Sikhism,[63] and Verne A. Dusenbery's article "Punjabi Sikhs and Gora Sikhs: Conflicting Assertions of Sikh Identity in North America".[64]

The BBC interviewed Singh at the 300th anniversary celebration of the Baisakhi holiday at Anandpur Sahib, India in 1999.[65] Harbhajan Singh is featured in books discussing the successes of Sikhs who migrated from India to the West, including Surjit Kaur's Among the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars.[66] and Gurmukh Singh's The Global Indian: The Sikhs.[67]

Sikh scholars' views on Singh's mission

Bhai Sahib Sardar Kapur Singh ICS, a Sikh scholar recognized by the Akal Takht as the National Professor of Sikhism, praised Singh highly for his work in spreading Sikhism in the West. In his words, "Glory be to the Guru who performs His work in the Western Hemisphere through this instrument. Blessed be those who have learned from him the teachings of the Guru, to accept and follow those teachings in unswerving faith and in humble recognition of the good that Harbhajan Singh has done in furtherance of the Guru's mission."[68]

Dr. Fauja Singh, M.A., Ph.D, Professor and Director, Department of History and Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala, India praised Singh's marriage of yoga and religion, saying "he has helped to retrieve [yoga] from its distorted image of the medieval period and has restored it to its original and meaningful usage and purpose, that is to say, the desire to attain union with God through its agency."[68]

In his book, The Heritage of the Sikhs (1994), Dr. Harbans Singh mentioned "the extraordinary dissemination of the Sikh faith through the work of Yogi Harbhajan Singh in the United States of America. This true import of this must extend into and be unravelled by future history."[69]

A number of scholars have concurred that Harbhajan Singh Khalsa's introduction of Sikh teachings into the West helped identify Sikhism as a world religion while at the same time creating a compelling counter-narrative to that which identified Sikhs solely as a race with a shared history in India.[70]

Dr. Trilochan Singh, author of over twenty books on Sikh history, offered a contrasting perspective in his critical work entitled "Sikhism and Tantric Yoga." "I am extremely worried about the manner in which Yogi Bhajan teaches Sikhism to American young men and women whose sincerity, nobility of purpose, and rare passion for oriental wisdom and genuine mystical experiences is unquestionably unique. I do not care what fantastic interpretations of Kundalini Yoga he gives, the like of which I have never read in any Tantra text, nor known from any living Tantric scholar. I am not prepared to take seriously his newly invented Guru Yoga in which his pious and uncritical followers must concentrate on a particular picture of Yogi Bhajan, which practice is called mental beaming." [71]

Philip Deslippe, a historian of American religion with a background in American Studies and literature, wrote a 2012 article "From Maharaj to Mahan Tantric: The Construction of Yogi Bhajan's Kundalini Yoga", using 3HO source archive material and news articles to reveal how Yogi Bhajan recreated his own story after his first trip back to India.

"I set out to answer the question "where did Kundalini Yoga as taught by Yogi Bhajan (KYATBYB) come from?" and not much else. I tried to support my findings with as much evidence as possible, and for that evidence to be as clear, specific, verifiable, and close to the source, such as interviews with first hand witnesses (Pamela being one of them), quotes from Yogi Bhajan, contemporary newspaper accounts, and exercises taken from manuals. I concluded that in the early years of 3HO, Yogi Bhajan was using the physical yoga of Swami Dhirendra Bramachari and the persona and mantra of Baba Virsa Singh, and that the figure of Sant Hazara Singh only became prominent after the first trip to India in 1970-1971 when Yogi Bhajan had a falling out with Virsa Singh." - Philip Deslippe. [72]

Publications

  • Yogi Bhajan, The Teachings of Yogi Bhajan, Santa Cruz, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 1977.
  • Siri Singh Sahib Bhai Sahib Harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogiji (Yogi Bhajan), Furmaan Khalsa: Poems to Live By, Columbus, Ohio, Furman Khalsa Publishing Company, 1987.
  • Yogi Bhajan, The Master's Touch, Santa Cruz, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 1997.
  • Yogi Bhajan with Gurucharan Singh Khalsa, The Mind: Its Projections and Multiple Facets, Espanola, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 1997.
  • Yogi Bhajan, The Aquarian Teacher - KRI International Kundalini Yoga Certification Text and Manual, Santa Cruz, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 2003.
  • Yogi Bhajan, The Game of Love, A Book of Consciousness: The Poems and Art of Yogi Bhajan, Espanola, New Mexico, Sikh Dharma International, 2007.
  • Yogi Bhajan, Man to Man: A Journal of Discovery for the Conscious Man, Santa Cruz, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 2008.
  • Yogi Bhajan, I am a Woman: Book and Yoga Manual, Santa Cruz, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 2009.

References

  1. ^ "Biography". Sikhnet. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
  2. ^ Yogi joins Mother Teresa, Pope in US list Press Trust of India
  3. ^ "Master of Deceit: How Yogi Bhajan Used Kundalini Yoga for Money, Sex and Power". The Guru Magazine. March 5, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  4. ^ Stuart, Gwynedd (July 15, 2020). "Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  5. ^ "A New Report Details Decades of Abuse at the Hands of Yogi Bhajan". Yoga Journal. August 15, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  6. ^ "Report of An Olive Branch into Allegations of Misconduct". Ethics & Professional Standards & Conscious Conflict Resolution (EPS). August 10, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  7. ^ Shamsher Singh, "The Fruits of Inner Searching The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib, Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa and Sat Kirpal Kaur Khalsam (editors), Los Angeles: Sikh Dharma, 1979, pp. 44-46; Harbans Lal, "Celebrating the Life of Yogi Harbhajan Singh Ji", The Sikh Review, October 2007, p. 52.
  8. ^ Shanti Kaur Khalsa, The History of Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere, Espanola, New Mexico: Sikh Dharma, 1995, pp. 3–4; Gurcharn Singh Khalsa, The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib, Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa and Sat Kirpal Kaur Khalsam (editors), Los Angeles: Sikh Dharma, 1979, pp. 34–35
  9. ^ a b Gurcharn Singh Khalsa, p. 36
  10. ^ Beads of Truth magazine, Fall 1978, 39:6-9; Beads of Truth magazine, Spring 1981, II:7:28-33.
  11. ^ Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa, p. 30
  12. ^ Guru Fatha Singh Khalsa, Edna Hampton, "Yoga's Challenges and Promises", The Globe and Mail, November 28, 1968, p. W11
  13. ^ Stukin, Stacie (July 15, 2020). "Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse". Los Angeles Magazine.
  14. ^ Cowley, Susan Cheever; Kasindorf, Martin; Lisle, Laurie (April 21, 1975). "Sikhdom, U.S.A.". Newsweek: 65.
  15. ^ Corliss, Richard (April 15, 2001). "The Power of Yoga". Time.
  16. ^ IKYTA History http://www.ikyta.org/ikyta-history
  17. ^ Yogi Bhajan's Biography https://www.3ho.org/yogi-bhajan/about-yogi-bhajan/yogi-bhajans-biography
  18. ^ A yogi's requiem. Obituary, Gina Piccalo, Los Angeles Times, retrieved 18 September 2008
  19. ^ Yogi Bhajan, Guru for the Aquarian Age, Santa Cruz, New Mexico, Yogiji Press, 1996, p. 6
  20. ^ "Aquarian Times Featuring Prosperity Paths". Aquariantimes.com. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
  21. ^ Lisa Law, Flashing on the Sixties, San Francisco, Chronicle Books, pp. 102–107
  22. ^ Gurubanda Singh Khalsa and Shakti Parwha Kaur Khalsa, "Messenger of the New Age", The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib, Sikh Dharma, Los Angeles, 1979, p. 368-74
  23. ^ "Parliament of the World's Religions". Conferencerecording.com. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
  24. ^ Sardarni Premka Kaur, "Mission Possible", Beads of Truth magazine, Issue 16, December 1972, p. 35 (Senator Mark Hatfield and Congressman Mark Corman); Shakti Parwha Kaur, "High Times", Beads of Truth magazine, Issue 17, March 1973, p. 36 (Congressman Jonathan Bingham).
  25. ^ Bill Richardson, "Yogi Bhajan Day", Aquarian Times, 4:4, Winter 2004, pp. 94-95
  26. ^ William L. Claiborne, "Heroin Treatment: Garlic Juice, Yoga", The Washington Post, March 22, 1972
  27. ^ Shannahoff-Khalsa, David, Kundalini Yoga Meditation: Techniques Specific for Psychiatric Disorders, Couples Therapy, and Personal Growth, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London, 2006
  28. ^ "Master of Deceit: How Yogi Bhajan Used Kundalini Yoga for Money, Sex and Power". The Guru. March 5, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  29. ^ "Report on an Investigation into Allegations of Sexual and Related Misconduct by Yogi Bhajan". An Olive Branch Investigation. August 10, 2020.
  30. ^ "2020-08-10 An Olive Branch Report to 3HO re YB Abuses.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  31. ^ Stukin, Stacie (July 15, 2020). "Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse". Los Angeles Magazine.
  32. ^ "Yogi Bhajan 'more likely than not' raped his followers". Asia Samachar. August 15, 2020.
  33. ^ "Yogi Bhajan's fall from grace. The 'sexual abuse' is just the just beginning". Asia Samachar. August 20, 2020.
  34. ^ "Legacy of Yogi Bhajan swirls in controversy years after his death". Santa Fe New Mexican. November 14, 2020.
  35. ^ "A New Report Details Decades of Abuse at the Hands of Yogi Bhajan". Yoga Journal. August 15, 2020.
  36. ^ "Yogi Bhajan, yoga guru and founder of 3HO, 'more likely than not' sexually abused followers, says report". Religion News Service. August 18, 2020.
  37. ^ "Video". www.youtube.com. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  38. ^ "The Thompson Report" (PDF). fairinvestigation.com. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  39. ^ Yogi Bhajan, 75, Worlds Spiritual and Capitalistic, Douglas Martin, New York Times, October 9, 2004, retrieved September 18 2008
  40. ^ "A Yogi's Requiem". The Los Angeles Times. October 23, 2004.
  41. ^ Rajghatta, Chidinand (October 10, 2004). "The Capitalist Yogi". Times of India.
  42. ^ Martin, Douglas (October 9, 2004). "Yogi Bhajan, 75, 'Boss' of Worlds Spiritual and Capitalistic, Dies". The New York Times.
  43. ^ Phil Catalfo, "Luminaries: Yogi Bhajan", Yoga Journal, Jan/Feb 2005, p. 144 (republished 2007).
  44. ^ "SGPC condoles Yogi's death". The Tribune. October 7, 2004.
  45. ^ "Highway named after Yogi Bhajan". Rediff.com. May 12, 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  46. ^ Hindustan Times, October 25, 2004.
  47. ^ Samachar, Asia (March 7, 2020). "Yogi Bhajan's sexual exploits under investigation". Asia Samachar.
  48. ^ Hampton, Edna (November 28, 1968). "Yoga's Challenges and Promises". The Globe and Mail.
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